Fall of Rome Rise of Byzantium 3rd c. AD - Roman Empire declines - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Fall of Rome Rise of Byzantium 3rd c. AD - Roman Empire declines - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Feb 03, 2024 185 likes •731 views

Fall of Rome Rise of Byzantium 3rd c. AD - Roman Empire declines Many sources diminish Roman power: Too large Huge militia, expensive to maintain Discontent, treason Barbarian invasions Christianity rising Rome

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SLIDE 1

Fall of Rome – Rise of Byzantium

 3rd c. AD - Roman Empire declines  Many sources diminish Roman power:

 Too large  Huge militia, expensive to maintain  Discontent, treason  Barbarian invasions  Christianity rising

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SLIDE 2

Rome Splits

 Because the empire is too large, it is split in 284 A.D. to make governing easier

 New Rome is in the East  Old Rome is in the West  Each has two rulers

 The 4 co-rulers: called the

 “Tetrarchs”

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SLIDE 3

Empire Divided

 Permanent split develops in:

Politics & religion  The East prospers

 It came to be know as the Byzantine Empire or

Byzantium (Istanbul today)

 It is a great port of trade and commerce

 The West declines

 “Old Rome”

  • Barbarian invasions, chaos, disintegraton

Click here to find out more about the Byzantine Empire

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SLIDE 4

Roman Emperor Constantine

 Ruled 306 – 337 AD  312 AD - defeats co-ruler

 Becomes Christian

 313 AD - Edict of Milan

 New law ends Christian

persecution

 allows religious freedom

 324 AD - Constantine reunites east and west into one empire

Colossal statue of Constantine Head = 8 ½’ high x 6’ wide; 8 tons

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

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SLIDE 5

Eastern Empire

 Byzantium 330 - 1453 AD  Seaport

 East & West meet here  Crossroads for trade  Great prosperity  Luxury

 Cultural exchange

 Exotic  Theatrical imperial court

Click here to learn what it would be like to visit the spectacular court of an imperial Byzantine Emperor.

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SLIDE 6

Greece Italy Turkey

www.medialab.ntua.gr/athos/uk/mones/moni11.htm

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Constantine Builds Churches

 In the West:

 “Early Christian” architecture

  • e.g. Basilica of St. Peter - “Old Saint Peter’s” 319-329
  • Near Rome – but not the St. Peter’s that is at the Vatican today

www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Image:Basilica-di-San-Pietro-1450.jpg

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SLIDE 8

Constantine Builds Churches

 In the East:  “Byzantine” architecture

 “Domed cross”

  • e.g. Santa Costanza, Rome c. 350
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SLIDE 9

San Lorenzo

4th century - Milan

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Emperor Justinian

 Emperor in 527

 imperial expansion  Byzantine cultural peak

Builds churches

 San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy

  • Famous mosaics

 Haghia Sophia (Holy Wisdom)

  • Burned in 532 and rebuilt

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

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SLIDE 11

Empress Theodora

Theodora mosaik ravenna.jpg

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San Vitale

 “Domed Cross” plan

 Octagonal core

www.lanecc.edu/artad/ArtHistoryProgram/12-6-9.htm m www.contracosta.cc.ca.us/Art/Images/Byzantine

ca 532/3 - 548

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Mosaics

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

In the center of the apse against a gold background, Christ in imperial dress sits on a globe. Archangels on his right and left present St. Vitalis and Bishop Ecclesius, under whom the church was begun.

APSE S. Vitale, Ravenna, Italy 532/3-548

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The Polykandelon

 A wrought metal candle holder (polykandelon) with

places for several candles was used to light the churches.

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Rebuilding the Haghia Sophia

 Public unrest with taxes leads to a riot, fire in 532

 Empress Theodora, convinces

Justinian to stay

 Justinian rebuilds (532 - 565)

 New Haghia Sophia awe inspiring  Most splendid for a millenium  New technology

Empress Theodora

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Haghia Sophia Church

www.byzantines.net/byzcathculture/images/hagiasophia_fl.jpg

532 – 537 AD

Anthemics of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, theoretical men with no architectural training, designed the church.

