Governing e- -participation: participation: Governing e the case - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Taiwan e-Governance Research Center

Governing e Governing e-

• participation:

participation:

the case of Taiwan the case of Taiwan

• Dr. Don-yun Chen

Director, Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Professor, Dept. of Public Administration, NCCU 2010.11.9

Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er

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Introduction: Introduction:

What Does Taiwanese Want from e What Does Taiwanese Want from e-

• governance ?

governance ?

Service Service Delivery Delivery Information Information Collection Collection Expressing Expressing Opinion Opinion Voting Voting

Tel/Fax

22% 25% 25% 1%

In Person

40% 20% 12% 80%

Internet (I-User)

21% (31%) 41% (60%) 32% (48%) 17% (25%)

Letter

5% 2% 6% 0%

3rd Party

6% 5% 13% 0%

No Response

5% 7% 12% 2%

Let me Let me know know Listen to Listen to me me

Jaing and others (2004)

Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er

Citizen Centered e Citizen Centered e-

• governance:

governance:

Efficiency & Legitimacy Efficiency & Legitimacy

e e-

• governance

governance

e e-

• government

government (Efficiency) (Efficiency) e e-

• democracy

democracy (Legitimacy) (Legitimacy)

Infrastructure Infrastructure Service Delivery Service Delivery Public Consultation Public Consultation Decision Decision-

• making

making Transparency Transparency

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E E-

• government Initiatives in Taiwan

government Initiatives in Taiwan

’80-’90 ’90-’97 ’98-’00 ’01-’04 ’03–‘07 ’08–‘10 ’11-’16

Name Administrative Information System

Computerization

Web/ electronic government: Phase (I) E-government Project : Phase (II)

Plan for e- government: Phase (II) Plan for Mobil and ubiquitous Government: Phase (III) E-government Project: Phase (IV)

Vision

Efficiency Administrative effectiveness and service delivery citizen-centered service & Innovations

Agenda

Executive dominance Executive dominance Executive dominance Executive dominance Executive dominance with plural participation Executive dominance with plural participation Executive dominance with plural participation

Participants

Officials Scholars Officials Scholars Officials Scholars

Officials Scholars Businessmen Officials Scholars Businessmen

Officials Scholars Businessmen Officials Scholars Businessmen

Deliberation

median median median extended extended extended Extended (on-line)

Authority

Centralize d Centralized Centralized Centralized Shared Shared Shared

Democratization Began in 1987 First Presidential Election in 1996 First party turn

• ver in 2000

Second party turn over in 2008

Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er

ICTs ICTs Applications in e Applications in e-

• Participation

Participation

• “…it is too early to conclude that the Internet

is not enhancing and cannot enhance democracy…many gaps in the empirical research need to be bridged, before we can make any conclusions on the Internet’s potential…”

• - Witschge (2002: 18)

5 5

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Focuses of TEG’s Research on e-Governance The three major research arenas

• Innovative and Development

ex: The Vision of E-Governance in 2020 Taiwan: An Application of Scenario Planning

• Performance and Impact Assessment

ex: Evaluation/Impact Assessment Framework of E- Governance(G2G,G2E,G2B,G2C,G2A, G2D)

• Equal Participation

ex: Web 2.0 and the Realization of E-Governance: An Evaluation and Experimentation

• n the National Policy Think Tank On-line

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The Core Strategy: The Core Strategy:

Managing Citizen Participation on Managing Citizen Participation on-

• line

line

• Vision: The next generation of e-government in Taiwan:

from e-government (customers) to e-governance (citizens)

• Management:

– Building the vision into National Project (e.g., The E-government Project: Phase IV, EG-4) – The National Service Quality Award (since the first one in 2009)

• Project Based Innovations: In both central and local

governments, funding for various projects to encourage citizen to participate public affairs on-line. There are three types of applications: Service Delivery, Public Consultation, and Decision Making.

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Case I: Service Delivery

e-Citizen-Monitor on Public Construction

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E-Citizen Monitor on Public Constructions

• Initiation

Initiation: the Public Construction Commission (PCC) in 2002

• Purposes

Purposes: To involve citizens into monitoring public constructions related to both environmental and quality issues.

• Operations

Operations: There are various channels for citizen to report, but all data will be converge into a web-database, which is constructed for both internal and external customers.

• 2002-2007 Statistics:

– Departments: Trans. + Eco. + Interior = 85% (Total: 5,431) – Local governments: Taipei City + Taipei County = 50% (Total: 7,866)

Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er

Accountability through participation Accountability through participation

Citizenry Politicians Bureaucracies Contractors

Government

Delegation of Power Chain of Accountability Source: Authors Check and balance Elected and appointed Among Ministers Heads and subordinate Central and local Among agencies

Complexities Governance

Designing Problems Designing Problems

1.

• 1. Information asymmetry

Information asymmetry and rational ignorance and rational ignorance 2.

• 2. Government are full of

Government are full of actors who are both actors who are both “ “principle and agents principle and agents” ”: : the middle man and the middle man and blame avoidance blame avoidance 3.

• 3. Professional asymmetry

Professional asymmetry and citizen and citizen incompetence incompetence 4.

