Global Consciousness: Moral, ethical, & empirical responses to - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Global Consciousness: Moral, ethical, & empirical responses to Globalization

James H. Liu & Robert Jiqi Zhang Massey University

Email: J.H.Liu@massey.ac.nz

Grow roots where you land Falling leaves return to their roots

Lifelong Learning as an Ultimate in the Here and Now

"The Master said, “At fifteen I set my heart on learning, at thirty I took my stand; at forty I came to be free from doubts; at fifty I understood the Decree of Heaven; at sixty my ear was attuned; at seventy I followed my heart's desire without transgressions." (II.4)

Global Cosmopolitanism

• “Contemporary cosmopolitans… believe that every

person has global stature as the ultimate unit of moral concern and is therefore entitled to equal respect and consideration no matter what her citizenship status or

• ther affiliations happen to be”
• identity component (“being a citizen of the world”) and a

harder to define responsibility component (protecting basic human rights)

Cosmopolitanism’s Discontents

• Critiqued as the “class consciousness of frequent travelers”,

whose global community lacks solidarity

• Example Problem: Citizens of Muslim countries tend to

favor the expansion of political rights and freedoms while retaining a preference for practices as veiling

• Is Veiling a sign of patriarchal oppression or a marker of

relational solidarity for women capable of resisting Western individualism, immorality, and materialism?

Does Liberty and Equality necessarily lead to Fraternity?

The Emergence of Global Culture is a Historical Trajectory (building on what went before)

Global Culture & Global Consciousness is the product of interaction between

• deeply-rooted systems of cultural logic whose ethical premises

are prescriptive and sometimes very ancient

• a newly emergent technologically driven global economy whose

reach is global.

Summary

Collectivism & High Power Distance

• Relational Hierarchy (Confucianism)
• East Asian Confucian Model

China, (Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan) Western Separation

• f Powers Model

11 Democracies

Culture

• Individualism & Low Power Distance
• Autonomy

Centralized Government

• Separation of Powers

Liberal Democracy

• China Model

Democratic Model Japan, Korea, Taiwan & other democracies

Political Power Structure

• Central Government

Implementing Bodies

Globalization in “Godzone”

New Zealand: Only symbolically bicultural

Theme N Don’t want % Prefer not % Would like % Definitely want %

• 1. Our family, friends, and community

2394 2.0 6.1 39.8 52.1

• 2. The workers who produce what we need from the

earth and in factories, here and around the world

2393 2.8 10.6 49.6 36.9

• 3. Our ancestors who developed the seeds,

medicines, and technologies we use today

2386 3.8 11.5 45.4 39.3

• 4. The Goodness of our sun, plants, animals and

earth

2400 4.0 11.8 36.4 47.8

• 5. Our struggle to overcome the injustice of
• ppression, inhumanity and disaster

2400 3.5 7.5 33.8 55.1

• 6. The strength we gain when our love of people of
• ther lands or faiths is greater than our fear

2393 3.9 11.2 38.3 46.7

• 7. The courage to build justice for the

children who will inherit this world

2392 1.7 5.8 33.6 59.1

• 8. Some basic Goodness in the universe that wants

justice for all

2387 4.5 8.9 33.3 53.3

Themes for Global Celebration in 25 Countries Who are we and what do we want?

Layered & Multiple Identities

A Problem

• f

Solidarity

Who are “We”?

Dialogical Self (Hermans)

The Self as Multi-voiced & Capable of managing Contradictions 1) A representation of the perspectives of the other within the self, 2) a combination of plurality and unity regarding those perspectives, 3) an awareness that perspectives are responsive to dominance and social power, 4) an awareness of the spatial and embodied nature

• f those perspectives

“Multicultural Mind” (Hong)- Situated Self

• Different aspects of Social Identity are

activated (primed) in different situations

• Behavior is instinctively adapted to appropriate

group norms

• When in Chinese company, behave like a

Chinese person; when in working class company, behave like a working class person

• Knowledge, identity, & capability are linked

Global Consciousness: a knowledge of both

the interconnectedness and difference of humankind, and a will to take moral actions in a reflexive & situated manner on its behalf

Negative & Positive forms

• f the Golden Rule:

“Do unto others as you would have them do unto you” - Jesus “” (What you don’t want for yourself, don’t do to others) - Confucius Universal Manifestation

• f Human Heartedness
• love, compassion, benevolence

Definition of Global Consciousness

• Liu & Macdonald’s model of global consciousness involves

dynamism between three necessary but loosely related components: a knowledge/ awareness component that can be described scientifically, a morality/ethics component that is best approached philosophically, and an action/identification component that situates the first two dynamically in everyday life.