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Haghia Sophia Dome

 Dome over square = symbol of heaven over earth  Dome allows open interior space  Light flows in through 40 windows – for the 40 days and nights that Christ spent in the desert

http://w4u.eexi.gr/~ippotis/sumagiasen.html

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

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Haghia Sophia Dome

  • Dome is 107 feet in diameter
  • Turkish decoration covers original

surface

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

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Haghia Sophia Dome

 Columns support the dome

 Space between can be pierced

with windows

 Shafts of LIGHT pour in

http://w4u.eexi.gr/~ippotis/sumagiasen.html www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

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SLIDE 20

Today - Haghia Sophia Mosque

www.richard-seaman.com/Wallpaper/Travel/MiddleEast/SuleymaniyeCamii.jpg

4 minarets added after the Muslim conquest in 1453

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Haghia Sophia Interior

 Architecture is revolutionary

Influenced design for 1,000 years

Huge volume of space

 Filled with light  Space and light are the key elements

www.teslasociety.com/haghiasophia.htm

Interior size = 230’ x 250’ 4 arches stand for the 4 directions of world 3 windows in the apse represent the Trinity

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The Pendentive Support

  • Dome weight supported by:
  • Interior pendentives: carry downward pressure
  • Exterior buttresses: carry

sideways (lateral) pressure

www.fordham.edu/halsall/ikon/rice2.gif

Cross Section View

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The Pendentive

Curved triangular support

 allows a round dome  to rest on a square base

www.wsu.edu/~ymhodges/pendome.html

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Haghia Sophia Interior Pendentive

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Haghia Sophia Interior  Pendentives carry the weight of the dome

 This allows walls to be

pierced with windows

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Haghia Sophia Mosaics

Every inch of wall is covered with beautiful mosaics – scenes from the bible or life of Christ.

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

Presbyterium Wall

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Mosaics

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

When Muslims take over the church they plaster over the mosaics as they fear idolatry. Some of the plaster has been removed in areas open to tourists.

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Mosaics

www.hitit.co.uk/regions/Istanbul/ayasof.html

 Cover church walls

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

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Byzantine Column Capitals  Pierced carving

 Looks like lace  Islamic influence

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

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SLIDE 30

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(architecture)

Byzantine capital - 1889 drawing

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Column Capitals

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

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Byzantine Capitals

Byzantine Capital http://www.castle-vianden.lu/english/visit/index.html

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Byzantine Influence

 The Russian Onion Dome comes from Byzantine influence

Smolensk

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

Byzantine Russian

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The Church of Spilled Blood-

  • St. Petersburg,

Russia

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Byzantine Thrones

Ac.byzantine1.jpg

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

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Byzantine Thrones

www.biblenews.org/images/Ivory_throne.jpg

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Byzantine Throne

Carved ivory throne of Archbishop Maximilian c.547 Panel showing Joseph with his brothers - note footstool

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

Carved in the early 6th century, it is the only chair to survive nearly intact from the Early Christian and Byzantine periods. The wooden frame is covered with finely carved ivory panels depicting the life of Christ and Joseph. It is surrounded by ornamental

  • borders. In the center under the seat is the bishop’s
  • monogram. The chair was a gift from Justinian.
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Byzantine Throne

www.mediastorehouse.com/pictures_596002/676/2/BYZANTINE-THRONE.html

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Byzantine Seating

This royal throne holds the open Book of the

  • Evangelists. Nearby the emperor and church elders

meet in council.

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

  • St. Luke the Evangelist, Mid-10th c

Wicker Barrel Chair, writing desk and footstool

Byzantine Seating

Jeweled throne for the Book of Laws

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Byzantine Couch

Christ & the apostles are reclining to dine in the ancient custom. This mosaic from Saint Apollinare Nuevo, Ravenna (532-549) depicts the Last Supper.

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

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Jeweled Byzantine Bed with Cushions

www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com

The emperor reclines in a low box-type bed. Side panels and uprights are decorated with jewels; short legs are molded. The thick mattress is probably supported with cords. On top is a large pillow.

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Contemporary “Byzantine” Furnishings

This lavish furniture in a designer showroom reflects the influence from the Byzantine era. Inlay is ivory and mother of pearl

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Contemporary Byzantine Influence

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Local Byzantine Architecture

  • St. Thomas the Apostle, Gilbert, AZ
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Local Byzantine Architecture

  • St. Anthony’s Monastery, Florence, AZ
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  • St. Anthony’s Monastery

http://www.stanthonysmonastery.org/

  • St. Anthony's Greek Orthodox Monastery is a monastic community for men in

Florence, Arizona. It was founded in 1995 by six Athonite monks along with Elder Ephraim, and has grown to approximately 42 monks. The monastery also provides training for other Greek Orthodox monasteries in America. Monks at St. Anthony’s Monastery pursue the monastic tradition of a Christ-centered life of prayer. Both men and women are welcome to visit as pilgrims. If you are interested in visiting, you can get more information at:

http://www.stanthonysmonastery.org/visitorpilgrimguide.php

Directions are at this website:

http://www.stanthonysmonastery.org/visitordirections.php

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  • St. Anthony’s Monastery
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Finis