• 4. Participatory costs

Participatory costs

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Operational Procedures Operational Procedures

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Citizen Discover Problems

Types of Problems

Design  Quality  Safety  Environment  Schedule  Others

Citizen Report

Channels

 Internet  Telephone  Mail  Fax

PCC Process Cases

Steps

 Register  Distribute  Checking  Report to  Citizen

PCC Close and Publish Case

 Double- checking  Case- closing  Publishing on Web.

Source: Adapted from PCC

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The Reporting and Publishing on the Website The Reporting and Publishing on the Website for e for e-

• Citizen Monitor on Public Construction

Citizen Monitor on Public Construction

Citizen’s reporting page on the web. The searchable web page for closed cases.

Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er

Benefits and Barriers for e-participation

Barriers

• Controversial incentives (ex. rival construction co.)
• Professional asymmetry matters
• Contractor react with more closed operations

Benefits

• Establish a service delivery feedback mechanism
• Increase transparency of service delivery
• Reduced cost for citizen to report

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Case II: Public Consultation

e-Think-Tank of National Policy

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e-Think-Tank of National Policy

• Initiation

Initiation: the Research, Development, and Evaluation Commission (RDEC) in 2006.

• Purposes

Purposes: To involve citizen into policy deliberation to “reinforce policy consultation, consolidate policy deliberation and establish knowledge database.”

• Operation

Operation: There are various ways for citizen to participate in national policy deliberation. New policy proposals and policy researches are encouraged to put on the site to open for citizen participation.

Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er

To Connect Officials, Scholars and To Connect Officials, Scholars and General Public General Public

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– Policy information dissemination

• Inform the public about formulating

policies

– Policy Forum

• Use the platform to communicate with

the public, collect policy information, and increase policy compliance

– Policy Research

• Provide research reports or resources

for making the public policy

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P u b l i c D i s c u s s i

• n

H

• u

s e P

• l

i c y P i t c h e r ’ s P l a t e P e

• p

l e W i s e m a n

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Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er

Benefits and Barriers for e-participation

Barriers

• Low willingness of agencies to involve
• Professional asymmetry matters
• Low participation due to lack of real influence

Benefits

• Establish alternative open forum to discuss policies
• Increase transparency of policy-making
• Reduced cost for participants

Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er

Case III: Decision Making

e-Citizen-Conference, Taipei

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e e-

• Citizen

Citizen-

• Conference, Taipei

Conference, Taipei

Initiation Initiation: Urban Development Bureau, Taipei City Government, Beitou District Cultural Foundation and Democracy Foundation in 2006. Purpose Purpose: To involve community into an urban renewal proposal for a hot spring resort area in the Beitou District, Taipei. Operation Operation:

• 1. The deliberation model: on-line and face-to-face consensus

conference

• 2. On-line conference: 11 local citizens spent 9 consecutive weekend

mornings using web camera at home to deliberate

• 3. Face-to-face: 18 local citizens spent three weekends (five days) to

deliberate the same issue

Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er

Case Background Case Background

The Location: Beitou District of Taipei City

Beitou District Taipei City

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On-line Consensus Conference

Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er

Face Face-

• to

to-

• face vs. On

face vs. On-

• line Comparison

line Comparison

Findings:

• 1. The on-line citizen conference delivers the as much as policy

knowledge to participants.

• 2. Participants in on-line model are more “deliberative” in terms of

quantity of information and media to express their opinions.

• 3. Cost of participation for individual is substantially reduced.

the degree of policy understanding after meeting Conference type items On-line Face-to-face Totally don’t understand the issue after the meeting （0%） （0%） Understand some parts of the issue after the meeting （0%） 1 （5.6%） Almost understand the issue after the meeting 10 （90.9%） 9 （50%） Totally understand the issue after the meeting 1 （9.1%） 8 （44.4%） valid 11 (100%) 18 (100%)

Table One: Policy Understanding

Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er

Benefits and Barriers for e-participation

Barriers

• Width of broadband
• Digital divide matters
• Hard to monitor participants’ activities

Benefits

• Knowledge transmission approved
• Deliberative nature sustained
• Cost reduced for participants

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Focal points of promoting e Focal points of promoting e-

• participation

participation

• “Why participate?”: reduced cost is not enough.

– Provide “selective incentives” for citizen to spend time on government website than on other websites.

• “Information (& knowledge) Matters”: need to gap information

as well as professional asymmetry. – Allow plural or rival advocate groups to provide comprehensible information to citizen, “making the table round strategy.” (political feasibility problem)

• “Who rules?”: mind the potential conflict with traditional

decision making bodies. (e-government vs. e-democracy) – Begin with grass-root, community, professional group decisions, and then move into more general decisions.

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Construct Sherry R. Arnstein’s Ladder e-Participation e-Information Manipulation Therapy Informing e-Consultation Consultation Placation Partnership e-Decision making Delegated power Citizen control

The The “ “Ladder Ladder” ” of e

• f e-
• Participation

Participation

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Plan for Realizing e Plan for Realizing e-

• participation

participation

Consumers Citizens

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5

Service Delivery Transparency Public Consultation Decision-making e-voting & i-voting Short-term Mid-term Long term now now

Taiwan E-Governance an E-Governance Re Research arch Cen enter er

Thanks for your Attentions Thanks for your Attentions