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10/5/2018 Whats the Big Deal about Feeding? An Interdisciplinary Approach Towards Improvement DATE: October 13th, 2018 PRESENTED BY: Kristin Mangan, MA, CCCSLP Erin Cochran, MS, OTR/L Sarah Sahl, BS, RD Darren Janzen, PsyD Kevin


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DATE: October 13th, 2018 PRESENTED BY: Kristin Mangan, MA, CCC‐SLP Erin Cochran, MS, OTR/L Sarah Sahl, BS, RD Darren Janzen, PsyD Kevin Senn, MD

What’s the Big Deal about Feeding?

An Interdisciplinary Approach Towards Improvement

2

Financial Disclosures

  • We are all employees of the Institute for

Development & Disability at OHSU. We have no further financial disclosures.

3

Goals of this presentation:

  • Examine collaborative roles within an

interdisciplinary clinic

  • Understand the interdisciplinary model of

treatment for pediatric feeding difficulties

  • Explore how to assess feeding problems
  • Discuss why some children have difficulties

with feeding through case studies

  • Review behavior-based interventions

3

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Why the team approach?

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Whole Child Approach

  • Complicated Sensory Needs: Feeding is one of the only actions that requires all 8

sensory systems

  • Whole Body Effort: Feeding requires at least 7 functions of the body
  • Frequency: Individuals feed and eat 4-11x/day, depending on age and stage
  • Feeding is of utmost importance for overall growth and development
  • Feeding is a complex system that is most often BOTH organic and non-organic in

nature

  • Therefore, a comprehensive approach for assessment and treatment is optimal for

these families

6

CDRC Pediatric Feeding & Swallowing Disorders Clinic: Who We Are

  • Medical Provider (MD, PNP)
  • Speech-Language Pathologist
  • Occupational Therapist
  • Dietitian
  • Lactation Consultant
  • Behavioral Psychologist
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Medical Provider

  • Developmental Pediatrician or Nurse Practitioner
  • Overall medical assessment with a focus on respiratory health, GI

health, sleep, musculoskeletal status

  • Developmental screening
  • Referrals and communication with needed specialists (and PCP)
  • Manage medications impacting feeding
  • Team resource on less common medical conditions, including

evaluation and interpretation of growth in special populations

8

The Role of the Oral Motor Specialist (OT or SLP):

  • Chart review and team staffing
  • Caregiver interview and case history
  • Oral motor examination
  • Clinical observation of feeding
  • Recommendation and completion of instrumental assessments if warranted
  • Diagnosis of dysphagia types
  • Collaborative development of recommendations and follow up
  • OT also providing individual and group feeding treatment at OHSU

9

An Additional Role of the SLP

  • SLP training includes coursework detailing the anatomy and physiology of oral,

pharyngeal, and laryngeal function, as well as the aerodigestive tract.

  • State licensures and SLP national accreditation both detail the SLP’s scope of

practice to include performance, interpretation, and diagnosis of feeding difficulties and various dysphagias through clinical and instrumental evaluations – MBSS/VFSS/Oropharyngeal Swallow Studies – FEES: Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing

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The Role of the Dietitian and Lactation Specialist

  • Assess recent growth and growth trends
  • Anthropometrics
  • Clinical, medical history and biochemical data
  • Assess provision of key micronutrients and macronutrients through nutritional

assessment

  • Nutrition focused physical exam
  • Review labs with MD
  • Support lactating moms with strategies to improve latch, positioning, and milk supply
  • Family dynamic and stress level in feeding

11

The Role of the Psychologist

  • Assessing the child’s development and how

the family is functioning (e.g. stress, structure, and coordination)

  • Understanding what behavioral issues may be

present: Behavior is often Avoidance-, Access-, and/or Attention-maintained

  • Teaching techniques to manage and modify

behavior using Shaping and Fading techniques

  • Helping with targeted goal setting to overcome

barriers and lessen stress

  • Providing support and encouragement for

adherence to goals and any achieved success

12

Management Clinic

  • Initial Evaluation – Generally MD/NP, RD, Oral motor
  • Psychology participates in initial evaluation if clear need based on referral
  • Based on clinical assessment, have patient return for follow up visit with appropriate

team members in as soon as a month (ex. NG tube management) and as long as a year (ex. Medically stable with minimal changes)

  • Manage formulas, dietary textures, feeding/swallowing techniques, weight and nutrition

monitoring, ensure appropriate feeding-related referrals (ex. MBSS, FEES, ENT, GI, etc)

  • Refer for specific treatment to outside local clinics (or CDRC) when appropriate
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CDRC Pediatric Feeding & Swallowing Disorders Clinic: Who We Serve

  • Ages: birth through transition to adult services
  • Post-NICU feeding challenges/Prematurity
  • Sensory based feeding difficulties
  • Behavioral based feeding difficulties
  • Medical based feeding difficulties including neurological (ex. CP),

gastrointestinal (ex. Reflux, EoE), structural etiologies (ex. Cleft lip & palate), and congenital syndromes (ex. Down Syndrome)

  • Difficulties with chewing/swallowing
  • Difficulties transitioning between textures of liquids/foods
  • Limited Food Repertoire (Need to assess why this is happening)
  • Poor Weight Gain with developmental concerns
  • G-tube/NG tube feedings and weaning

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Family Centered Approach

  • Meet the family where they are (culturally, emotionally, education level/style, etc)
  • Recognize the challenges they have faced before getting to our clinic and what

strategies they have already tried

  • Use family-friendly language
  • Understand what changes a family can realistically make in a given timeframe
  • Recognize their family system (One household? Two parent household? Many

siblings? Many generations?)

