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Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology Marc Rger World Renewable Energy Congress XIV Bucharest, Romania, June 08-12, 2015 www.DLR.de Chart 2 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Rger

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Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology Marc Röger

World Renewable Energy Congress XIV Bucharest, Romania, June 08-12, 2015

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Overview

www.DLR.de • Chart 2 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

  • 1. INTRODUCTION to Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
  • 2. COST STRUCTURE of CSP Plants
  • 3. COMMON FEATURES of Future Concepts
  • 4. EXAMPLES of Future Concepts
  • 5. SUMMARY
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Concentration Sunlight HEAT Turbine ELECTRICITY Sunlight ELECTRICITY Thermal Heat Storage

Photovoltaics (PV) Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

www.DLR.de • Chart 3

Introduction to Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

SOLAR FUELS

> Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

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www.DLR.de • Chart 4 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Introduction to Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Projects worldwide

  • perational

under development in construction

Dec 2014

CSP is a dynamic sector with

almost 5 GW in operation and ~5 GW under development or construction

Data: www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces

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www.DLR.de • Chart 5 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Introduction to Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Projects worldwide

Main countries: Spain, USA, MENA Emerging: South Africa, Chile, China, India

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www.DLR.de • Chart 6 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Introduction to Concentrating Solar Power State-of-the-art Parabolic Trough Plant

Andasol Plants, I, II, III (2010) ANDASOL-III Plant Land: 2’100’000 m2

(294 soccer fields)

Collector: ~500’000 m2

(70 soccer fields)

Receiver Length 90 km 50 MW-Turbine 7,5h Molten Salt Storage

(production at night possible)

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www.DLR.de • Chart 7 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Introduction to Concentrating Solar Power State-of-the-art Parabolic Trough Plant

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www.DLR.de • Chart 8 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Heliostat field Tower Receiver

Introduction to Concentrating Solar Power Central Receiver System

Crescent Dunes Plant Land: 6’475’000 m2

(906 soccer fields)

Heliostat Aperture: ~1’071’000 m2

(150 soccer fields, 17’170 Heliostats, each 62.4 m2, 2 axis tracking)

Molten Salt Receiver 565°C 110 MW-Turbine 10h Molten Salt Storage

(production at night possible)

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Overview

www.DLR.de • Chart 9 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

  • 1. INTRODUCTION to Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
  • 2. COST STRUCTURE of CSP Plants
  • 3. COMMON FEATURES of Future Concepts
  • 4. EXAMPLES of Future Concepts
  • 5. SUMMARY
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www.DLR.de • Chart 10 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Cost Structure of CSP Plants Central Receiver System

100MW solar tower with 15h-storage

IRENA Renewable Energy Technologies, Cost Analysis Series, Volume 1: Power Sector, Issue 2/5, Concentrating Solar Power, June 2012 // Fichtner 2010

The annualized capital cost is the cost driver of a CSP plant (>80%)

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www.DLR.de • Chart 11 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

The annualized capital cost is the cost driver of a CSP plant (>80%)

Cost Structure of CSP Plants Central Receiver System

100MW with 15h-storage IRENA Renewable Energy Technologies, Cost Analysis Series, Volume 1: Power Sector, Issue 2/5, Concentrating Solar Power, June 2012 // Fichtner 2010

CAPEX: Heliostat field and receiver constitute about half of capital costs Future concepts have to tackle these main cost drivers

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Overview

www.DLR.de • Chart 12 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

  • 1. INTRODUCTION to Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
  • 2. COST STRUCTURE of CSP Plants
  • 3. COMMON FEATURES of Future Concepts
  • 4. EXAMPLES of Future Concepts
  • 5. SUMMARY
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www.DLR.de • Chart 13 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Common Features of Future Concepts

  • Higher concentrations for higher temperatures/ Highly efficient cycles

 Leads to reduction of solar field and receiver size and hence costs

Common Features of Future Concepts should have:

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www.DLR.de • Chart 14 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Future CSP concepts have high concentration ratios (>100 to >1000 suns) which generate high (not very high) temperatures with good collector efficiency These high-temperature heat can be transformed to power with highly efficient cycles (Carnot), e.g. high-temperature steam or supercritical steam, supercritical CO2, closed Brayton, combined cycles

Rankine Cycle Combined Cycle Supercritical steam / s-CO2

Common Features of Future Concepts Higher concentrations, temperatures and system efficiencies

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www.DLR.de • Chart 15 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Common Features of Future Concepts High concentrations, temperatures and system efficiencies

Very high temperatures (>1000/1100°C) seem not be necessary Solar Towers and Large-Aperture Parabolic Troughs seem appropriate

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www.DLR.de • Chart 16 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Common Features of Future Concepts

Common Features of Future Concepts should have:

  • Higher concentrations for higher temperatures/ Highly efficient cycles

 Leads to reduction of solar field and receiver size and hence costs

  • Dispatchability

 Increases value of CSP electricity by offering dispatchable electricity

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www.DLR.de • Chart 17 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Common Features of Future Concepts Dispatchability by Thermal Energy Storage

Collected solar heat can be stored in thermal energy storage CSP includes this attractive option Thermal energy storage is much cheaper (40€/kWth) and more efficient (=95%) than storing electricity Storage Technologies: Sensible heat in liquids (molten salts/metals/steam) Sensible heat in solids (e.g. moving particles, rocks, concrete) Latent heat in Phase Change Materials Chemical storage Heat transfer: either direct or via heat exchanger

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www.DLR.de • Chart 18 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Common Features of Future Concepts Dispatchability by Thermal Energy Storage

Different combinations of solar field, storage and turbine size permit different services

Intermediate Load Base Load Peak Load Delayed Intermediate Load

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www.DLR.de • Chart 19 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Common Features of Future Concepts Value of CSP Capacity

