SLIDE 36 Genomics Genomics
Glossary Glossary
Bioinformatics Bioinformatics Typically refers to the field concerned with the collection and storage of biological information. All matters concerned with biological databases are
Typically refers to the field concerned with the collection and storage of biological information. All matters concerned with biological databases are considered bioinformatics. considered bioinformatics.
Capillary Electrophoresis Capillary Electrophoresis
A method for separating molecules extremely rapidly based on their A method for separating molecules extremely rapidly based on their electrophoretic electrophoretic mobility mobility
Comparative genomics Comparative genomics is the analysis and comparison of genomes from different species. The nature and significance of differences between genomes also
is the analysis and comparison of genomes from different species. The nature and significance of differences between genomes also provides a powerful tool for determining the relationship between genotype and phenotype through comparative genomics and morphological and physiological studies. provides a powerful tool for determining the relationship between genotype and phenotype through comparative genomics and morphological and physiological studies.
Computational biology Computational biology Refers to the aspect of developing algorithms and statistical models necessary to analyze biological data through the aid of computers.
Refers to the aspect of developing algorithms and statistical models necessary to analyze biological data through the aid of computers.
DNA Micro Arrays (DNA Chip) DNA Micro Arrays (DNA Chip) Array of DNA (
Array of DNA (cDNA cDNA) anchored on substrate (often by robot) used for hybridization experiments ) anchored on substrate (often by robot) used for hybridization experiments
Electrophoresis Electrophoresis
Separation of ionic molecules, by the differential migration through a gel according to the size and ionic charge of the molecules in an electrical field. Separation of ionic molecules, by the differential migration through a gel according to the size and ionic charge of the molecules in an electrical field. High resolution techniques normally use a gel support for the fluid phase. High resolution techniques normally use a gel support for the fluid phase.
Exon Exon
The sequences of the primary RNA transcript (or the DNA that encodes them) that exit the nucleus as part of a messenger RNA molecule. In the primary The sequences of the primary RNA transcript (or the DNA that encodes them) that exit the nucleus as part of a messenger RNA molecule. In the primary transcript neighboring transcript neighboring exons exons are separated by are separated by introns introns. .
Functional genomics Functional genomics
determines the functions of genes and other non-coding parts of the genome. The sequencing of the Human genome will leave many determines the functions of genes and other non-coding parts of the genome. The sequencing of the Human genome will leave many questions unanswered, including the function of most of the estimated 30,000-40,000 human genes. questions unanswered, including the function of most of the estimated 30,000-40,000 human genes.
Genetic Linkage Map Genetic Linkage Map A map of the relative positions of genetic loci on a chromosome, determined
A map of the relative positions of genetic loci on a chromosome, determined onthe
- nthe basis of how often the loci are inherited together. Distance
basis of how often the loci are inherited together. Distance ismeasured ismeasured in in centimorgans centimorgans ( (cM cM). ).
Genomics Genomics
analysis of the structure and function of very large numbers of genes (often the entire genome) undertaken in a simultaneous fashion. analysis of the structure and function of very large numbers of genes (often the entire genome) undertaken in a simultaneous fashion.
Genotype Genotype
The set of genes that an individual carries The set of genes that an individual carries’ ’ usually refers to a particular pair of alleles (alternative forms of genes) that a person has at that region of the usually refers to a particular pair of alleles (alternative forms of genes) that a person has at that region of the genome. genome.
Halotypes Halotypes
Also used to refer to the set of alleles on one chromosome or a part of a chromosome, i.e. One set of alleles of linked genes. Its main current usage is in Also used to refer to the set of alleles on one chromosome or a part of a chromosome, i.e. One set of alleles of linked genes. Its main current usage is in connection with the linked genes of the major connection with the linked genes of the major histocompatibility histocompatibility complex. complex.
Homology Homology T
Two anatomical structures or wo anatomical structures or behavioural behavioural traits within different organisms which originated from a structure or trait of their common ancestral organism. traits within different organisms which originated from a structure or trait of their common ancestral organism.
Intron Intron
A A noncoding noncoding sequence of DNA within a gene, that is transcribed into sequence of DNA within a gene, that is transcribed into hnRNA hnRNA but is then cut out of the message by RNA splicing in the nucleus, leaving a mature but is then cut out of the message by RNA splicing in the nucleus, leaving a mature mRNA that is then translated in the cytoplasm. mRNA that is then translated in the cytoplasm.
Karyotype Karyotype
the appearance of the chromosomes in a somatic cell of an individual or species, with reference to their number, size, shape, etc. the appearance of the chromosomes in a somatic cell of an individual or species, with reference to their number, size, shape, etc.
Knockout Knockout
Informal term for the generation of a mutant organism in which the function of a particular gene has been completely eliminated (a null allele). Informal term for the generation of a mutant organism in which the function of a particular gene has been completely eliminated (a null allele).
Phenotype Phenotype The observable properties and physical characteristics of an organism (expression of genotype).
The observable properties and physical characteristics of an organism (expression of genotype).
Phylogentic Phylogentic
Relating to Relating to phylogenesis phylogenesis, or the race history of a type of organism. , or the race history of a type of organism.
Physical Linkage Map Physical Linkage Map
A map of the locations of identifiable landmarks on chromosomes. Physical distance is measured in base pairs. The physical map differs A map of the locations of identifiable landmarks on chromosomes. Physical distance is measured in base pairs. The physical map differs from the genetic map which is based purely on genetic linkage data. In the human genome, the lowest-resolution physical map is the banding patterns of the 24 different from the genetic map which is based purely on genetic linkage data. In the human genome, the lowest-resolution physical map is the banding patterns of the 24 different
- chromosomes. The highest-resolution physical map is the complete nucleotide sequence of all chromosomes
- chromosomes. The highest-resolution physical map is the complete nucleotide sequence of all chromosomes
Proteomics Proteomics
The study and analysis of protein structure and function. Becoming quite an important science with the mapping of several genomes, including the human The study and analysis of protein structure and function. Becoming quite an important science with the mapping of several genomes, including the human
- ne, and the discovery of new proteins.
- ne, and the discovery of new proteins.
Pyrosequencing Pyrosequencing
Pyrosequencing Pyrosequencing™ ™ is sequencing by synthesis, a simple to use technique for accurate and consistent analysis of DNA sequences. is sequencing by synthesis, a simple to use technique for accurate and consistent analysis of DNA sequences.
Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA
Spliced DNA formed from two or more different sources that have been cleaved by restriction enzymes and joined by Spliced DNA formed from two or more different sources that have been cleaved by restriction enzymes and joined by ligases ligases. .
RNAi RNAi
dsRNA dsRNA added to certain organisms inhibits transcription of the RNA that was added added to certain organisms inhibits transcription of the RNA that was added
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Variation in a genome based on the alteration of a single base pair Variation in a genome based on the alteration of a single base pair
Splicing Splicing Process that removes
Process that removes introns introns from transcribed RNA from transcribed RNA
Structural genomics Structural genomics
includes the genetic mapping, physical mapping and sequencing of entire genomes. includes the genetic mapping, physical mapping and sequencing of entire genomes.