Why feeding?

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Why is this an important area?

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  • Feeding difficulties are commonly faced:

– Only about half of Americans regularly sit down to family meals. – Forty percent of parents in one study prepared separate meals for their grade school-aged children (Fulkerson et al. 2008).

  • Sense of taste is genetic

– Carried on chromosome 4 = some are more taste sensitive.

  • Multiple births, prematurity, and other birth complications

increase the risk for feeding problems.

  • Misconception: “All children eat when they are hungry.”

– This leads to hospitalization for dehydration and malnutrition in select children.

17

What do caregivers want to fix?

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 My child doesn’t eat enough.  My child is dependent on formula and/or tube feedings.  My child coughs and chokes when eating/drinking.  My child only eats certain foods or certain textures.  My child doesn’t self-feed.  My child doesn’t indicate hunger. Understand: Parent perception of “normal” vs. “abnormal” Decide: What to prioritize with parents Target: Balance short-term vs. long term goals

1 2 3

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Is this picky eating or problem feeding? Picky Eaters:

  • Eat around 30 foods.
  • Eat one or more foods from each type of texture or food group.
  • Have a favorite food that they eat consistently then burn out and will

not eat that food, but after 2 weeks may resume eating it again.

  • Accept new foods on their plate and willingly touch or try new foods.
  • Will eat a new food after being exposed to it ~ 10 times.
  • Generally, consume enough calories per day.

Kay Toomey http://sosapproach-conferences.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/PickyEaters-VS-Problem-Feeders.pdf

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Is this picky eating or problem feeding?

Kay Toomey http://sosapproach-conferences.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/PickyEaters-VS-Problem-Feeders.pdf

Problem Feeders:

  • <20 foods. Drop items over time until limited to 5-10 foods.
  • Refuse certain textures and food groups altogether.
  • Jag on foods then drop them permanently from repertoire.
  • Dysregulated when offered a new food, even if told they don’t have to

eat it.

  • Difficulty touching or tasting a new food.
  • Almost always eats a different meal than the family.
  • Are unwilling to try a new food even after 10 exposures.
  • Have rigidity and need for routine/sameness during meals, inflexible

about certain foods.

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Why some children won’t eat:

  • Deficits in abilities
  • Oral motor delays
  • Fine motor delays
  • Deficits in motivation
  • Conditioned aversion
  • Lack of appetite
  • Deficits in the environment
  • Behavioral mismanagement
  • Faulty caregiver knowledge

What if I choke… That’s Gross! I’m not hungry. I’ll only eat if you make me what I want…

21

Treating issues sequentially:

 Get food to the mouth – increase acceptance  Keep food in the mouth – decrease expels  Swallow the food – increase mouth clean  Increase volume – increase bites, grams  Increase variety – number of foods eaten  Increase texture – texture eaten, gagging  Increase self-feeding – level of prompting

Goa Goal: : Independent Eater

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Kay Toomey’s sequential approach?

Kay Toomey, Ph.D http://www.qicreative.com/wp-content/uploads/Steps-To-Eating.pdf

Speech Language Pathologist

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Five Key Questions to Ask Parents: 1- How long does it take to feed your child? 2- Are meal/feeding times stressful to you or your child? 3- Is your child adequately gaining weight? 4- Are there signs of respiratory problems? 5- Is your child progressing with feeding as you would expect him/her to?

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Infant Assessment

  • Infant Assessment:
  • Overall state of regulation, including posture and positioning
  • Respiratory status and quality of voice/cry
  • Exam of oral peripheral mechanism
  • Non-nutritive sucking
  • Nutritive suck/swallow/breathe
  • Spoon feeding and soft solids if appropriate
  • Estimate of global developmental status
  • Review of family system and mealtime practices

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Oral Mechanism Exam

  • Face, Ears, and Nose

– Tone, asymmetries, spacing of eyes, – Shape and position of ears, ability to breath through nose

  • Mouth

– Size/shape/strength/excursion of jaw, lips, dental status and condition - including shape of teeth, size/shape/tone/strength/range of motion of tongue, labial and lingual frenulum connections, size/shape and movement of palate, presence and viscosity of saliva, evidence of thrush, gag reflex, rooting reflex, bite reflex

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Tongue Tie Classification

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Brief Review of Infant Feeding Highlights

  • 1 months: uses both suck and suckle
  • 2-3 months: longer, more rhythmic sucking bursts
  • 3-4 months: sucking pads diminishing and oral cavity lengthening, sucking

becomes less reflexive

  • 4-6 months: sucking now more volitional and a more precise series of coordinated

movements; mouth and digestive system getting read for purees

  • 6-7 months: holds open mouth still to receive spoon
  • 6-8 months: can take a single sip from an open cup held by an adult

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Brief Review of Infant Feeding Highlights (cont.)

