Mr. PONGPAT PHUKANUD Business Development and Strategy Introduction to Solar Business
Agenda Solar Electricity Generation Fundamental Solar PV Power Plant Sunny Bangchak Projects 2
Solar Electricity Generation Fundamental So Solar r El Elec ectri trici city ty Gen enera erati tion on Fun undamenta damental 3
What is Solar Energy? 4 4 8 Trillion 100 watt bulbs Million barrels of oil minutes The time it takes for light from Equivalent to the amount of solar energy Equivalent to the amount of solar energy the sun to reach Earth hitting the Earth every second that hits one square mile each year • Originates with the thermonuclear fusion reactions occurring in the sun. • Represents the entire electromagnetic radiation (infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves). Source: Boston Globe; Energy Information
Relative Solar Irradiation to Earth Surface 5
Potential of Solar Energy in Thailand 6 5 4 3 2 High Solar Irradiation 1 Average 5 kWh/m 2 /day 0
Types of Solar Radiation Direct Radiation "Direct radiation" is also sometimes called "beam radiation" or "direct beam radiation". It is used to describe solar radiation traveling on a straight line from the sun down to the surface of the earth . Diffuse Radiation "Diffuse radiation", on the other hand, describes the sunlight that has been scattered by molecules and particles in the atmosphere but that has still made it down to the surface of the earth. Direct radiation has a definite direction but diffuse radiation is just going any which way. Because when the radiation is direct, the rays are all travelling in the same direction, an object can block them all at once. This is why shadows are only produced when direct radiation is blocked.
The Fundamentals: 4 ways to use the solar energy Concentrating solar power Solar Photovoltaic Passive Solar Building design Solar thermal energy (CSP) (PV) Generates electricity Uses the sun’s daily Uses the thermal Uses concentrated solar through the direct and annual cycles to energy directly from radiation as a high conversion of sunlight maintain building the sun to heat temperature energy thermal comfort domestic water source to produce electrical power
How Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Generate Electricity Turbine & Heat from Solar Hot Oil / Steam Electricity Generator
How to Concentrate Solar Radiation Types of Reflector Reflector follows the sun Tubes
Central Receiver Systems (Tower Type) 20 acres • 2 towers • Steam temp 440 ° C • Steam pressure 60 bar • 24,000 mirrors • Sierra SunTower : 5MW California 11
Parabolic Dish Power Conversion Unit (Sterling Engine) 12
13 Parabolic Troughs Solar Collector in Operation
14 Tube of Parabolic Troughs Solar Collector in Operation
15 Example: Type 3 : 50MW Parabolic Troughs in Spain (4/5) 50 MW Solar Thermal Plants Go Online in Spain; Each Can Run 7.5 Hours During the Daytime. Torresol Energy
How Solar Photovoltaic Generate Electricity Solar Cell
How Solar Photovoltaic Generate Electricity Conduction bands Electron Light (Photon) Light Energy Gap 1.1 eV Valence bands
Global Trend of Solar Electricity Generation Photovoltaic Technology Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Source : Renewable 2013, Global Status Report 18
Fundamental of Electricity Generation from Solar Energy Photovoltaic (PV) Solar PV Electricity Energy Modules Direct and Diffuse 10% - 18% Irradiation Efficiency Concentrating solar power (CSP, Solar Thermal) Heat from Hot Oil / Turbine & Electricity Solar Steam Generator 80% 27% Direct Irradiation 20% Only Efficiency 19
Solar Power Plant Business Model So Solar r PV PV Po Power wer Pl Plant ant 20
Global Trend of Solar PV 21
Global Trend of Solar PV 22
Solar Module / Solar Panel Solar Panel /Solar Module Solar Cell 23
Types of Photovoltaic Mono Crystalline Photovoltaic Crystalline (PV) Multi-Crystalline Silicon Base Single Junction Thin Film Tandem Photovoltaic (PV) Hybrid HIT CI(G)S Non-Silicon CdTe GeAs 24
Compare Type of Silicon Base PV Single Amorphous Silicon Poly Crystalline Crystalline (Thin Film) Efficiency 16% - 20% Efficiency 12% - 15% Efficiency 6% - 10% 160 – 200 W/m 2 120 – 150 W/m 2 60 – 100 W/m 2 100 kW needs 700 m 2 100 kW needs 1,000 m 2 100 kW needs 2,000 m 2 Less modules Cost More modules Cost More Construction Cost Less Construction Cost 25
