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Technology

• Solar PV

Solar thermal Thin film Trackers

SOLAR PROJ ECT REFERENCES

Client Volume (M W) State

Client 1 25 Gujarat Client 2 8 Gujarat Client 3 5 Gujarat Client 4 1 Gujarat Client 6 5 Rajasthan Client 5 25 Gujarat Client 7 1 Rajasthan

TOTAL 75

Team with Execution Experience

Client 8 5 Andhra Pradesh

Bhoomi Puja 27th April 2011 Site Handover 16th M ay Rainy days July to 10th Sept November 10th 2011 28th December 2011

Speedy and Quality Execution Quick deployment of resources

EXECUTION

25 M W Solar Power Plant

Scope Technology Location Turnkey EPC , O&M Solar PV Crystalline Charanka, Gujarat COD 29-Dec -2011

5 M W Solar Power Plant

Scope Technology Location Turnkey EPC , O&M Solar PV Crystalline Bacho, Kutch, Gujarat Commissioned on 5th M ay 2012

8 M W Solar Power Plant

Scope Technology Location Turnkey EPC , O&M Solar PV Crystalline M ithapur, Gujarat COD 25-Jan -2012

5 M W Solar Power Plant

Scope Technology Location Turnkey EPC , O&M Solar PV Thinfilm COD 7-Feb -2012 Bikanair, Rajastan

Technology – Solar Power

Photovoltaic Crystalline M ono M ulti Thin Film Amorphous CIGS CdTe Concentrated (CPV) Thermal Parabolic trough Linear Fresnel Parabolic dish Solar Tower

Crystalline Thin Film CPV

Solar PV M odules Technology:-

Parabolic Trough Solar Tower Parabolic Dish

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Fixed System Single Axis Dual Axis

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00

Energy output [kWh/ M Wp]

20.0% 30.0%

M onthly Energy Profile:-

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5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00

Energy Output (kWh) Time of day

jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep

• ct

nov dec

M onthly Energy Chart:-

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Fixed System Single Axis Dual Axis

50000 100000 150000 200000 250000

Energy output [kWh/ M Wp]

20.0% 30.0%

Yearly Energy Profile:-

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5MWp Building Blocks Substation with Protections

GRID

System Schematic:-

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Local Controls Remote Monitoring Interface Modules String Monitor/Combiner Protections Inverter Substation GRID Module Mounting Structure

Building Block-Schematic:-

 Irradiance  Temperature  Cloudy days  Wind Speeds  Dust  Land Terrain  Land area requirement  Land cost  Shade free area  Water availability (for cleaning of PV modules)  Nearby Substation (for evacuation of power)  Site Accessibility

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Site Selection – Key Factors:-

M eteo Station Data Available for Simulations

Sno Station Advantage 1 NAS A Gives 22 year average , Software is free of cost 2 M eteo Norm Gives 10 Y ear Average data , data is measured with a scaling of 200 kms , software is available at cost , compatible with all software's for simulation 3 S wera Limited no of M eteo stations , mostly used for Europe .Data is available in the net for free of cost 4 3 Tier Gives 10 Y ear Average data . Software is available at cost , compatible with all software's for simulation

* M eteo Norm data is quite accurate with the real time data

Solar PV Plant – Components

• Solar PV M odules
• M odule M ounting Structure
• Inverters
• Substation – Transformer , L

T Panels , HT Panels , Cables etc

• Protections – Lighting and Earthing Protections
• Civil Works – Control room , Piling or Ramming
• Civil works - Roads , Drains , Fencing and Foundations
• Weather Station - Pyranometer s , Anemometer ,Temperature

sensors , Data loggers

• SCADA

Solar M odule Construction

Building Blocks

Crystalline Thin Film

1.2m 0.6m 1.66m 0.99m Weight : 18kg Watts: 85Wp Vmpp: 87.5V Impp: 0.9A efficiency: 8% Tech: a-Si

• Temp. Coeff: -0.21%/C

Tech: µc-Si

• Temp. Coeff: -0.43%/C

Weight : 20kg Watts: 225Wp Vmpp: 29.6V Impp: 7.6A efficiency: 13%

Solar PV M odules Technology:-

Thin Film Crystalline

 Cell Thickness 0.3 - 0.7 µm  Cell Thickness 180 - 200 µm  Efficiency varies from 5.5 - 12%  Efficiency varies from 12 - 18%  Reliability, limited track record  Proven reliability  Both direct and diffuse light  Direct light preferred, but diffuse light can be used  Temperature Coefficient