  • 6-9 months: munch chew develops

– Baby can also pick up pieces of food with fist – and begin to pass from hand to hand

  • 9-12 months: chewing improves to include more vertical and lateral

movements

  • 12-15 months: can bite through a soft cookie and can begin

consideration of weaning from the bottle or breast to a more mature drinking vessel

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Criteria for Instrumental Evaluation

  • Risk for aspiration by history or observation
  • Prior respiratory infections/diagnoses (pneumonia, croup, RSV, bronchiolitis,

asthma, etc)

  • Suspicion of pharyngeal/laryngeal problem on basis of etiology
  • Gurgly/wet vocal quality or breath sounds, increased work of breathing, during or

following feed

  • * Remember that MBSS and FEES are complimentary and should not be viewed

as “one or the other.”

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Aspiration & Penetration

  • Aspiration- when material

(food, secretions, and/or gastric contents) incorrectly enter the larynx below the vocal folds into the tracheobronchial tree

  • Penetration – passage of

material into the laryngeal vestibule followed by a rapid expulsion back into the pharynx during swallowing

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Consequences of Aspiration

  • MILD: No clinically significant history, but documented on instrumental swallow study. Mealtime

and feeding modifications likely.

  • MODERATE: Lung damage and pulmonary disease requiring oxygen, use of bronchodilators,

steroids, or pulmonary toileting. Mealtime and feeding modifications required.

  • SEVERE: Acute pulmonary event requiring ventilator assistance with potential for brain damage

(hypoxia) or even death. May occur during a seizure, vomiting, or swallowing an unsafe

  • bolus. Consideration of supplemental/alternate feeding method (NGT/GT).

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MBSS

  • Images oral cavity, pharynx,

larynx, and upper esophagus during all four phases of swallow

  • Defines esophageal transit

time and basic motility

  • DYNAMIC view of

swallowing

  • Delineates aspiration related

factors – Before, during, or after swallow – Texture specificity – Estimated of risk

  • Non-invasive
  • Utilizes barium products
  • Limited to 2 minutes of

combined radiation exposure

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MBSS is NOT

  • To rule out aspiration or determine if the child has ever or will ever aspirate (important finding but NOT

the reason for the exam)

  • Portable
  • Simulation of a real meal
  • An appropriate evaluation for primary concerns of chewing or texture sensitivities
  • For patients that have never eaten by mouth or yet had a clinical evaluation of swallow
  • For esophageal function (upper esophagus and transit times only)
  • Ideal of for children with severe positional challenges
  • To be repeated more than every 6-months unless warranted by significant medical/developmental

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FEES

  • Visualizes pharynx and

larynx before and after swallow

  • Has a “white out” phase
  • Uses real food with color

enhancements

  • Can be used to visualize and

assess an entire meal/feeding

  • Optimal for babies 3-12

months of age and children > 4 years of age (cognitively)

  • Invasive
  • No radiation, but portable
  • Can be used in a variety of

positions/postures

  • Can evaluate safety with

secretions

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FEES is NOT:

  • Able to comment on ORAL or ESOPHAGEAL phases of

swallowing

  • Fully able to comment on the PHARYNGEAL phase

either

  • Unable to evaluated coordination between tongue,

laryngeal excursion, and UES relaxation

  • Requires patient compliance and tolerance of scope
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HB Case Study

  • 6 month old male
  • Referral concerns: poor weight gain and motor delays
  • Parents also endorsed: concerns about weight/growth and reported

coughing with liquids and regularly overnight

  • Medical history significant for:

– RESPIRATORY: hospitalization of RSV in Feb 2017, with persistent coughing and congestion x 3 months; (positive remote familial history

  • f CF)

– GI: history of GERD, three separate trials of Zantac (Omeprazole not covered), no meds now, still vomiting and spitting up 5-10 times daily, also currently with diarrhea x 3 days

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HB Case Study

  • Medical history significant for:

– SLEEP: snoring, sleeping best in swing – DEVELOPMENT: Torticollis (getting weekly PT services at

  • utside/community hospital), EI eval also in place
  • No other sensory, behavioral, or social concerns identified
  • Early Feeding History: not a successful breast feeder (unable to latch and

“would scream”). Started on bottles of formula during neonatal

  • stay. Multiple formulas trialed. Family found most success with a soy

ready-to-feed formula. Purees started early- 4-months- due to weight and GER concerns.

