Global Warming, Energy Use and GHG Emissions Energy Use 2013 EIA - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

JOINT CENTER FOR ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH

Addressing Climate Change with Next- Generation Energy Storage Research

George Crabtree

Director, JCESR

University of Illinois at Chicago Argonne National Laboratory

Outline Greenhouse Gasses from Electricity and Transportation Reducing Emissions with Energy Storage JCESR: A New Paradigm for Next-Generation Battery R&D Highlights: Mg-ion battery What One Person Can Do

To Tend the Earth Loyola University Climate Change Conference Chicago IL March 19, 2015

IPCC AR5 2014

Energy Use 2013

EIA Monthly Energy Review Table 2.1 (May 2014)

GHG Emissions 2012

EPA

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/

ghgemissions/sources/electricity.ht ml

~ 60% o f e ne rg y use a nd GHG e missio ns fro m e le c tric ity a nd tra nspo rta tio n

Global Warming, Energy Use and GHG Emissions

Conventional Transportation

Trends are positive Cars are becoming more efficient We drive less

http://www.c2es.org/federal/executive/vehicle- standardsAgreement 2ith 13 automakers, Aug 28, 2012

CAFE Standards 1978 - 2026

Cars Trucks

Vehicle Miles Driven 1971 – 2014

blue=recession

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/- wGRACDgtnC0/U6rny_IFHGI/AAAAAAAAfhI/ybr8m _o1oog/s1600/VehicleMilesApr2014.jpg

Trillions of Miles 1971 2008-2009 2014

Electrified Transportation

+ + + + + + + +

e-

H2 H2O O2 tesla motors

re ne wa b le , nuc le a r e le c tric ity pro duc tio n re ne wa b le hydro g e n pro duc tio n

b re akthro ug hs ne e de d

x2-5 hig he r e ne rg y de nsity in b a tte rie s c a ta lysts, me mb ra ne s a nd e le c tro de s in fue l c e lls Re ne wa b le e le c tric ity o r hydro g e n pro duc tio n e le c tric mo to r re pla c e s g a so line e ng ine

battery fuel cell hydrogen storage

re fo rming me tha ne CH

4

c o a l, g a s e le c tric ity pro duc tio n

How Much Better are Electric Cars?

300 200 100 Grams CO2/km

Coal Oil Gas Solar Nuclear wind Hydro Geothermal

Ga so line c a rs

Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Electric Cars by Generation Source

1200 1000 800 600 400 200

Grams CO2/kWh Coal Oil Gas Solar Nuclear wind Hydro Geothermal

Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Electricity Generation by Source

Ca rb o n Dio xide E missio ns E le c tric vs Ga so line Ca rs

UCS State of Charge (2012) http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/clean_vehicles/ele ctric-car-global-warming-emissions-report.pdf

electrons ions

5

E ne rg y Use

4.00 3.00 1.00 Gasoline cars

Energy Efficiency of Electric and Gasoline Cars

2.00

MJ/km Mitsubushi T Ford Focus Nissan Leaf Chevy Volt

0.12 0.09 0.03

Mitsubushi T Ford Focus Nissan Leaf Chevy Volt

Gasoline Cars

@USD $3.50/gal

Operating Cost of Electric and Gasoline Cars

0.06

USD $/km

@USD $0.06-0.18/kWh

Ope ra ting Co st

electrons ions

How Much Better are Electric Cars?

E ne rg y Use a nd Ope ra ting Co st E le c tric vs Ga so line Ca rs

6

Electric Car Challenges

Rang e

Che vy Vo lt: 38 mile s o n sing le c ha rg e Nissa n L e a f: 63 mile s o n sing le c ha rg e Ho nda Ac c o rd: 400 mile s o n sing le ta nk

5x hig he r b a tte ry e ne rg y de nsity

16 kWh 80 kWh

x5 Purc hase Pric e (2012)

Che vy Vo lt: $39 990 -$46 265 Nissa n L e a f: $35 200 - $37 250 Ho nda Ac c o rd: $24 030 - $31 930 Adde d c o st drive n b y la rg e b a tte rie s

$

$

1/ 5 5x lo we r b a tte ry c o st

7

Wind and Solar Electricity

✓ Sta b le c lima te ✓ E

ne rg y se c urity Via b le te c hno lo g ie s

• n de plo yme nt pa th

Re maining sc ie nc e c halle ng e s impro ve e ffic ie nc y lo we r c o st

GW

20 10 30 40 50 60

US Wind and Solar Electricity

Cumulative Installed Capacity

wind solar

Ave output: 17 GW US ave use: 450 GW ~ 3.8% of US electricity 15% growth/yr  40% wind and solar electricity by 2030