• We don’t expect people to integrate these three all of or even most
• f the time- it’s aspirational

Turkey: Ancient Culture, Young State

• A parent whose child is in immediate danger is not going to be in a

state of Global Consciousness; but afterwards, he or she might be motivated to protect the welfare of refugee children

Global Consciousness: a knowledge of both

the interconnectedness and difference of humankind, and a will to take moral actions in a reflexive & situated manner on its behalf

Angela Leung’s 3 Factors in a Cosmopolitan Orientation towards Doing & Being

Factor 1: Global Prosociality- other oriented component of Helping

• 1. I would serve the world community by helping human beings
• 2. I want to help the unfortunate ones even if they are from
• ther countries
• 3. I want to play my part to help make the world a better place

for all

• 4. I get upset when people do not want to offer help when those

in need are foreigners

• 5. When people from other countries are in need, I will help

them to the best of my abilities

Factor 2 in Cosmopolitan Orientation Scale (COS)

Cultural Openness – self oriented component of Growing

• 6. I am open to living in a different culture
• 7. I want to travel to experience many different

cultures

• 8. I am willing to study or work abroad in another

culture

• 9. It is exciting to immerse in a foreign culture
• 10. I enjoy learning more about different cultures in

the world

Factor 3 in Cosmopolitan Orientation Scale (COS)

Respect for Cultural Diversity – diversity

• riented component of Respecting
• 11. It is important to preserve the authenticity of

native cultures

• 12. I respect cultural differences
• 13. I embrace cultural diversity
• 14. We should celebrate cultural differences
• 15. I am against having one dominating culture

Demographic Correlates across 19 countries

1 2 3 4

• 1. Global Prosociality (COS1)

(.919)

• 2. Cultural Openness (COS2)

.550** (.896)

• 3. Respect for Cultural Diversity (C3)

.531** .625** (.864)

• 4. Education

.084** .146** .085**

• 5. Social Status

.116** .167** .071** .203**

• 6. Conservatism
• .144**
• .136**
• .136**
• .045**

M 4.38 4.55 5.16 SD 1.29 1.38 1.09

Impact of Education Cosmopolitan Orientation (NZ)

3 4 5 6 N

• d

e g r e e C e r t i f i c a t e / D i p l

• m

a U n d e r g r a d P

• s

t g r a d Global P rosocialit y Cu ltur al Openn ess Respe c t for Cu l t ur al Diversity

Personality Correlates across 19 countries

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

• 1. Global Prosociality (COS1)

(.919)

• 2. Cultural Openness (COS2)

.550** (.896)

• 3. Respect for Cultural Diversity

(COS3) .531** .625** (.864)

• 4. Extraversion

.173** .210** .161** (.810)

• 5. Agreeableness

.321** .175** .272** .361** (.730)

• 6. Conscientiousness

.114** .100** .154** .304** .371** (.712)

• 7. Emotional Stability

.074** .064** .096** .348** .227** .310** (.728)

• 8. Openness

.186** .256** .247** .428** .491** .368** .322** (.691)

• 9. Honesty Humility
• 0.018
• .193**
• .031**
• .125**

.117**

• .097**

.138** 0.005 (.573) M 4.38 4.55 5.16 4.23 5.12 4.76 4.33 4.98 4.38 SD 1.29 1.38 1.09 1.23 0.96 0.93 1.04 0.95 0.96

Attitudinal Outcomes – COS1 central to human-heartedness

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

• 1. Global Prosociality (COS1)

(.919)

• 2. Cultural Openness (COS2)

.550** (.896)

• 3. Respect for Cultural Diversity

(COS3) .531** .625** (.864)

• 4. Thermometer toward Immigrants

.475** .359** .318** (-)

• 5. Climate change cause

.275** .237** .293** .176** (-)

• 6. Global carbon emissions

reduction .316** .261** .377** .166** .763** (-)

• 7. Face to Face Social Capital

.311** .191** .210** .131** .090** .105** (.937)

• 8. Trust in UN

.249** .180** .182** .196** .170** .201** .227 ** (-) M 4.38 4.55 5.16 3.79 5.38 5.71 3.75 3.69 SD 1.29 1.38 1.09 1.59 1.41 1.31 1.40 1.57

Situation Specific ACTIONS

• Globally conscious action involves the SITUATION SPECIFIC activation of layers of

identity and awareness, ranging from individual to small units (like families) to larger groups and institutions, and nations in the service of the greater public good relative to that unit.

• Action, particularly empathic actions taken when an individual is performing

their role as a leader and decision-maker for a larger collective/institution, can produce a virtuous feedback loop that enables the growth of political and social institutions that produce new public goods, new ways of connecting people of different backgrounds, as well as expanding the person’s repertoire of self- positions.

Step outside your Comfort Zone, Know Thyself and Grow Thyself

• The world is becoming interconnected, and no one has all the

answers for how to create a better future for all of “us”

• When I visited China and asked about their secret

for success, one man said, we don’t have a model, just: “Feel the rocks underfoot as you cross the river.”

• Human heartedness is enduring
• How it shows itself across time and space is an

Adventure!

Globalization as an Opportunity rather than a Threat