Although levelized electricity generation costs may be higher for CSP than for wind or PV, the value of CSP is higher thanks to its possibility to dispatch electricity when needed (firm and flexible renewable capacity) CSP can increase share of intermittent renewables like PV or wind

  • T. Fichter, DLR
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www.DLR.de • Chart 20 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Common Features of Future Concepts

Common Features of Future Concepts should have:

  • Higher concentrations for higher temperatures/ Highly efficient cycles

 Leads to reduction of solar field and receiver size and hence costs

  • Dispatchability

 Increases value of CSP electricity by offering dispatchable electricity

  • Reduced complexity, e.g. one medium for receiver and storage system

e.g. simple heliostat and receiver layouts e.g. non-pressurized system

 Leads to system cost reduction

Further non-technological Issues for Cost Reduction

  • Scale-up, repetition of plants, component mass production

 Economies of scale

  • Qualification and performance testing, standardization

 Reduces technological project risk (“bankability”)

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Overview

www.DLR.de • Chart 21 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

  • 1. INTRODUCTION to Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
  • 2. COST STRUCTURE of CSP Plants
  • 3. COMMON FEATURES of Future Concepts
  • 4. EXAMPLES of Future Concepts
  • 5. SUMMARY
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www.DLR.de • Chart 22 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Examples of Future Concepts Solar Tower with Liquid HTF and Storage

Meets: High Concentration, High Temperature, Efficient Cycles Dispatchability Reduced complexity: one medium for receiver and storage; non-pressurized

A

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www.DLR.de • Chart 23 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Examples of Future Concepts Solar Tower with Liquid HTF

Metals are interesting candidates to increase temperatures High temperature range High heat transfer coefficients allow high solar fluxes + low surface temperatures = highly efficient receivers Low vapour pressure (non-pressurized system) A

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www.DLR.de • Chart 24 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Examples of Future Concepts Solar Tower with Particle Receiver and Storage

Meets: High Concentration, High Temperature, Efficient Cycles Dispatchability Reduced complexity: one medium for receiver and storage; non-pressurized

B

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www.DLR.de • Chart 25 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Examples of Future Concepts Solar Tower with Particle Receiver and Storage

Falling Particle Receiver

Particles in free fall through solar focus Particle sizes around ~0.7mm Doped (Blackened) Al2O3 particles

SNL-Report: Sand 85-8208 High Mass Flow Rate (SNL – Tests 2008)

Centrifugal Receiver

Retention time = Heating time of particles inside receiver controllable by centrifugal and frictional forces B

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www.DLR.de • Chart 27 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Advantages of Direct Absorption Receiver Direct solar radiation into the storage medium High solar flux possible Low sensitivity to peaks and transients in solar radiation No expensive high-temperature alloys Receiver and storage at atmospheric pressure Continuous operation of high-temperature processes

Examples of Future Concepts Solar Tower with Particle Receiver and Storage

B

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www.DLR.de • Chart 28 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Meets: Higher Concentration, Higher Temperature, Efficient Cycles (compared to standard parabolic trough with oil as HTF) Dispatchability Reduced Complexity: one medium for receiver and storage, non-pressurized

Examples of Future Concepts Molten Salt Large-Aperture Parabolic Trough

Large-Aperture Parabolic Trough 7.5 m aperture, same receiver diameter Foto: FLABEG FE

C

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www.DLR.de • Chart 29 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Examples of Future Concepts Molten Salt Large-Aperture Parabolic Trough

Advantages of molten salt large-aperature parabolic trough

(compared to standard parabolic trough, oil-based HTF)

Higher efficiencies

Increase in concentration ratio from 82 to 107 suns Higher temperatures (up to ~550°C) with high efficiencies Higher power block efficiency

Dispatchability

Smaller storage system due to higher energy density (T )

Reduced Complexity:

Salt acts as unique medium for solar field and storage (no heat exchanger, no exergy loss) Better environmental footprint (no oil) Less receivers, mirrors, joints, drives, foundations, sensor per m2 mirror C

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www.DLR.de • Chart 30 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Examples of Future Concepts Combination of PV and CSP Plant

Solar Power Project Developer may combine low-cost, intermittent PV with higher-value firm and flexible CSP to serve grid services. PV and CSP plant could be two separate plants with one control room and transformer station, or in future, combined systems. Synergies are possible. Red and orange areas could be provided by one solar provider

D

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Overview

www.DLR.de • Chart 31 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

  • 1. INTRODUCTION to Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
  • 2. COST STRUCTURE of CSP Plants
  • 3. COMMON FEATURES of Future Concepts
  • 4. EXAMPLES of Future Concepts
  • 5. SUMMARY
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www.DLR.de • Chart 32 > Future Concepts in Solar Thermal Electricity Technology > Marc Röger • WREC XIV, 2015

Summary

  • 1. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) offers firm and flexible renewable

capacity using a thermal storage and hence an additional value to intermittent wind and CSP

  • 2. Future Concepts of CSP will probably have
  • High solar concentrations for moderate high temperatures and highly

efficient cycles using moderate temperatures (superheated or supercritical steam or s-CO2, closed Brayton)

  • Thermal storage to use the full potential of the technology
  • Reduced complexity, e.g. one medium for receiver and storage system

e.g. simple heliostat and receiver layouts, etc.

  • 3. Examples for Future Concepts (all include storage)
  • Solar towers with molten salt/molten metal receiver
  • Solar towers with particle receiver
  • Large-aperture parabolic troughs with molten salt
  • Combined CSP and PV plants.
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www.DLR.de • Chart 33

THANK YOU for your attention.

DLR, Almería Marc Röger marc.roeger@dlr.de

www.metenorm.com, 2012