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HB Case Study

  • Current Feeding: 6 bottles/24 hours. Soy formula. Intake volumes vary: 3-

7 oz per feed. Purees (stage 1 and 2) offered twice per day in Bumbo chair. Eats 2-3 oz of puree at each sitting.

  • Oral Mech Exam notable for: torticollis, tongue tremor at rest, class 2/3

tongue tie (with restricted posterior elevation but adequate tongue tip protrusion)

  • Spoon feeding observation notable for: needed supports in high chair,

good anticipatory mouth opening, age appropriate anterior loss, increasing tongue tremor, positive regard for food and eating

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HB Case Study

  • Bottle feeding notable for: nice sucking bursts but exaggerated jaw

movements and increased cheek retractions, increased tongue fasciculations/ tremor after feeds, increased congestion after feed – MD auscultation of the lungs following the bottle feed notable for "increased work of breathing“ – took a total of 1 oz in 5 minutes – spit up 5 mins after feed

  • RD assessment: Underweight and short stature. “Weight for length is

30%ile however weight for age consistent with severe malnutrition; growth velocity is less than expected.”

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HB Case Study

  • Diagnosis: OROPHARYNGEAL DYSPHAGIA with related concerns for posterior

tongue tie, continued GERD, failing weight, and torticollis.

  • Recommendations following initial eval:
  • 1. increase caloric concentration of formula to 24 Cal/oz
  • 2. use only one bottle and nipple- AVENT, slow flow
  • 3. get a high chair for spoon fed meals
  • 4. ENT consult for tongue tie
  • 5. swallow study

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HB Case Study

  • Swallow study (and 2 view chest x-ray) completed 6 weeks

later at 8 months of age – Prior to visit parents shared: congestion had continued, coughing overnight had increased, watery loose stools had persisted x 5 weeks – Chest Xray notable for low lung volumes and mild airway thickening

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HB Swallow study images‐ thin and then nectar

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HB Recommendations Following Swallow Study

  • Continue spoon fed purees in high chair BID

– Introduction of crispy dissolvables

  • Trial of nectar thickened formula by level 2 nipple x 3 months
  • ENT consult for consideration of tongue release

– Occurred 1 week after MBSS and MD did not feel lingual frenulum was restrictive

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Current Considerations for Torticollis

  • Postural rotation and/or tilt in the neck with resultant

asymmetrical position of head and neck, and secondary craniofacial asymmetry of structures.

  • Muscles may be shortened, positions may be less comfortable
  • Vagus nerve also travels down the back of the neck and

partially innervates swallowing and digestive motility system.

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Current Considerations for Tongue Tie

  • Ankyloglossia’ or ‘anchored tongue’ – is a common but often overlooked condition.
  • Oral assessment needs to include provider elevating the posterior portion of the

tongue.

  • Ghaheri, et al (June 2017) article shows excellent outcomes (at 1 month f/u s/p

release) including: maternal confidence with BF, maternal nipple pain, and infant reflux symptoms all improved- along with improved milk transfer

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Current Considerations for GERD

  • GERD can be a major detriment to adequate nutrition.
  • Regurgitation may be occurring without emesis.
  • Signs and symptoms include: positional pain, irritability, aspiration (upper and

lower airway diseases), halitosis, chronic OM, increased drooling, brassy cough, coughing/choking, sleep disturbances, apnea, laryngospasms, laryngitis, sinusitis, and even life threatening apneic event

  • Medications (H2-blockers and PPIs) can help reduce pain but don’t reduce the
  • ccurrence of reflux.

Occupational Therapist

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Case Study: T.

  • 8 y.o. Male
  • Diagnoses:
  • Autism
  • Partial Epilepsy
  • Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
  • Oral phase dysphagia
  • Food Aversion
  • End Stage Renal Disease s/p kidney transplant November 2013
  • Hx of G-tube placement at 2 months of age (no longer present)
  • Craniotomy for temporal lobectomy September 2016

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Case Study: T.

  • Initial Feeding Clinic Visit – age 5 years 4 months
  • At that time, he was fully fed by g-tube for calorie needs with occasional oral tastes
  • Kidney transplant had occurred at age 5 years 1 month
  • At that time, no interest in eating with no appetite. No joy in eating with grimacing with each bite.
  • Only foods/drinks he was interested in were root beer and occasional bites of yogurt. He licked salty foods. He

was able to tolerate sitting with his family for meals

  • No concerns for swallowing; no history of swallow study
  • Fair ability to clear spoon and complete spoon feeding
  • No observed bites or chewing
  • Initial recommendations from OT: Feeding therapy, psychology evaluation, altering tube feeding schedule to

improve hunger/satiety, school evaluation for special education services, participation in snack time at school for peer influence

  • Areas assessed include: position/stability, oral exam, oral motor skills, sensory processing skills

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Case Study: T.

