Good Morning! MCS1450/ BMS1301 Introduction to Broadcasting Ulrich - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Good Morning! MCS1450/ BMS1301 Introduction to Broadcasting Ulrich - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Good Morning! MCS1450/ BMS1301 Introduction to Broadcasting Ulrich Werner History and development of broadcasting, including the influence of broadcasting media in the democratic society. Course description in the curriculum.


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Good Morning! MCS1450/ BMS1301 Introduction to Broadcasting

Ulrich Werner

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“History and development of broadcasting, including the influence of broadcasting media in the democratic society.”

Course description in the curriculum.

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“History and development of broadcasting, including the influence of broadcasting media in the democratic society.”

Course description in the curriculum.

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Technicalities tothisCourse

  • Course Web page at http://studyinthailand.org
  • Course Syllabus
  • Century of the Self Assignments:

– Who are the main protagonists in this episode, what makes them special, and what is their influence

  • n society?
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The History of Broadcast Media

How it all began …

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When it all began

  • The first message sent by wire (telegraph) from

Washington DC to Baltimore in 1884

  • The FIRST broadcast message
  • What is broadcasting?
  • “… the distribution of audio and/or video signals

which transmit programs to an audience. The audience may be the general public or a relatively large sub‐audience, such as children or young adults.”

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Broadcasting

  • Sending one message to a large group or audience
  • Broadcasting has many inventors
  • Physicists James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz

demonstrated the existence of electromagnetic radiation, i.e. energy waves that travel through space

  • Three main inventors of wireless communication:

Marconi, Fessenden & DeForest

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Guglielmo Marconi

  • Saw a demonstration of radio waves

while in college

  • Realized the biggest potential use for

wireless communication, was in instances where wires were not possible (ships)

  • Began experimenting with transmitters

and receivers

  • Eventually, he was able to send a

radio signal a little over a mile

  • In December 1901, he sent the first

radio telegraph across the Atlantic Ocean

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Reginald Fessenden

  • Marconi was sending Morse code – no one

had yet to send voice over radio waves

  • A new way of generating radio signals had to

be developed

  • To transmit voice or music, a continuous radio

wave was needed

  • While working at General Electric, Fessenden

built a high speed alternator that allowed for the continuous wave

  • Tested on Christmas Eve 1906, Fessenden’s

voice was the first on the air – then he played some violin music and read a few passages from the Bible before signing off.

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The Crystal Set

  • In 1910, the most popular way of

receiving radio signals was using a crystal set – some minerals were able to pick up radio waves

  • They were cheap and easy to assemble,

but they couldn’t amplify the signals very well

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A demonstration of a crystal radio

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E99Ngw9Tck4

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Lee DeForest

  • Something that could boost weak

signals was needed

  • Lee DeForest created the Fleming

valve – which acted as an amplifier to boost weak radio waves in 1906

  • Hooking up a few of these valves

could amplify signals millions of times

  • He named this invention the audion
  • The audion evolved into the vacuum

tube, and was the basis for all radio transmission until the 1950’s, when the transistor replaced it

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Boardrooms and Courtrooms

  • Now that radio has tested as a

viable medium, what to do next to make it successful?

  • Legal issues: Radio’s main use

was still ship‐to‐ship and ship‐ to‐shore communication

  • Many companies interested in

radio: Marconi’s British Marconi & American Marconi, General Electric, AT&T and Westinghouse

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Who owns what?

  • Each of these companies owned patents for

different types of functions and technologies

  • No one had patents that covered the entire

process of developing transmitters and receivers

  • Each company went ahead and made

them anyway – resulting in patent infringements

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WW1 and Radio

  • All US Navy ships were equipped

with radio

  • In 1917, when the US entered the

war, the government took control

  • f all radio operations, in the

interest of national security

  • The Navy assumed responsibility

for patent infringement – meaning the various companies could pool resources to improve radio communication

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RCA

  • Commercial interests were opposed to

the government’s control over radio after the war was over

  • Giving the Navy control over radio was

never voted on

  • The stations were still owned by Marconi

– a British company

  • Navy suggests to General Electric they

purchase American Marconi and create a new company – called RCA (The Radio Corporation of America)

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Patents problems

  • After the Navy gave up control, patent issues were

prevalent once again

  • RCA entered into a cross‐licensing agreement with

GE, AT&T and Westinghouse that enabled all the companies to use each other’s patents