Energy Storage Enables Variable Wind and Solar Generation

One o r two c a lm da ys pe r mo nth Wind stro ng e r a t nig ht Wind do e s no t fo llo w diurna l pa tte rn Ba c k up the wind fa rm with b a tte ry $ = 5x g a s pla nt $

http://www.windbyte.co.uk/windpower.html

g a s pla nt

demand wind

• utput

base load coal, nuclear dispatchable power e.g., combined cycle natural gas

(re la tive ly) c le a n ine xpe nsive g e ne ra tio n

Total UK Electricity Demand

dirty, e xpe nsive g e ne ra tio n

charge battery discharge battery

c le a n, ine xpe nsive g e ne ra tio n

Energy Storage Cleans the Electricity Grid

T ipping po int c o st o f b a tte rie s le ss tha n c o st o f pe a ke r pla nt

peak power

TRANSPORTATION GRID

$100/kWh

400 Wh/kg 400 Wh/L 800 W/kg 800 W/L 1000 cycles 80% DoD C/5

15 yr calendar life

EUCAR

$100/kWh

95% round-trip efficiency at C/5 rate 7000 cycles C/5

20 yr calendar life

Safety equivalent to a natural gas turbine

JCESR Has Transformative Goals

Visio n

T ra nsfo rm tra nspo rta tio n a nd the e le c tric ity g rid with hig h pe rfo rma nc e , lo w c o st e ne rg y sto ra g e

Missio n

De live r e le c tric a l e ne rg y sto ra g e with five time s the e ne rg y de nsity a nd o ne -fifth the c o st o f to da y’ s c o mme rc ia l b a tte rie s within five ye a rs

L e gac ie s

• A libra ry of the funda me nta l sc ie nc e o f the ma te ria ls a nd

phe no me na o f e ne rg y sto ra g e a t a to mic a nd mo le c ula r le ve ls

• T

wo prototype s, one for tra nsporta tion a nd one for the e le c tric ity g rid, tha t, whe n sc a le d up to ma nufa c turing , ha ve the po te ntia l

to me e t JCE SR’ s tra nsfo rma tive g o a ls

• A ne w pa ra dig m for ba tte ry R&D tha t inte g ra te s disc o ve ry

sc ie nc e , b a tte ry de sig n, re se a rc h pro to typing a nd ma nufa c turing c o lla b o ra tio n in a sing le hig hly inte ra c tive

• rg a niza tio n

Multivalent Intercalation Chemical Transformation Non-Aqueous Redox Flow CROSSCUTTING SCIENCE

Systems Analysis and Translation Cell Design and Prototyping Commercial Deployment

Batte ry De sig n Re se arc h Pro to typing Manufac turing Co llab o ratio n

MATERIALS PROJECT

TDTs

Disc o ve ry Sc ie nc e

JCESR Creates a New Paradigm for Battery R&D

++

TECHNO-ECONOMIC MODELING “Building battery systems on the computer” ELECTROCHEMICAL DISCOVERY LAB Wet and dry electrochemical interfaces

• Model single crystals
• Practical nanoparticles

Lithium Ion Battery Technology

JCESR’s Beyond Lithium-ion Concepts

Multiva le nt I nte rc a la tio n Che mic a l T ra nsfo rma tio n

Re pla c e mo no va le nt L i+ with di- o r tri-va le nt io ns: Mg ++, Al+++, . . .

Do ub le o r triple c a pa c ity sto re d a nd re le a se d

Re pla c e so lid e le c tro de s with liq uid so lutio ns o r suspe nsio ns:

lo we r c o st, hig he r c a pa c ity, g re a te r fle xib ility

No n-a q ue o us Re do x F lo w

Black, Adams, Nazar, Adv. Energy Mater 2, 801 (2012)

Mg++

L ithium-io n “Ro c king Cha ir”

L i+ c yc le s b e twe e n a no de a nd c a tho de , sto ring a nd re le a sing e ne rg y

Re pla c e inte rc a la tio n with hig h e ne rg y c he mic a l re a c tio n: L

i-S, L i-O, Na -S, . . .