  • Follow up visit (3 months later) indicated more willingness to taste new foods and

expanded variety of beverages and new foods he was interested in licking (sauces)

  • Displayed significantly delayed skills for chewing and biting, as he did not have

any foods in his repertoire that required chewing

  • Updated recommendations included: progressing towards thicker beverages,

reward based program for increasing table foods and variety, and introducing a no thank you bowl

  • Initiated regular OT feeding therapy following this visit with the full team
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Case Study: T.

  • Participated in frequent (2x/month) feeding therapy from ages 5 years 8 months through 7 years 9 months.

Gradual increase to oral eating with removal of g-tube at 7 years 1 month [Recognize that it typically takes children 2-3 years to move through all stages of oral skill development, and therefore, feeding therapy should be a slow process if skills are truly attained]

  • Status updates/changes:
  • Participated in Autism clinic at 7 years 5 months and based on his evaluation, was diagnosed with:
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder
  • Language Disorder (Mixed Receptive and Expressive Language Disorder)
  • Monitor for possible Intellectual Disability
  • At 7 years 10 months, T had a left temporal lobe resection for seizures

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Case Study: T.

  • Individual Treatment Techniques
  • Tactile exploration for desensitization; required tool use initially – Sensory bins at home (ex. Shaving cream, dried beans,

play doh, finger paint)

  • Sensorimotor Gym activities – ball pit, tunnel
  • Oral Motor Warm Ups
  • Food Chaining (Initial focus on smooth foods, beverages, and licks of crunchy/flavored foods)
  • Drinking some formula by mouth
  • Steps of Eating including kissing food goodbye, smelling, licking
  • Reward systems, Behavioral approaches, Turn taking
  • Dipping foods
  • Assist with set up and clean up of meals, meal preparation
  • Once accepting a wide variety of smooth/blended foods, progressed towards chewing skills (6 years 4 months)
  • Chewing practice with hard foods, crumbing, meltables, fork mashed foods
  • Initially, used either munching or tongue mashing or attempted to swallow whole and used liquids to wash down foods &

frequent grimacing

  • Moved to lateral bites
  • At 6 years 10 months, family with increasing concerns for fine motor skills, and focus of OT shifted to fine motor skill

development however, at 7 years 3 months, family saw decrease in progress of eating skills and returned to focus on feeding during OT

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Case Study: T.

  • At 8 years 4 months, T returned to feeding clinic for a full team assessment
  • At that time, T was eating by mouth with a shrinking food repertoire, increased sensitivities to smells, very

specific desires for how his food is prepared, appears difficult for him to swallow at times, and overall behavior is a general concern

  • Diet included chocolate milk, lemon lime sparkling water, lemonade, soda, peanut butter sandwiches, macaroni

and cheese (without pepper added), tortellini (can be many varieties), pretzel goldfish, grapes, olives, cheese pizza, bean and cheese burritos, hot dogs, hummus, tortillas. Refused vegetables and most meats.

  • Many reported sensory concerns including seeking out spinning, jumping, and crashing and loves rough-
  • housing. Sensitive to noise. Cannot tolerate many smells. Sometimes intolerant of being messy. Avoidant of

unexpected touch.

  • Updated recommendations included: Feeding group, Participating in meal prep/clean up, Children’s cookbooks,

re-introducing the “steps of eating”, present foods outside of their packaging, Apps for toothbrushing, general sensory processing resources, information regarding Feeding Matters (organization)

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Case Study: T.

  • Group Treatment Techniques
  • 4 children ages 6-9, 6 sessions every other week
  • Focus on meal preparation with visual supports, food exploration, increased autonomy for food choices, provided homework

each session

  • Homework included:
  • Food log for new foods
  • Choosing recipes to make at home
  • Completion of 12 bite challenge
  • Tasting a new flavor/spice
  • Choosing a food job at home
  • Provided handout for continued activities at home including creating a family cookbook, keep a new food log, planning social

events when food is involved, have designated nights for T to meal plan, and plant a garden/join a CSA/visit farmer's markets to become more engaged with where food comes from

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Case Study: T.

  • Current Status & Future Directions
  • At the conclusion of the group, T’s parents were excited by his progress and motivated to

continue to move forward

  • Continues to have a limited diet however is more willing to engage in food exploration and able to

progress through Steps of Eating with less stress To summarize: T is an example of a child with a medically based diagnosis necessitating g-tube use, who was able to successfully wean from the g-tube at age 7 with significant support, and lengthy intervention with slow steady progress, from many clinicians and his parents, however, continues with behavioral and sensory based challenges in regards to feeding and eating

Dietitian

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Rarely is a feeding problem just a knowledge deficit

  • Nutritional adequacy of the diet
  • Impact of feeding disturbance on growth, physical development and milestone

development

  • Impact on social and emotional development
  • Impact on interaction with caregiver and family function
  • Barriers to feeding- economic, social, knowledge, time or motivation
  • Evaluation of underlying medical issues or anatomical differences that affect

feeding

  • Drug or supplement nutrient interaction

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Case Study‐ GC

  • Inappropriate infant feeding, failure to thrive and feeding aversion
  • GC was a term AGA infant born out of US. She was fully breast fed and

grew well until around her second month of life when her parents began a sleep training program. She was the couples second child and they were determined to help her sleep better than their first.

