The Solar Resource The Solar Resource Overview Overview of the - - PDF document

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The Solar Resource The Solar Resource Overview Overview of the - - PDF document

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The Solar Resource The Solar Resource Overview Overview of the solar resource in the U.S. Features impacting solar irradiance Latitude, cloud cover, seasonality , , y Converting power to energy Tools to measure solar energy

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The Solar Resource The Solar Resource

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Overview

  • Overview of the solar resource in the U.S.
  • Features impacting solar irradiance

» Latitude, cloud cover, seasonality , , y

  • Converting power to energy
  • Tools to measure solar energy and shading
  • Tools to measure solar energy and shading
  • An overview of solar energy systems

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 2

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SLIDE 3

Solar PV

World PV market in 2007, 2826 MW total

Rest of EU 6% Rest of world USA 8% world 8% Germany 47% Japan 8% Spain 23%

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 3

23%

Solarbuzz LLC.

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So Germany must be sunny, right?

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 4

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SLIDE 5

Measuring the solar resource

  • Magnetic declination
  • Solar pathways
  • Solar math (power to energy)

Solar math (power to energy)

  • Latitude and curvature

Ai t

  • Air currents

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 5

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SLIDE 6

What impacts solar gain each day?

Latitude (winter solstice)

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 6

http://dcweather.blogspot.com/2005/12/winter-time-in-washington_21.html

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SLIDE 7

Sun Path – New York

Summer Solstice Winter Solstice Equinox

E

e So s ce

N S W

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 7 This angle should be equal to your latitude

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Magnetic Declination

http://sos.noaa.gov/images/Land/magnetic_declination.jpg

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 8

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True south and declination

  • ur.jpg

s/us_d_conto geomag/icons c.noaa.gov/g p://www.ngdc

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 9

htt

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Declination corrections

Magnetic North True North 12°48’ W 12 48 W

http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/geomagmodels/Declination.jsp

True South 4/3/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 10 True South

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SLIDE 11

Solar Angles by month in Morrisville

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 11

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SLIDE 12

What impacts solar gain each day?

  • Latitude

m.jpg /lecture_02/04m ewcrop/tropical/ .purdue.edu/ne http://www.hort.

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 12

h

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Morrisville’s Solar Resource

Month Mean W/m2/day kWh/m2/day January 63 8 January 63.8 February 98.8 March 140.9 April 182.1 May 220.5 June 231.5 July 224.2 August 203.0 September 159 6 September 159.6 October 101.0 November 59.3 3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 13 December 44.7

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Morrisville’s Solar Resource

kWh/m2/day = Month Mean W/m2/day kWh/m2/day January 63 8 January 63.8 February 98.8 March 140.9 April 182.1 May 220.5 June 231.5 July 224.2 August 203.0 September 159 6 September 159.6 October 101.0 November 59.3 3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 14 December 44.7

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SLIDE 15

Morrisville’s Solar Resource

Month Mean W/m2/day kWh/m2/day January 63 8 1 5 kWh/m2/day =

    kWh 1 H 24

January 63.8 1.5 February 98.8 2.4 March 140.9 3.4

              Wh 1000 kWh 1 Day Hrs 24 /day W/m2

April 182.1 4.4 May 220.5 5.3 June 231.5 5.6

Yearly mean power? /

2/

July 224.2 5.4 August 203.0 4.9 September 159 6 3 8

  • 144.1 W/m2/day

Yearly mean energy?

September 159.6 3.8 October 101.0 2.4 November 59.3 1.4

y gy

  • 3.5 kWh/m2/day

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 15 December 44.7 1.1

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Solar energy throughout the year

6

MSC weather station data

5

Wh/m2/day

3 4

kW

1 2 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 16

Solar Energy

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How does central NY compare?

  • Average of solar energy throughout the year is

3.5 kWh/m2/day.

» This is 1277.5 kWh/m2/year (365 days * 3.5 per day) » Albany has a daily average of 4.3 kWh/m2/day (1569.5 kWh/m2/year) » San Diego has 7.3 kWh/m2/day (2664.5 kWh/

2/

) kWh/m2/year)

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 17

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SLIDE 18

Solar energy

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 18

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Cloud cover

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http://www.colorado.edu/geography/class_homepages/geog_3251_sum08/07_rainshadow.jpg

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Air Cells

Low pressure

ey.JPG biol/desert/hadle

High pressure Deserts ( ) Rain Forests (cloudy)

earlham.edu/~b

High pressure (sunny)

http://www.e

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 20

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Global Solar Energy

sa.gov ww.larc.na //earth-ww http: 3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 21

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Solar energy systems

  • If you assume that systems costs are

comparable in NY and southern California, which location has more expensive solar energy?

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 22

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Estimating the Solar Resource

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 23

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Estimating the Solar Resource

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 24

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Estimating the Solar Resource

S W E W

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 25

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Estimating the Solar Resource

June (lowest line): 1+1+2+2+3 = 9% July (next up): 1+1+2+3+3 = 10% May: 1+1+2+3+3 = 10% y % August: 1+1+2+2+3 = 9% April: 1+2+2+3 = 8% September: 1+2+2 = 5% October: 1%

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 26

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Estimating the Solar Resource

Month kWh/m2/day Percentage Lost Daily Energy Monthly Energy J 1 5 1 5 46 5 January 1.5 1.5 46.5 February 2.4 2.4 67.2 March 3.4 3.4 105.4 April 4 4 8% 4 048 121 44 April 4.4 8% 4.048 121.44 May 5.3 10% 4.77 147.87 June 5.6 9% 5.096 152.88 July 5 4 10% 4 86 150 66 July 5.4 10% 4.86 150.66 August 4.9 9% 4.459 138.229 September 3.8 5% 3.61 108.3 October 2.4 1% 2.376 73.656 October 2.4 1% 2.376 73.656 November 1.4 1.4 42 December 1.1 1.1 34.1

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 27

Total annual energy 1188.24

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Solar energy systems

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 28

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Photovoltaics

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 29

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Solar Thermal Electricity

P b li i Parabolic mirrors 3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 30

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Solar Hot Water

Images courtesy of John Siegenthaler

Domestic solar hot water system Fl l ll (l )

  • Flat plate collector (low temp)
  • Evacuated tubes (higher temp)
  • Solar hot water tank with heat exchanger

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 31

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Passive Solar Heating

Thermal mass Conifers to the north Large windows facing south 3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 32 Small windows to north

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Summary

  • New York has an adequate solar resource for

solar PV, solar hot water, and passive solar homes

  • Solar power can be easily converted to solar

energy (and we can account for shading)

  • Incoming solar energy is affected by many factors

such as latitude, cloud cover, and time of year

  • Many systems can take advantage of solar energy

3/30/2009 http://retc.morrisville.edu 33

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SLIDE 34

Contact Information

Phil Hofmeyer, Ph.D.

A i t t P f Assistant Professor

Ph: 315‐684‐6515 Email: hofmeypv@morrisville.edu Web: http://people.morrisville.edu/~hofmeypv/

Ben Ballard Ph D Ben Ballard, Ph.D.

Director, RETC Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

Ph: 315‐684‐6780 Email: ballarbd@morrisville.edu Web: http://people morrisville edu/~ballarbd/ Web: http://people.morrisville.edu/~ballarbd/ http://retc.morrisville.edu