24/05/2019 Female le se self lf-employment. A ch choice for or work-family bal alance? Leuven, 9- May- 2019 Begoña Cueto bcueto@uniovi.es Female employment in the European Union by economic activities (% over total employment) 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Norway Greece Denmark Spain Austria Sweden Ireland Belgium Portugal Finland Italy United Kingdom Euro area Netherlands EU 28 France EU 15 Ireland Germany EU 15 Denmark Germany United Kingdom EU 28 Netherlands Euro area Finland Portugal Belgium Austria Norway Italy France Spain Sweden Greece Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles Education Human health and social work activities Accommodation and food service activities 1
24/05/2019 Female non-agricultural self-employment rate (% total employment) 18.0% 16.0% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% Greece Italy Netherlands Spain United EU15 Belgium Portugal EU 28 Finland France Ireland Austria Germany Sweden Denmark Norway Kingdom Female employment in Spain 51.5% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles Human health and social work activities Accommodation and food service activities Education Manufacturing Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of… Administrative and support service activities Professional, scientific and technical activities Other service activities Financial and insurance activities Agriculture, forestry and fishing Transportation and storage Information and communication Arts, entertainment and recreation Construction Real estate activities 2
24/05/2019 Self-employed / employment, by economic activity 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% Other service activities 33.3% Real estate activities 26.0% Professional, scientific and technical activities 24.8% Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 18.4% Accommodation and food service activities 14.6% Arts, entertainment and recreation 12.1% Total 11.1% Transportation and storage 9.0% Information and communication 8.3% Financial and insurance activities 6.4% Administrative and support service activities 5.4% Education 4.5% Human health and social work activities 4.3% Strategies to achieve work-life balance 1. Family-oriented policies and generous family subsidies (Sweden, Norway) Spain is one of the countries where public expenditure as a share of GDP on this type of policies is amongst the lowest in the EU. 2. Flexibility in employment Part-time; Self-employment. What is the case in Spain? Non-participation in the labour market? 3
24/05/2019 Flexibility at work 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% How do your working hours fit in with your family or social commitments outside work (very well, well) It is (very) easy for you arranging to take an hour or two off during working hours to take care of personal or family matters your job prevented you from giving the time you wanted to your family (always, most of the time) SE Employees your family responsibilities prevented you from giving the time you wanted to your job (always, most of the time) Flexibility at work (Sweden) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% How do your working hours fit in with your family or social commitments outside work (very well, well) It is (very) easy for you arranging to take an hour or two off during working hours to take care of personal or family matters your job prevented you from giving the time you wanted to SE your family (always, most of the time) Employees your family responsibilities prevented you from giving the time you wanted to your job (always, most of the time) 4
24/05/2019 Aim • To study the relation between self-employment and coresident children in Spain • Interest of Spain as case-study: • Low female employment rate (56.9% in 2018) • High female self-employment rate (10.5% in 2018) • Different pattern of self-employment (retail trade and hospitality) • Low expenditure in family-oriented policies (1.3% GDP) • Low fertility rates (1.3 children per woman) Sample • Employed women working in non-agricultural economic activities • Dependent variable: labour market status (value 1 in the woman is working as self-employed and 0 otherwise). • The main independent variable of interest is the presence of children in the household. We have grouped them in the following age ranges: • 0-2 years • 3-5 years • 6-12 years • 13-17 years • 18 years or above. • We also consider the age of the youngest child in the household using the same age groups 5
24/05/2019 Sample Control variables: • Age (+) • With partner (+) • Born outside the country (+) • Qualification (-) • Economic activity: • Retail trade and hospitality (+) • Degree of urbanization: • Non-urban (+) How to avoid endogeneity? • information about the timing of the last children and tenure in employment -> we exclude women having a child after having moving from their last job (either employee or self-employed) Therefore, in this sub-sample, the decision to have a child is taken before becoming self-employed so both decisions are exogenous. 6
24/05/2019 Fem emale self self-employment rate and and ag age of of chil children in n the he household hou Self-employment rate No children in the household 9.8 6.8 - 40 years old or below 14.5 - Older than 40 Children 0-3 years 15.9 Children 3-6 years 19.4 Children 6-12 years 16.8 Children 13-17 years 17.5 Children above 18 years 16.4 Total 13.2 Self-employed Wage-earners Age 45.1 41.0 Married (%) 77.3 64.1 Number of children in the household Total 1.13 0.88 0-2 years 0.09 0.07 3-5 years 0.13 0.08 6-12 years 0.29 0.21 13-17 years 0.18 0.13 18 or more 0.27 0.21 Age of the youngest child in the household (%) 0-2 years 10.1 7.5 3-5 years 8.4 6.8 6-12 years 23.5 17.6 13-17 years 11.6 7.9 18 or more 14.2 15.4 Born outside Spain 5.2 12.5 Education (%) Primary level and lower secondary 30.4 25.4 Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary 42.2 38.8 Tertiary education 27.4 35.8 Economic activity (%) Manufacturing, construction and transportation 13.4 11.0 Commerce and hospitality 50.7 28.6 Financial services, education and health 10.8 32.9 Other services 27.1 30.0 Number of observations 199 1,307 7
24/05/2019 How to avoid endogeneity? • information about the timing of the last children and tenure in employment -> we exclude women having a child after having moving from their last job (either employee or self-employed) Therefore, in this sub-sample, the decision to have a child is taken before becoming self-employed so both decisions are exogenous. Children in the household Self-employment Total 14.2 0-2 years 12.0 3-5 years 11.1 6-12 years 18.7 13-17 years 4.2 18 or more 16.7 No children 9.8 Sample Subsample (1) (2) (3) (4) 0-2 years 0.962 0.420 3-5 years 1.441 0.348 6-12 years 1.358 1.768* 13-17 years 1.037 1.384 Children in the household 18 or more 1.088 0.796 0-2 years 1.250 0.316 3-5 years 1.565 0.350 6-12 years 1.472 1.796* Age of the youngest child in the 13-17 years 0.953 0.944 household 18 or more 0.681 0.573 30-44 2.499** 2.502** 2.279* 2.448** Age (ref: <30) 45- 64 4.787*** 5.589*** 4.879*** 5.399*** Married 1.607** 1.593** 1.666** 1.717** Born outside Spain 0.340*** 0.334*** 0.531 0.514* Level of education ref(Upper Primary level and lower secondary and post-secondary non- secondary 0.747 0.788 0.834 0.860 tertiary) Tertiary education 1.203 1.195 1.085 1.072 Manufacturing, construction and transportation 5.103*** 4.989*** 5.384*** 5.447*** Economic activity (ref: Financial Commerce and hospitality 9.005*** 8.784*** 7.177*** 7.337*** services, education and health) Other services 4.085*** 4.067*** 2.202* 2.216* Constant 0.008*** 0.008*** 0.010*** 0.010*** Number of observations 1,482 1,482 1,089 1,089 *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 8
Recommend
More recommend