  • Scheduled breast feeding 4 times each day in 24 hours
  • Slept through the night at 3 months of age

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Growth Chart – WHO weight/age

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WHO ‐ Wt/Length

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Lactation History

  • Good growth birth through 2 months
  • At 2 months Mom began a sleep training program "how to get your baby

to sleep 12 hours at 2 months". Fed only 4 x at breast in 24 hours. Suspect Mom's milk supply then decreased. -Growth stopped for GC.

  • Risk for failed lactation include: infrequent nursing, maternal obesity,

menses returned at about 8 weeks pp, move and stress

  • Signs of failing lactation: poor growth in infant, fatigue, clawing and

kneading breasts during feeding

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Hospital Diagnosis and Treatment admission at 10 month of age

  • Chronic energy malnutrition
  • Lactation failure
  • Oral aversion
  • Inappropriate feeding
  • Mild hypotonia
  • NG feeding
  • No breast feeding (AC/PC

weight lacking)

  • Bottle and food introduction
  • Family education
  • Referral to feeding clinic
  • Repeat new born metabolic

screen (missing)

  • Early intervention
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Hospital Discharge Plan

  • NG feeding with 100% nutrition needs met by tube
  • No breast feeding (disagree)
  • Oral exploration of purees
  • Feeding clinic referral

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PARENT/CAREGIVER CONCERN OR REPORT: 1- "how do we get rid if her NGT?"

  • how much would she need to take orally to

get the tube out? 2 - why do you think she needed the NGT in the first place? 3- why is whole milk recommended, and is there a suitable alternative?

  • dad is lactose intolerant

4- how do we know when she has achieved catch up weight?

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Feeding Clinic Visit – 12 Months of Age

  • CURRENT FEEDING STATUS: Partnership of oral and NGT feeds.
  • NGT: 6 oz Standard Infant formula given three times per day via gravity.

Sometimes pump assisted over one hour. – Mom had cut back on NG volume & night feeds

  • ORAL: Also breast fed on demand, typically twice per day and night,
  • ffered two highchair times daily. She puts food in her mouth but

no chewing or swallow, with some intentional tongue thrusting out

  • Adverse to bottle
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Assessment/Intervention

  • Catch-up growth rapid
  • Oral phase dysphagia-

adverse to drinking

  • Showing feeding readiness
  • Excellent latch and no
  • ral/motor anatomical factors
  • Milk supply rebounded
  • Making development gains
  • FTT / chronic energy

malnutrition- resolved

  • Modify feedings schedule

and TF volume

  • Gentle feeding

practices/responsive feeding

  • Honey bear with straw

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Responsive Feeding

  • Bring her to happy high chair time 4 times/day
  • Smooth purees, homemade or store (stage 1 or 2)
  • Partner feeding with loaded spoon
  • Exploratory food play- smearing, smelling, taste
  • Praise
  • Quick clean with a song.
  • Goal-gain trust and interest in her mouth

69

Video #1

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Video #2

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Video #3

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Notes/Results

  • Parent learning style/health beliefs
  • Continued intervention between evaluation by messaging, video

comments and PCP contact

  • Feeding tube removed 6 weeks later (in for 2.5 months)! Growth stable

and adequate hydration. Nursing 2-3 times in 24 hours

  • 2 team visits (1 with MD)
  • 2 nutrition/lactation single discipline visits with 3 messages between

visits

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Follow up 1 month after NG tube removed – 13 months

  • CURRENT FEEDING STATUS:
  • Eating 3 meals each day + 1 snack. Nursing in am- before nap and at bedtime. Co-sleeping at night and they all

share 1 bedroom.

  • Drinking water between meals.
  • Excellent variety
  • B:2 1/2 oz oatmeal with almond milk, peanut butter, chia seeds, ground flax seeds. 2oz raspberry kefir
  • L: 4oz scr. egg & spinach, 1 TBSP hummus, 1/2 pc bread & 1tsp butter
  • Snack -hummus, 18 cheerios, 1 oz kefir, 1/8 avocado, ~10 swallows of water
  • D: 2 oz Gerber peas and carrots purée *1 1/2 ounces Gerber pear purée mixed with half teaspoon extra virgin
  • live oil ,Nibbles of cucumber spears ,1 tsp hummus, 2oz cannellini beans, 1/2 piece wheat bread( crust

removed),

  • 15 mL goat milk ( by spoon - didn't want to drink it)

Psychologist

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Behavioral treatment for feeding problems

1) Desensitize the child to food cues.

2) Encourage, but do not force, the child to eat. 3) Do not allow the child to “graze” during the day. 4) Ignore resistant or oppositional behavior during mealtimes. 5) Praise eating behavior, even for small bites or attempts. 6) Remove toys/attention-getting devices during mealtime. 7) Allow toddlers to take more responsibility in feeding. 8) Encourage the child to eat in the presence of other people who are eating. 9) Follow meals with interesting reinforcers. 10) Preface meals with a calm-down time.

