Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Governing e- -participation: participation: Governing e the case of Taiwan the case of Taiwan Dr. Don-yun Chen Director, Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Professor, Dept. of Public Administration, NCCU 2010.11.9
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er Introduction: Introduction: What Does Taiwanese Want from e- -governance ? governance ? What Does Taiwanese Want from e Let me Let me Listen to Listen to know know me me Service Information Expressing Service Information Expressing Voting Voting Delivery Delivery Collection Collection Opinion Opinion 22% 25% 25% 1% Tel/Fax 40% 20% 12% 80% In Person 21% 41% 32% 17% Internet (I-User) (31%) (60%) (48%) (25%) 5% 2% 6% 0% Letter 6% 5% 13% 0% 3 rd Party 5% 7% 12% 2% No Response 2 Jaing and others (2004)
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er Citizen Centered e- -governance: governance: Citizen Centered e Efficiency & Legitimacy Efficiency & Legitimacy Infrastructure Infrastructure e- -government government e (Efficiency) (Efficiency) Service Delivery Service Delivery e- -governance governance e Public Consultation Public Consultation e- -democracy democracy e (Legitimacy) (Legitimacy) Decision- -making making Decision Transparency Transparency
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er E- -government Initiatives in Taiwan government Initiatives in Taiwan E Democratization First Presidential First party turn Second party turn over in 2008 Began in 1987 Election in 1996 over in 2000 ’80-’90 ’90-’97 ’98-’00 ’01-’04 ’03–‘07 ’08–‘10 ’11-’16 Web/ Plan for Mobil E-government E-government Plan for e- Administrative electronic and ubiquitous Project: Name Information Computerization government: Project : government: Government: System Phase (II) Phase (II) Phase (IV) Phase (I) Phase (III) citizen-centered service & Efficiency Administrative effectiveness and service delivery Vision Innovations Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive Executive dominance dominance dominance Agenda dominance dominance dominance dominance with plural with plural with plural participation participation participation Officials Officials Officials Officials Officials Officials Officials Scholars Scholars Scholars Scholars Participants Scholars Scholars Scholars Businessmen Businessmen Businessmen Businessmen Extended median median median extended extended extended Deliberation (on-line) Centralize 4 Centralized Centralized Centralized Shared Shared Shared Authority d
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er ICTs Applications in e Applications in e- -Participation Participation ICTs • “ …it is too early to conclude that the Internet is not enhancing and cannot enhance democracy…many gaps in the empirical research need to be bridged, before we can make any conclusions on the Internet’s potential…” • - Witschge (2002: 18) 5 5
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er Focuses of TEG’s Research on e-Governance The three major research arenas • Innovative and Development ex: The Vision of E-Governance in 2020 Taiwan: An Application of Scenario Planning • Performance and Impact Assessment ex: Evaluation/Impact Assessment Framework of E- Governance(G2G,G2E,G2B,G2C,G2A, G2D) • Equal Participation ex: Web 2.0 and the Realization of E-Governance: An Evaluation and Experimentation on the National Policy Think Tank On-line 6
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er The Core Strategy: The Core Strategy: Managing Citizen Participation on- -line line Managing Citizen Participation on • Vision : The next generation of e-government in Taiwan: from e-government (customers) to e-governance (citizens) • Management : – Building the vision into National Project (e.g., The E-government Project: Phase IV, EG-4) – The National Service Quality Award (since the first one in 2009) • Project Based Innovations : In both central and local governments, funding for various projects to encourage citizen to participate public affairs on-line. There are three types of applications: Service Delivery, Public Consultation, and Decision Making. 7
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er Case I: Service Delivery e-Citizen-Monitor on Public Construction
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er E-Citizen Monitor on Public Constructions Initiation : the Public Construction Commission (PCC) in 2002 • Initiation • • Purposes Purposes : To involve citizens into monitoring public • constructions related to both environmental and quality issues. • Operations Operations : There are various channels for citizen to report, but • all data will be converge into a web-database, which is constructed for both internal and external customers. • 2002-2007 Statistics: – Departments: Trans. + Eco. + Interior = 85% (Total: 5,431) – Local governments: Taipei City + Taipei County = 50% (Total: 7,866)
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er Accountability through participation Accountability through participation Designing Problems Designing Problems 1. Information asymmetry Information asymmetry 1. Complexities Citizenry and rational ignorance and rational ignorance Check and balance Elected and appointed 2. Government are full of Government are full of 2. Among Ministers Politicians actors who are both actors who are both Government “principle and agents principle and agents” ”: : “ Bureaucracies the middle man and the middle man and Heads and subordinate Central and local Delegation of Power blame avoidance blame avoidance Among agencies Contractors Chain of 3. Professional asymmetry Professional asymmetry 3. Accountability Governance Source: Authors and citizen and citizen incompetence incompetence 4. Participatory costs Participatory costs 4.
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er Operational Procedures Operational Procedures Citizen Citizen PCC Process PCC Discover Report Cases Close and Problems Publish Case Channels Steps Types of Problems Internet Register Double- Design Telephone Distribute checking Quality Mail Checking Case- closing Safety Report to Fax Publishing on Environment Citizen Web. Schedule Others Source: Adapted from PCC 11
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er The Reporting and Publishing on the Website The Reporting and Publishing on the Website for e- -Citizen Monitor on Public Construction Citizen Monitor on Public Construction for e The searchable web page for closed cases. Citizen’s reporting page on the web.
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er Benefits and Barriers for e-participation Benefits • Establish a service delivery feedback mechanism • Increase transparency of service delivery • Reduced cost for citizen to report Barriers • Controversial incentives (ex. rival construction co.) • Professional asymmetry matters • Contractor react with more closed operations
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er Case II: Public Consultation e-Think-Tank of National Policy
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er e-Think-Tank of National Policy • Initiation Initiation : the Research, Development, and Evaluation • Commission (RDEC) in 2006. • Purposes Purposes : To involve citizen into policy deliberation to • “reinforce policy consultation, consolidate policy deliberation and establish knowledge database.” • Operation Operation : There are various ways for citizen to • participate in national policy deliberation. New policy proposals and policy researches are encouraged to put on the site to open for citizen participation.
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er To Connect Officials, Scholars and To Connect Officials, Scholars and General Public General Public – Policy information dissemination • Inform the public about formulating policies – Policy Forum • Use the platform to communicate with the public, collect policy information, and increase policy compliance – Policy Research • Provide research reports or resources for making the public policy 16
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er e l c y p i c o l b i n n e l u o o s a P P P ’ m i r s e e s h u s c i c W t e s i e s P i t D u a o l P H 17
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er 18
Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er Benefits and Barriers for e-participation Benefits • Establish alternative open forum to discuss policies • Increase transparency of policy-making • Reduced cost for participants Barriers • Low willingness of agencies to involve • Professional asymmetry matters • Low participation due to lack of real influence
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