26 Value Chain of Multi-Crystalline The Value Chain of Crystalline (Multi-Crystalline) o 25% of the earth surface o 98.5 to 99.9% o 99.9999% pure o 50% of Si loss Wafers Ingot Sand or Quartz Si metal 16% efficiency Electricity Solar Power Plant Modules Cell
Solar Modules Standard Test Condition Optimum Operating Voltage (Vmp) 36.5V Optimum Operating Current (Imp) 8.09A Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 45.3V Short Circuit Current (Isc) 8.57A Maximum Power at STC (Pmax) 295W Module Efficiency 15.2% Power Tolerance 0 / +5% Temperature Characteristics 45 ± 2 o C Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT ) -0.400%/ o C Temperature Coefficient of Pmax -0.314%/ o C Temperature Coefficient of Voc 0.051%/ o C Temperature Coefficient of Isc 27
Solar PV Power Plant Fundamental Poly Crystalline Sun Light AC Current DC Current AC Current Solar Modules Inverters Transformers Grid 28
Solar Modules Structure • Tilt panels make sun light direction be perpendicular to panels (at noon) • Because of Earth orbit, the sun light direction changes seasonally. 15 O 29
Connect Modules in Series To Achieve the input voltage requirement of inverter 30
Inverters SUNNY CENTRAL 800 CP Input (DC) Max. DC power 898 kW (@ cos Φ = 1) Max input voltage 1000V (1100V) Max input current 1400 A Min input voltage 568V (570V) Output (AC) Rated power (25 o C) 880 kVA Nominal power (50 o C) 800 kVA Nominal AC Voltage 360 V Max output current 1411 A Power factor 1/0.9 lag&lead Max. Efficiency 98.6% Euro Efficiency 98.4% 31
Flood Protection System + 4.3 M.S.L 4 Drainage Pump Highest Flood Level : + 2.5 M.S.L Run 2 Pump Standby 2 Pump
Site Selection High Solar Irradiation ~ 3.3 km Close to Local Substation Site Selection Factors Ayutthaya : 5.18 kWh/m 2 /day Land Owned High Solar Irradiation Plain and Clear Area Close to Local Substation 33
Key Resources : Solar Irradiation Ayutthaya : 5.18 kWh/m 2 /day 22 Years Historical Data 34
Solar Power Plant System Loss 280 Standard 270 Condition 260 1000 W/m 2 @ 25 o C 250 Loss ~20% 240 230 220 210 200 270 219 W W SOLAR PANEL Gain Loss from AC Loss DC Loss NET OUTPUT Environment from Tilt 1.94 m 2 Annual Average 35
How to Compare Solar Irradiation 5 kWh/m 2 /day 5 hours/day 36
Electricity Generation Calculation Annual Output = Nameplate Installed x Peak Sun Hour x Derating Factor x Availability Factor x 365 days = 10,000 kW x 5.00 hours/day x 80% x 98% x 365 day = 14,308,000 kWh/year 1. Solar Irradiance 2. Derating Factors 280 270 260 250 Loss ~20% 240 230 220 210 5 hours/day 200 Overall Derating Factor Approx. 80% 37
Cost Structure Operation Maintenance o Human Resources o Preventive Maintenance Position Item MD Visual Inspection Engineer System Performance Operator Server Preventive Technician Transformers Account HV Substation Admin o Modules Cleaning o Inverter Maintenance o Once / Month o 0 – 5 Year : Warranty by suppliers o Security Guard o 6 – 25 Year : Preventive Maintenance o Inverter Electricity Consumption o Total Maintenance (after 5 year) o Electrical Fund 0.01 THB/kWh o Approx. 5% of Sales 38
NEW REDP Targets of Thailand (2012-2021) Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP: 2012-2021) Renewable Energy in 2021 New renewable Biopower Solar Wind Wave Geothermal Biomass Biogas Waste 2 MW 1 MW 3,000MW 1,800MW 4,800MW 3,600MW 600 MW 2,000MW 160 MW 400MW 1,200 MW 3,630 MW 3 MW 3,200MW 4,800MW 4,390 MW 8,800MW Hydro power Biofuel Ethanol Biodiesel Hydro New Energy 324 MW 9 ML/D 6 ML/D 25 ML/D Replace Oil 44% 1,608 MW 324 MW 39 39 39
Solar Incentives in Thailand 2,000 MW Power Plant (ADDER, 8 THB/kWh) House 100 MW Target in 2021 200 MW (FiT, Roof) 3,000 MW Business 100 MW 800 MW (FiT, Community) 40
SUNNY BANGCHAK Project SU SUNNY NY BAN ANGCHAK CHAK Pr Proj oject ect 41
Sunny Bangchak Project Project Capacity (MW AC ) Phase 1 38 Phase 2 32 Phase 3 48 Total 118 42
Location : Bang-Pa-In, Ayutthaya Capacity : 38 MW AC Technology : Photovoltaic, Poly-Crystalline Area Coverage : ~ 480 Rai (76.8 Hectares) Proje ject ct Info formatio mation info fo Electricity Production 66 GWh / Year CO2 Reduction 38,000 ton CO2/Year = Equivalent to Reforestation = 28,000 Rais (4,400 Hectres) 43
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