  • GE and Westinghouse agreed to manufacture radio

equipment; RCA would sell it; AT&T would build the transmitters

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1920’s

  • Radio came on the scene to the general

public

  • KDKA in Pittsburgh became the first

radio station under Frank Conrad in 1920; he played phonograph records and read from the newspaper

  • Westinghouse quickly started other

stations

  • In 1922 there were 28 radio stations; in

1923, there were 570

  • By the end of the 20’s half of American

homes had a radio

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Money problems

  • RCA was making $11 M selling radios, while

AT&T made $3 M – prohibited to sell radios according to the post‐war agreement

  • AT&T sold its radio operations, and was

granted a monopoly over wire interconnections that enabled radio networks

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Radio Advertising

  • Radio was expensive to run – a way to make money to

keep it afloat was needed

  • AT&T developed a system where anyone who had a

message to deliver would come to the station, give the message, leave money, AT&T sent the message (toll broadcasting)

  • This was soon the same principle

applied to radio advertising!

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WEAF

  • WEAF was the first station to have

commercial advertising, August 28, 1922

  • Rising operating costs were forcing other

stations off the air

  • Initially, people did not want advertising on

the radio

  • There was even talk in Congress to ban it

(but we all know that didn’t happen!)

  • By 1929, radio advertising

was a $20M industry

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How networks grew radio

  • There were many radio stations that needed programs
  • Many radio programs, and their talent, were located in New

York, Chicago, Hollywood.

  • Smaller cities wanted access to those programs too
  • Networks were developed
  • Based on the technology AT&T had to wire stations,

networks were possible

  • Networks shared programs to their affiliates
  • Affiliates = individual stations, in different cities
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RCA and the birth of Networks

  • David Sarnoff (president of RCA) set

up a new company in 1926 to separate the parent company from the broadcast organization

  • The National Broadcasting Company

was born

  • The “Red” network consisted of

stations from AT&T, and the “Blue” network comprised stations

  • riginally owned by RCA,

Westinghouse and GE

  • By 1933, NBC had 88 stations in its

network

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Networks grow

  • The Columbia Broadcasting System

was founded in 1927 by William S. Paley – starting with 16 stations, and by the end of 1933 had 91 stations

  • Mutual Broadcasting System started

in 1934

  • Advantages: brought programming to

rural areas that previously didn’t have radio programming; contributed to radio’s growth

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Early Rules & Regulations

  • Attempts to regulate the new medium of radio can be

traced to 1903

  • Wireless Ship Act of 1910: required certain passenger ships

to have wireless communication

  • Titanic disaster: many were saved due to wireless distress

signals, however, the signal was interfered with due to unregulated amounts of stations on the air simultaneously

  • Trivia: one of the first operators to relay

the Titanic’s distress call was David Sarnoff – the future president of RCA and champion of Color TV

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Early Rules & Regulations

  • Radio Act of 1912: required stations to be licensed by the

Secretary of Commerce – who would assign wavelengths and time limits

  • Interference was still a big problem: federal control was

needed

  • Radio Act of 1927: radio frequencies could not be owned, but

they could be licensed for use; license holders had to operate in the public interest; gov’t censorship was forbidden; creation

  • f the Federal Radio Commission to enforce the new laws
  • Communications Act of 1934: replaced the FRC with

the FCC – the Federal Communications Commission

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Radio 1930-1948

  • Radio grew at a phenomenal rate, becoming an integral part of

American life

  • $40M spent on radio advertising in 1930; $506M in 1948
  • Growth continued despite another war and economic

depression

  • FM broadcasting: invented by Edwin Armstrong, it was publicly

demonstrated in 1933

  • FM was less prone to static, and could broadcast in stereo
  • FM did not catch on (at this time) because AM radio was

already so successful, RCA was unwilling to invest

  • FCC ruled NBC was monopolistic ‐ they sold off

the Blue Network, which eventually became ABC

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Impact

  • Primary source of home

entertainment

  • Social power:
  • 1938 Orson Welles produced "War of

the Worlds" and caused mass hysteria

  • Radio took advertising revenue

away from newspapers, and news broadcasts eliminated the need for extra editions of newspapers

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Programs

  • Programs were diverse; many

genres were the same as you find on TV today ‐ sitcoms, crime shows, variety shows, soap operas and news

  • Radio news broadcasts

doubled from 1940‐1945 with wartime reports

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1937 –Herb Morrison reports

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aK4I9el5vh0

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In which ways did Radio influence societies?

Teams of two from a different country. Due: Tuesday, 10.01.2017, 09.00 hrs In a professional format, printed, please.