• 0.21%/C

 Temperature Coefficient

• 0.4%/C

 Land 7.5 to 10 acres  Land 3.5 to 4.5 acres  Not economical with tracker  Tracker advantage

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Basic Comparison:-

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Crystalline Power Plant Thin Film Power Plant

Plant pictures:-

Degradation

• LID (Light Induced Degradation)
• PID (Potential Induced Degradation)
• M odule Degradation

LID (Light Induced Degradation)

• M on Crystalline

0-3%

• Poly Crystalline

.2%

• Thin Film

5-15%

• CIGS/ CIS

PID

Potential Induced Degradation

PID

Key Factors to look for in PV M odules

• M odule Grade ‘A’
• Positive Tolerance
• Linear Degradation
• PID Free M odule
• STC and NOCT Data
• ARC Coating
• M icro Cracks / EL pictures
• Fill Factor
• Temperature Coefficients
• Warranty

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M ounting System / Structure Fixed System Fixed with yearly average optimal angle Fixed with seasonal tracking (M anual) Single Axis tracking System Tracking at 0 Deg Tracking at yearly average optimal angle Tracking with seasonal tilt Dual Axis tracking System Tracking one angle automatic and seasonal tilt (manual)

Tracking at

• ptimal angle all

round the year

M odule M ounting Structure:-

Fixed Optimal Angle

Fixed with M anual Seasonal Tilt

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M odule M ounting Structure: Array Tracker

Dual Axis Tracker

System Area In Acres Crystalline Silicon Thin Film Fixed 3.5 – 5.0 7.5 – 10.0 Single Axis Tracker 6.0 – 7.0 10.5 - 13.5 Dual Axis Tracker 8.0 – 12.0 11.5 – 15.0

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Land requirement (Acres/ M W) and Energy Output Increase:-

System Increase In Energy Output Crystalline Silicon Fixed Seasonal Tilt 5 % Single Axis Tracker 15- 20 % Dual Axis Tracker 25- 30 %

Key Issues to look in Structures

• Alignment
• Galvanization Process
• Warpage in structure
• Nuts and Bolts - Rusting
• Area Availability - Angle , Structure to

Structure distance

String Inverter

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Central Inverter Solar Inverter:-

String Inverter  Range from 1kW to 20kW  Outdoor type (IP 65)  Transformer Less  Small size, easy to install by single

technician

 Efficiency up to 97.6%  1M Wp power plant need 96 no of

inverters of 10kW

 Single Phase and 3 Phase  Higher plant uptime  Easy field serviceable Central Inverter  Range from 100kW to 1000kW  Indoor (IP20) / Outdoor type (IP 65)  With and Without Transformer  Large size, need few technicians and

an engineer to install

 Efficiency up to 98.6%  1M Wp power plant require

4 # 250kW or 2 # 500kW

 3 phase only  Inverter capacity effected  Skilled technicians required

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Solar Inverter – Basic Comparison:-

Key Factors to Look in for Inverter Selection

• Indoor / Outdoor Inverter
• M PP Voltage range
• String Sizing
• Overloading on Inverter
• Communication
• M TBF
• Track Record
• Grid Code
• Spares Availability
• Online M onitoring

Type of Foundations

• Open Foundation
• Ramming
• Piling

Key Factors to look in Foundations

• Pull Test at Site
• SBC value for Foundation design
• Wind speed at that location

46

Surge Protective Devices Site Lightning Protection AC MCCB Surge Protective Devices Fused Disconnect Switch Fused MCB To Substation Solar PV Array

~

S

Inverter (built in Protections)

PV System Protections:-

Earthing

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• Circuit Breakers
• CT
• PT
• Electronic Energy Meter
• LA

Inverter to HT

HT Panel

Electronic Energy Meters

Electronic Energy Meters

LA CT PT Bkr

Transformer 33KV GRID

Bkr Iso

LA Iso LA

Substation :-

Key Factors to Look in for Substation

• Transformer Type – Dual Winding / Single Winding
• Protection Relays like O/ C , E/ F , S/ C etc
• M FM M eters for regular interval of recording data
• Indoor / Outdoor
• M etering Class
• Fault Currents Calculations
• Earthing Resistivity
• Transmission Losses

Loss Calculations for Transmission Lines

Sno Voltage Rating M egawatt Type of Conductor Losses per Km 1 11 KV 1 M W Weasel 0.76 % 2 11 KV 1 M W Rabbit 0.45 % 3 33 KV 5 M W Dog 0.13% 4 33 KV 5 M W Panther 0.06% 5 33 KV 10 M W Panther 0.13 % 5 132 KV 10 M W Zebra 0.02% 6 132 KV 25 M W Zebra 0.05 %

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Factors Influencing Conversion Losses:-

 Inverters and String Combiners can be monitored down to the string level.  T

emperature, irradiation, string level current values, etc. is recorded and the data is transmitted for monitoring.