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How to treat food refusal?

1) Hunger induction (get 100% of hydration needs, but you want them to

get hungry – Most adults don’t eat because they are hungry, but because it is a habit. After it becomes a habit, then hunger will come.)

2) Escape extinction for refusal (can’t get away until they take a bite) 3) A structured meal and snack schedule (3 meals and 2 snacks) 4) Positive reinforcement for acceptance (toys, positive praise, etc.) 5) Gradually increasing response effort (extremely small at first =

“molecules”)

6) Extinction of inappropriate behavior (ignoring annoying behaviors)

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Mechanisms for improvement:

  • Appetite improves on Schedule
  • Eliminating between meal grazing
  • Serving meals/snacks in kitchen/dining room
  • Limit intake of fluids, if indicated
  • Limiting the length of meals and snacks
  • Chaining and Linking to new foods
  • Introduce similar foods in taste, color, or texture
  • Move to new brands of familiar foods
  • Fading Mechanisms
  • Mix new foods into preferred foods in tiny amounts
  • Flavor-Flavor conditioning – cover vegetables with ketchup

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Is “Positive Reinforcement” necessary?

  • Why? Food is not a primary reinforcer for

many children with feeding issues.

  • The reinforcer is used as a tool, but will not need

to be used forever.

  • Schedules of reinforcement

– Continuous schedule with praise or reward every time initially – Fade this to be less and less in time.

  • Matching law – Reward has to exceed what you

want them to do initially.

  • Remember: The ultimate goal is to develop

natural reinforcers (e.g., food)

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“Behavior Extinction” goals:

  • Extinction of attention-maintained behavior

– often called “planned ignoring”

  • Extinction of escape-maintained behavior

– often called “escape prevention”

  • With parents we call it…

– “just waiting until he or she cooperates”

  • “What if my child is throwing food?”

– Pick it up and ignore – Shape putting it into a “no thank you” bowl

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One Behavioral Model: 12-Bite Challenge

  • For older children: teach connections

situations->thoughts->feelings->actions

  • Catch “Thinking Traps”
  • Minimize coercion; foster encouragement
  • Categorize foods into Mild, Moderate, and

High levels of difficulty – start with Mild!

  • Create “I did it” rewards:

Social, activity, and tangible

  • Develop a tracking sheet to post up at

home with area to write thoughts down about this food.

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Another Model: Plate A, Plate B technique

(and why we don’t use this…)

  • For children that are normal weight in outpatient settings
  • Present six 10-minute meals a day, use a timer
  • Offer one plate (A) containing pea-sized bites of novel food, one

plate (B) containing large bites or pieces of preferred foods, and a drink

  • The child gets a bite of preferred food and a drink only after

eating a bite of new food

  • Systematically increase bite size
  • Communicate the expectation that the child can do this and be an

eternal optimist

  • What if kids don’t eat? “We all make choices in life and we

will have a meal again soon.”

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10/5/2018 28 Case Study:

  • 7 year old girl with low weight
  • Picky vs. problem eater?
  • ADHD has been formally

diagnosed and she is on stimulant medication

  • Sensory issues affect her comfort

in accepting certain textures

  • Unwilling to sit for meals, even for

preferred foods

  • Parents haven’t been able to find

ways to reward her that remain powerful enough...

83

  • Shaping involves clear and attainable expectations, coupled

with meaningful reinforcement.

It’s all about “Shaping” and “Fading”

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Behavioral Approaches:

  • Keep Stress/Pressure low around eating
  • Meal and snack structure with clear expectations

coupled with reinforcement - “We all make choices!”

  • Family meals together at the table (television,

tablets, and phones are off) with family-style serving

  • No “short-order” cooking: Two preferred foods &
  • ne non-preferred food at each meal
  • Child is involved in menu planning and family meal

preparation at least once a week

  • Give attention to eating and appropriate mealtime

behaviors, rather than inappropriate behaviors

  • Don’t use food to manage behavior
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Developmental Pediatrician

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Goals / Objectives:

  • Discuss how medical and developmental conditions

may impact feeding and growth

  • Discuss what red flags might indicate need for a

medical team visit

  • Ask for feedback on our requests for feeding

treatment in the community under the various systems of EI, private therapy, schools and other medical systems.

86 87

Developmental aspects

  • Motor skills have typical timelines of development, with

variation common.

  • Abnormal or delay of skills can lead to inefficient and unsafe

feeding

  • Reasonably effective early sucking and swallowing skills may

provide intake, but may not move on to the next level for higher textures

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State regulation difficulty

  • Example neonatal abstinence Syndrome

– Excessive sucking, incoordination of feeding, vomiting and loose stools are common

  • Also common if breathing fast, babies with hypoxia

effects, hyperalert babies.

  • Treat with swaddling, low noise, low lighting, low fuss.