14

mostly unknown transformational advances

Beyond Lithium Ion Opportunity Space is Large, Unexplored and Rich

Graphite, LiCoO2 LiFePO4, LiMnO2 . . . Intercalant electrodes

Materials Systems Li-ion

Beyond Li-ion

mostly known important incremental advances

Intercalant Fluid Chemical Transformation Liquid Solid Intercalant/Allo y Metal Fluid Li Mg Al Bi, Sn, Oxysulfides Quinoxaline Metal Coordination Complexes Triflate, Tetraborate Oxide Phosphate-based ceramics, Block Co-polymer Spinel Layered Li-O Li-S Na-S Quinoxoline Ferrocence Polysulfides

anode electrolyte cathode

Three energy storage concepts 50-100 potential batteries

15

Multivalent Intercalation Chemical Transformation Non-Aqueous Redox Flow CROSSCUTTING SCIENCE

Systems Analysis and Translation Cell Design and Prototyping Commercial Deployment

Batte ry De sig n Re se arc h Pro to typing Manufac turing Co llab o ratio n Disc o ve ry Sc ie nc e

JCESR Creates a New Paradigm for Battery R&D

++

• F
• c us e xc lusive ly o n tra nsfo rma tive te c hno lo g ie s b e yo nd lithium io n
• 14 institutio na l pa rtne rs + five funde d c o lla b o ra to rs e mb ra c e the c ha lle ng e
• Ne w to o ls to se a rc h the la rg e , ric h a nd une xplo re d b e yo nd lithium io n spa c e
• Pursue thre e sto ra g e c o nc e pts with 50-100 po ssib le b a tte ry inc a rna tio ns

A sing le hig hly inte ra c tive o rg a niza tio n

4/22/2015 May contain trade secrets or commercial or financial information that is privileged or confidential and exempt from public disclosure.

17

JCESR Team and Affiliates

45 Affilia te s at launc h 80+ Affilia te s No v 2014

Affilia te s Da y

Marc h 19, 2014 Re g io na l E ve nts Urb ana Oc t 21, 2014 Buffalo No v 5 2014

Affilia te s Ne wsle tte r

July 2014

JCE SR “swe e t spo t”

1-2 YEARS

BTRL - 1

2-5 YEARS

BTRL - 2

2-5 YEARS

BTRL - 3

5-10 YEARS

BTRL – 5 - 6

Battery Technology Readiness Level (BTRL)

Research prototype

Scientific Breakthrough New class

• f materials

synthesized Proven performance in half cells Proven performance in lab-scale full cells Material scale-up, cell testing and scale-up to pack

BTRL - 4

Proof-of-concept prototype

De ve lo pe d c o lla b o ra tive ly with JCI, NASA-Gle nn, T ARDE C

18

Multivalent Intercalation Chemical Transformation Non-Aqueous Redox Flow CROSSCUTTING SCIENCE Systems Analysis and Translation Cell Design and Prototyping Commercial Deployment

Quantifying the promise of Li-air batteries (with GM) Gallagher et al, Energy and Environmental Science (2014) Link to Community

New IP

Infinite current collector

Industry-science collaboration

Six projects of interest to JCI MOU with NASA-Glenn

Batte ry De sig n Re se arc h Pro to typing Disc o ve ry Sc ie nc e Manufac turing Co llab o ratio n

JCESR Achieves Across the Science-Manufacturing Spectrum

System Mass for 100 kWhuse (kg) System Volume for 100 kWhuse (L)

Useable Specific Energy (Whuse/kg) Useable Energy Density (Whuse/L)

Tesla Model S 85 kWhuse Nissan Leaf 22 kWhuse Li/LMRNMC Si/LMRNMC Gr/LMRNMC Gr/NMC333

Li/O2 closed Li/O2

• pen

Li/LMRNMC Gr/NMC333

Theoretical kWh/kg Theoretical kWh/L

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 Li/O2

Trace water catalyzes lithium peroxide electrochemistry EDL+Electrolyte Genome Jirkovský, Markovic et al, (submitted)

V 2 DBBB 2 [DBBB+A-] TMQ

Trimethylquinoxaline

TMQ2- [C+]2 2e- 2C+ 2e-

All Org a nic Re dox F low No n-a q ue o us Re do x F lo w + E le c tro lyte Ge no me Brushe tt, Z hang e t al (MI T , ANL ) Su e t al, JE CS 161, A1905 ((2014)

BF4-

+

TMQ

BF4-

10x electrochemical activity

F irst ye a r summa ry + mo re hig hlig hts www.jc e sr.o rg

4/22/2015 May contain trade secrets or commercial or financial information that is privileged or confidential and exempt from public disclosure.

