Good Morning! MCS1450/ BMS1301 Introduction to Broadcasting Ulrich - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Good Morning! MCS1450/ BMS1301 Introduction to Broadcasting

Ulrich Werner

History of TV

History of TV

• A way to scan images, encode an

image into tiny electrical signals, able to be received and reassembled

• Philo Farnsworth: Age 16,

conceptualized the “image dissector,” patented in 1930, the first television

• Vladimir Zworykin: by 1928 developed

a working camera tube -- iconoscope

• First demo of working TV: 1939 World’s

Fair (RCA, with Zworykin’s help and Farnsworth’s patent made it happen)

1939 TV Set by RCA Victor, 5” screen

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHccDOiriac

1956 RCA Victor TV Commercial

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LYUbstVpzf0

History of TV

• Initial public response was weak, sets were

expensive, and not many programs to watch

• Early TV actors had to wear green makeup to

look normal for TV and swallow salt tablets to prevent sweating under the hot camera lights

• WW2 interrupted TVs development

History of TV

• Post War: technology utilized

during WW2 spurred TV development, regarding reception and working conditions for the performers

• New TV cameras required less

light, TV screens were bigger, more programs, the beginnings of networks

• After the war, assembly lines

used for war materials, began making televisions

History of TV

• 1945: 8 TV stations,

8,000 homes with TV in the US

• 1955: 100 stations,

35 million households with TV

• By 1948, television

was on its way into the mainstream

TV Freeze

• TV growth was phenomenal; manufacturers could barely keep

up with demand, many TV stations popping up all over the country

• FCC declared a freeze on new applications in 1950-1952
• 1952: Sixth Report and Order

TV’s Sixth Report and Order

• A table of channel assignments was constructed,

structuring the provision of TV service to all parts of the US

• FCC opens up new channels on the UHF band (Ultra

High Frequency, channels 14-69)

• VHF: Very High Frequency (channels 2-13)
• Set standards regarding color TV
• 242 channels were set aside for

noncommercial TV stations

Radio's Adjustment to TV

TV had four main effects on radio 1.Mass market advertising shifted to TV, resulting in major revenue loss; big stars migrated to TV; would take radio nearly 30 years to recover 2.Radio returned to serving specialized audiences: formats, local programming, DJs, recorded music 3.Radio became close with the record industry; helped to sell records 4.Radio was forced to become dependent on local revenue, redefining its revenue base

TV in the 1950s

• Early TV industry was modeled

after radio; local stations served their communities, and might be affiliated with networks

• 4 TV networks during this period:

NBC, CBS, ABC and DuMont

• Golden Age of Television
• Popular shows: I Love Lucy, The

Today Show, 21, Gunsmoke

Example: I love Lucy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NPzLBSBzPI

Technology

• Slow, but steady growth
• f cable (10% of homes in

1974)

• UHF got a boost from

cable systems

• Satellites become more

important to TV

The beginnings of Cable

• Introduced in the early 1950s
• Solved a problem: people who lived in

mountainous areas couldn’t receive traditional,

• ver-the-air, TV signals
• They put an antennae on top of a tall peak, and

ran a wire to homes in the valley

• This was called Community

Antenna TV (CATV)

1963-1975

• By the end of the 1950's, 95% of American households

had a TV

• Public Broadcasting Act of 1967: established the

Public Broadcasting System (PBS)

• After debate on the effects of cigarette smoking, in 1971

cigarette ads were prohibited on TV

• PTAR: Prime Time Access Rule was meant to encourage

local programming (1970); gave the 7:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m. slot back to local stations to program themselves: encouraged the growth of syndicated programming

Programming 1963‐1975

• Rural comedies/fantastical comedies: The

Beverly Hillbillies, Green Acres, Bewitched, My Favorite Martian, My Mother the Car

• Law-and-order programs; The FBI, Charlie’s

Angels and Mannix.

• Adult situation comedies (the sitcom): All In The

Family, M*A*S*H, Dallas, Dynasty

The Beverly Hillbillies

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YD22a4APsCg

Mannix

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLTb3_-pdU4

Dallas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1iYjgMygIag

1975-1999

• New technologies emerge that compete with TV
• Increased competition from cable and satellite
• Changes in the business and economic climate
• Premium channels (HBO) and superstations (TBS) attract

viewers away from networks

• VCRs offer viewing alternatives, later the Internet and DVDs

are a source of competition for TV

• The Fox network debuted in 1987

• Major Mergers: Walt Disney

buys ABC, Westinghouse buys CBS

• By 2000, 68% of people use

cable

• 80’s: The Cosby Show, Family

Ties

• 90’s: prime-time news

magazines, 20/20, 60 Minutes

• 2000’s: Reality TV, Survivor,

Jersey Shore, The Bachelor

1980s – 2000s Trends

Telecommunications Act of 1996

Telecommunications Act of 1996:

• allowed telephone

companies to offer TV service,

• eased limits on TV and

radio station ownership,

• allowed TV stations to own

cable systems,

• v-chip regulation

New technology/issues:

• TVRO & DBS satellite: TV Receive Only (backyard satellite

dishes), 1970‐80s – received free broadcasts until companies started scrambling signals and required a subscription to

• unscramble. Direct broadcast satellite, 1990s, smaller dishes
• Electronic News Gathering: revolutionized TV coverage; using

portable cameras and tape recorders, reporters no longer had to wait for film to develop; allowed live coverage of breaking news

• Mobile Media: Cell phone content,

iPod & iPhone content. iTunes store rents & sells movies, TV shows, music, other video content. YouTube integrated to smartphones.

• Streaming Media

Radio in the video age

• Since 1960, FM radio continued to grow, especially

in music programming, while AM remained the home

• f talk and sports formats
• Syndication: send national programming to local

affiliates

• Formats: specialized programming to serve a

segmented audience, i.e., country music, talk, sports

• Consolidation: many stations owned by one

company; Telecommunications Act of 1996 allowed this

Broadcasting in the 21st Century

• HDTV: 60 Million homes by 2009, higher quality picture

and sound. Requires a special TV and special signal

• HD Radio: digital translation of analog frequencies.

Allows for superior sound quality, and the segmenting of frequencies (more stations)

• Mobile Media
• Internet: Internet radio stations, Pandora, YouTube, Hulu

– big changes in distribution for traditional media – i.e. Netflix

• Convergence: where/when/how all media

meets.

And now, let’s talk about your second assignment.

In a group of 2 students of different nationality.

“History and development of broadcasting, including the influence of broadcasting media in the democratic society.”

Course description in the curriculum.

What is a democratic society, and which preconditions must be met to become one?

Teams of two from a different country. Due: Thursday, 12.01.2017, 09.00 hrs In a professional format, printed, please.