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Pain / GERD

  • Happy spit up is common and normal for 75-90

percent of babies up to age one - but not a disorder unless there are consequences - such as being a poor feeder

Infant Older Child/Adolescent Feeding refusal Abdominal pain/heartburn Recurrent vomiting Recurrent vomiting Poor weight gain Dysphagia Irritability Asthma Sleep disturbance Recurrent pneumonia Respiratory symptoms Upper airway symptoms (chronic cough, hoarse voice) Common Presenting Symptoms of GERD in Pediatric Patients

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How best to treat GERD?

Meds to reduce acid or increase good peristalsis Positioning Surgery ? probiotics ? Wait it out ? Thickeners Formula Changes Allergen avoidance Essential oils, ionized water, massage, acupuncture

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Pitfalls in GERD treatment

  • Meds can have side effects

– Acid reducing PPIs and H2 Blockers might put kids at risk of colonization with

resistant bacteria- (then lower respiratory infections), might alter the internal biome in a negative way and might alter calcium metabolism leading to fractures ( as appears to happen in elderly)

  • But evidence is they do reduce GER

– Prokinetic agents may be cramping, cause sedation, motor side effects or irritability

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Pitfalls....

  • Positioning is temporary, and kids want to move, crawl or roll.
  • Thickening is really hard to standardize and not very helpful

in keeping food down – chronic coughs are common and a tsp

  • f rice per ounce adds a lot of calories. Some thickeners have

been associated with late onset NEC and the risks are not fully worked out.

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Pitfalls... should we modify the food?

  • Many varying opinions and statistics in studies, and most of the

time already tried some by family.

  • We see it working at times, with hypoallergenic formulae, RTF vs

powder, dairy free, real foods blended and maternal diet

  • restriction. But there are no guarantees.
  • So, we often modify the food itself, the volume and timing, along

with position and meds.

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Motor conditions

  • Cerebral Palsy - primarily full body involved
  • Hypotonia
  • Weakness

96

Physical anomalies

  • Clefts, Lips, hard palate, soft palate, submucus
  • Hemifacial conditions
  • Retrognathia and micrognathia
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Physical Conditions

  • Respiratory
  • Cardiac
  • Genetic

98

Evaluation of a full year of referrals to Feeding Program (total N=83)

  • Chart review of the FTT referrals only
  • (n=27)
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Age distribution

  • Prematurity 5
  • Genetic 2
  • Hypothyroid 1
  • RTA 1
  • Iron deficient anemia 1
  • Spinal cord anomaly 1
  • Seizures 1
  • “colitis” 1
  • ADHD 1
  • GERD 8
  • Motor Delay or

CP 1

Additional Diagnoses Known

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103

Effects of low iron

  • Well known issues

with learning profiles and very likely also has some effect on long term emotional regulation

  • Probable lower

appetite and energy level to increase consumption

104

Summary

  • Thorough pediatric medical and

developmental evaluations can be of variable intensity – but may help guide the treatment options, improve child's comfort and even preserve long term potential for good behavior and nutrition and hopefully alleviate family concerns.

Questions?

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Contact Information

  • Erin Cochran – cochraer@ohsu.edu
  • Darren Janzen – janzend@ohsu.edu
  • Kristin Mangan – mangan@ohsu.edu
  • Sarah Sahl – fife@ohsu.edu
  • Kevin Senn - sennk@ohsu.edu

107

References

  • Arvedson, J. & Brodsky, L. (2002). Pediatric swallowing and feeding: Assessment and management (2nd Ed.).

Albany, NY: Singular Publishing Group.

  • Fulkerson, J., Story, M., Neumark-Sztainer, D., & Rydell, S. (2008). Family Meals: Perceptions of Benefits and

Challenges among Parents of 8- to 10-Year-Old Children. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108, 706- 709.

  • Ghaheri, B., Cole, M., Fausel, S., Chuop, M., & Mace, J. (2017). Breastfeeding improvement following tongue tie

and lip tie release: A prospective cohort study. Laryngoscope, 127, 1217-1223.

  • Toomey, K., Kortscha, B., & Lagerborg, D. (2017). The SOS approach to feeding: When children won't eat, Picky

eaters vs problem feeders. [Basic 4-day course] Seattle, WA, Star Institute for Sensory Processing Disorder.

  • Kay Toomey http://sosapproach-conferences.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/PickyEaters-VS-Problem-

Feeders.pdf

  • Kay Toomey, Ph.D http://www.qicreative.com/wp-content/uploads/Steps-To-Eating.pdf

Family and Clinician Resources

Books:

  • Food Chaining-Fraker, Fishben,

Cox, Walbert

  • Helping Your Child with

Extreme Picky Eating –Rowell,

McGlothlin

  • Getting your Child to Eat, But

Not Too Much – Satter Websites:

  • www.feedingmatters.org
  • Parent to Parent support.
  • Parent questionnaire to

identify problems.

  • Working on diagnostic criteria

for Pediatric Feeding Disorder.

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Thank You