 A constant target/actual analysis enable malfunctions to be detected at an

early stage.

 Special string monitoring units are installed that can monitor individual strings

and detect any deviation from ideal performance.

 The string monitoring reliably detects failures, and thus prevents power losses

and yield losses.

 The monitoring systems save precious time by detecting faults in the system.

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M onitoring System:-

52

M onitoring System:-

Overview of Complete SCADA

 Regular Maintenance Module cleaning Weather station Performance monitoring  Preventive Maintenance Inverters, Junction Boxes, Fuses Substation transformers, CT, PT, Fuses, breakers Removing any shrubs/Grass that can shade the modules Site Safety  Site Security  Warranty and Insurance  Spares and tools  System Health Remote Monitoring

54

Operations & M aintenance:-

IEC and IS Codes

PV M odules : IEC 61215 - Standard for Crystalline M odules IEC 61646 - Standard for Thin Film M odules IEC 61730 - Standard for Safety Testing of M odules IEC 61701 - Standard for Salt M ist Test IEC 62246 - Standard for Onsite commissioning and inspection for grid connected systems IEC 61724 - Standard for Plant Performance monitoring Cables : IS 1554 - Standard code for PVC cables IS 7098 - Standard code for XLPE cables Structure : IS 2062 - Standard for Steel for General Structural Purpose IS 875 - Standard for wind loading Substation : Transformer : IS 2026 HT panels : IS 13118 and IEC 62271 Lighting Protections : NFC 17-102 – Early Streamer emission air terminals protection Earthing : IS 3043 - Code of practice for Earthing

Raj Balakrishna

President & Co-Founder

Cirus Solar M : +91 8008700136 Raj.b@cirussolar.com Cirus Solar M : +91 8008100135 Vishnu.r@cirussolar.com

www.cirussolar.com

Vishnu Vardhan Reddy

CEO & Co=Founder

Corporate Back up EPC expertise Financial Support Technical backup by Silicon Valley Veterans Optimum Design Low Cost BOM Project Monitoring Vishnu Reddy, CEO & Founder

Silicon Valley veteran with experience in management of S ystems and Solar projects globally with 30 years of global experience. B.E (ECE) and M .T ech (ICS) and M .S in Electrical Engineering from Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, USA

Rajendra Balakrishnan, President & Founder

Silicon Valley veteran with more than 30 years diversified management experience in global Solar and Semiconductor industry. B.E (ECE), M . T ech (ECE) and M .S in Electrical Engineering from Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA

Pre- Engineering

1. Site Selection 2. Technology Options 3. DPR 4. Financial Feasibility Reports

Turnkey EPC - Scope of services

Engineering Procurement

1. Extensive Component Understanding 2. Economy of scale – pricing advantage 3. Product Warranties 4. Long term Support

Construction

1. Project M gmt. 2. Security 3. Scheduling 4. Civil 5. Electrical 6. Sub Station 7. Timely Execution 8. Acceptance Testing 9. Commissioning

O&M

1. Security 2. M aintenance (Cleaning) 3. Periodic inspection 4. Trouble shooting 5. Remote M onitoring 1. Optimum Eng. 2. Approvals PPA, Land, Grid 3. Local Permits 4. Vendor Selection 5. Procurement

1 1 5 25 5 5 8 25

Thin Film Crystalline

TECHNOLOGY

Ability to evaluate different types of technologies Thin Film Crystalline Solar Thermal Tracking System Team executed with Thin film Technology (32 M W) and Crystalline Technology (43 M W) Projects ranging from 1M W to 25M W

CONTENT

High Quality & Low cost content (US suppliers – First Solar, Solar World, Power One)

EXECUTION

Team with experience of commissioning 75 M W. Satisfied clients

TECHNOLOGY

Experienced team to design high efficiency solutions

FINANCE

Easy access & Low cost financing

Key Success Drivers

Strategic Partnering

62 PV Supply Chain

Poly Silicon Wafer Cells Modules

Power Plants & EPC

PV Value Chain :-

Solar M odule Construction

PVSYST Simulation

• A. Energy Prediction Request
• B. Meteo file selection
• C. PVSYST Simulation
• D. Other Factors not included in PVSYST.