20

T

• wa rd a Multiva le nt I

nte rc a la tio n Ba tte ry

Cha lle ng e s

Mo b ility o f ++ io ns in c atho de So lvatio n – de so lvatio n Stab le e le c tro lyte Co mpatib le ano de , e le c tro lyte , c atho de Only o ne de mo nstrate d syste m Mg -c hlo ro aluminate -Mo 6S

8

(Aurb ac h 2000)

Metal Anode

Intercalation Cathode

Electrolyte Mg0  Mg2+ + 2e- Hig h L i+ diffusion ≠ hig h MV diffusio n Co o rdina tio n e nviro nme nt c o ntro ls diffusio n b a rrie r T e tra he dra l o c ta he dra l  te tra he dra l Ca ++ ha s surprising ly lo w mo b ility b a rrie r

E a rly sta g e pro to type Co mpa tib le a no d e -e le c tro lyte - c a tho d e Mg me ta l a no d e Dig lyme e le c tro lyte V2O 5 c a tho d e

Mo b ility in Mn2O 4 Ca tho de Mg ++ So lva tio n She ll F irst F ully F unc tio na l Mg ++ Ba tte ry sinc e 2000

E ne rg y b a rrie rs fo r MV io n diffusio n in Mn2O 4 spine l

Mate rials Pro je c t

Ca++ Mg++ Li+

Contr

• l

s

• Chemi

c al r eac ti

• ns i

n el ec tr

• l

yte

• I

nter fac i al i

• n exc hange
• Mobi

l i ty i n el ec tr

• l

yte E xper i ment: APS x-r ay di ffr ac ti

• n

S i mul ati

• n: E

l ec tr

• l

yte Genome Pa ir Distrib utio n F unc tio n Qua ntifie s a nio n pre se nc e in so lva tio n she ll Lapidus, Rajput, Qu, Chapman, Persson and Chupas

• Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 21941 (2014)

F irst ye a r summa ry + mo re hig hlig hts www.jc e sr.o rg

Mn O Mg

a

[100] b c

Mn O Mg

a Mn O Mg

b

O Mn Mg Mn Mn

(c) c

Chunjoong Kim, Patrick J. Phillips, Baris Key, Tanghong Yi, Dennis Nordlund, Young-Sang Yu, Robert F. Klie, and Jordi Cabana

Direct Observation of Reversible Magnesium Ion Intercalation into a Spinel Oxide Host

submitted

Mg Intercalates in Mn2O4

• F

ir st r e ve r sible Mg 2+ inte r c alation in the spine l oxide , Mn2O 4

• Mg++ loc ate d in the te tr

ahe dr al site s of the spine l oxide host

• A pathway for Mn2O 4 as a c athode mate r

ial in high voltage / c apac ity multivale nt batte r ie s Robert Klie UIC Jordi Cabana UIC

21

What Can One Person Do?

http://physics.illinois.edu/outreach/zero-net-energy- house/http://physics.illinois.edu/outreach/zero-net-energy-house/

Solar panels Geothermal heating and cooling Weatherizing Efficient appliances Chevy Volt Tesla Model S

From the grid: 3883 kWh To the grid: 5760 kWh

Net zero energy house and car? Scorecard 2014: coldest winter in history

• f Chicago

Scott Willenbrock, UIUC

1929 Colonial house

JCESR First Year Accomplishments

In its first year, the JCESR partnership has moved from launch to full operation and is now producing groundbreaking research.

MORE

Webpage

http://www.jcesr.org/

Review Article

https://anl.app.box.com/s/wixxv7f3mg9ev3t926rc http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.7042

Further Reading

23

Perspective

Vision:

T ra nsfo rm tra nspo rta tio n a nd e le c tric ity g rid with hig h pe rfo rma nc e , lo w c o st e ne rg y sto ra g e

Mission:

De live r e le c tric a l e ne rg y sto ra g e with five time s the e ne rg y de nsity a nd o ne -fifth the c o st

 Be yond lithium ion

L e gac ie s: A libr ar y of the fundame ntal sc ie nc e o f the ma te ria ls a nd phe no me na o f

e ne rg y sto ra g e a t a to mic a nd mo le c ula r le ve ls

T wo pr

• totype s, one for

tr anspor tation and one for the e le c tr ic ity gr id, tha t,

whe n sc a le d up to ma nufa c turing , ha ve the po te ntia l to me e t JCE SR’ s pe rfo rma nc e a nd c o st g o a ls

A ne w par adigm for batte r y R&D tha t inte g ra te s disc o ve ry sc ie nc e , b a tte ry

de sig n, re se a rc h pro to typing a nd ma nufa c turing c o lla b o ra tio n in a sing le hig hly inte ra c tive o rg a niza tio n

• A b o ld ne w a ppro a c h to b a tte ry R&D
• Ac c e le ra te the pa c e o f disc o ve ry a nd inno va tio n
• Bring the c o mmunity to the b e yo nd lithium-io n o ppo rtunity

Mo re o n JCE SR we b site www.jc e sr.o rg