IEA Future Building Forum, 24-25 Oct 2017, Singapore POSITIVE ENERGY LOW-RISE, ZERO ENERGY MID-RISE & SUPER LOW ENERGY HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS FOR THE TROPICS Dr Gao Chun Ping Building & Construction Authority Singapore
1960 2016 1.64 mil 5.61 mil 580 sq.km 720 sq.km US$ 428 per capita US$ 52, 962 per capita
BUILDINGS IN HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE • High solar irradiation (50% more than temperate countries) • High solar angle (all sides shading) • High air temperature: 25-32°C • Small diurnal air temperature range: less than 10°C • High humidity: >50% and very high at night • Light winds: 0.5-3 m/s • Cloudy sky with high diffused light components • Heavy rainfall (>2000 mm) source: UTM
DIFFUSE SOLAR RADIATION IN THE TROPICS Source: LBL 32380 Vol. 1 UC350
BUILDINGS ENERGY CONSUMPTION Building Energy Consumption for Energy Consumption for Residential Buildings Commercial Buildings 26% 41% 1% 2% 18% 12% Air-con System Air Distribution System Lighting Lift Source: BCA, HDB, NEA, NUS Car Park MV Fans Receptacle Load
GREEN BUILDING MOVEMENT Target: greening 80% of the building stock by 2030 5 Key Assessment Criteria 2. Water Efficiency 1. Energy Efficiency 3. Environmental Protection 4. Indoor Env. Quality Green Building Rating 5. Other Green System specially for the Features Tropics Building Industry Capabilities Through Public Sector Taking The Lead Training Spurring The Private Sector Legislating Minimum Standards International Profiling & Raising Developing Green Building Technology Awareness
GREEN MARK BUILDINGS Target: greening 80% of the building stock by 2030 >33% > 89 Mil m 2 >3,000 of total GFA Green Building of total GFA greened Projects greened
CURRENT ENERGY TRENDS IN SINGAPORE Lower energy consumption National projection of PV installation Cumulative SolarNova PV installation 1.20 Cumulative SolarNova PV installation (GWp) 1.00 0.80 0.60 Solar PV Energy Factor (kWh/m2.yr) 400 360 0.40 320 350 300 250 290 0.20 280 180 200 150 180 100 0.00 Projection of Solar PV energy factor 50 2017 2020 2030 0 2017 2025 2030 Base case Accelerated Scenario
More than 30 technologies • ZEB@BCA Academy 8 years of Net Zero Energy • 66% Energy Savings • 244 kWh/m 2 .yr Baseline(2005) Solar Roof Metal 83 kWh/m 2 .yr chimney ventilation duct ZEB (2016) Metal vertical ventilati on duct Source: NUS, NTU
ZEB@BCAA Inspires More ZEB Developments MOE Schools BCAA Campus Devt ZEB Plus (Low-rise) NUS Net Zero Building ZEB 2.0 (Mid-rise) SLEB (High-rise) BCAA ZEB HeartQuarter GUI SAS Zero Net Energy Campus SLA St John Island SIT New Campus @ Punggol
Urban ZEB Tropical ZEB • High-rise high density • High energy to cool buildings • High humidity • Singapore is renewable energy disadvantage country • Design of natural ventilation in commercial buildings is not a norm • Solar is more promising but constraint by roof space • Lifestyle Positive-Energy Low-Rise,, Zero-Energy Medium-Rise & Super Low-Energy High-Rise Buildings in the Tropics
PE-ZE-SLEB Technology Roadmap Feasibility study Industry consultation PE-ZE-SLEB Roadmap • International scan • 4 industry engagement • Technologies identified and sessions/workshops prioritized • Data analysis of >1,200 buildings • > 10 interviews with • Recommendation for stakeholders RD&D • 2 separate modelling exercises • Surveyed 124 stakeholders • Recommendation for implementation & • Validation with adoption measurements Jul 2016 – Sep 2017
PE-ZE-SLEB Technologies for I. Passive Strategies Tropical Urban Cities II. Active Strategies III. Energy Management IV. Renewable Energy Positive Energy Low-rise buildings Building Automation Roof & Site Optimisation • Fault detection and • Maximising roof and façade diagnostics (FDD) spaces • Energy Management System • Site planning for solar utilization • Occupancy sensoring & PV Technologies demand control • Weather sensing & system • Highly efficient module Zero Energy resetting • Anti-shading design Medium-rise buildings • Anti-degradation system Smart Control • High performance BIPV • Model predictive control • PV integration with greenery • Machine learning • PV energy management • IOT integration with BMS • Personalised control of lighting/ACMV Plug Load Management Super Low Energy • Smart plug High-rise buildings • Load monitoring and tracking • Sleep mode optimisation
R&D - REINVENTING AIR CONDITIONING Source: NUS Desiccant / Membrane / Evaporative Cooling Based ACMV System • A hybrid system comprising composite desiccant and nano-woven membrane and indirect evaporative cooler (IEC) • No compressor • Improved air dehumidification efficiency up to 85% • 40% energy savings for air-con system Energy • Prototyped and patented Award
Testbed: BCA SkyLab – World’s First High-rise Rotatable Lab for the Tropics PLUG & PLAY ROTATABLE i n a n y o r i en t at i on f u l l y c o n f i g u r a b l e O p t i m i s e b u i l d i n g d es i g n s i n REAL-WORLD TROPICAL CONDITIONS LIGHTING ACMV FACADE
DEMONSTRATION3FOR2@UWCSEA Savings in floor to floor height due to reduced air duct size • • Decouple latent & sensible cooling • Decentralised ventilation • Low lift chiller Latent Cooling Gypsum/plaster Dedicated Outdoor Air conduits hide M&E System (DOAS) fittings Sensible Cooling Sloped façade to mount Passive chilled beams ventilation units Raised Floor System Fresh Air Underfloor Air Distribution Network Source: SEC-FCL
3FOR2@UWCSEA 40% more energy efficient than Platinum office Buildings
Case Study for Schools In collaboration with Stocktaking Survey & Data analysis workshop 35 34 33 Measurements Solar modeling Primary School 32 Secondary School 31 Temperature (C) 20 - Temp ground fl 30 21 - Temp 1st fl 22 - Temp 2nd fl 23 - Temp 3rd fl Energy 29 23 - Temp 3rd fl sensor 4 28 modeling 27 26 25 1/1/2017 0:00 1/2/2017 0:00 1/3/2017 0:00 1/4/2017 0:00 1/5/2017 0:00 1/6/2017 0:00 1/7/2017 0:00 1/8/2017 0:00 1/9/2017 0:00 Date/Time
POSITIVE ENERGY SCHOOLS 60% of schools have potential of achieving Positive energy school status is possible PES/ZES with cost effective energy efficient with current available technologies measures
MID & HIGH-RISE OFFICE BUILDINGS - 2017 Total Energy Consumption Breakdown 20 Sty Office 7 Sty Office EEI =45 kWh/m 2 /yr EEI =75 kWh/m 2 /yr • Bottle necks in cooling & dehumidification Challenging with • Plug load management today’s technologies • Boundary setting for on-site renewable energy
MID & HIGH-RISE OFFICE BUILDING - 2030 Total Energy Consumption Breakdown 20 Sty Office 7 Sty Office EEI = 30 EEI =40 kWh/m 2 /yr kWh/m 2 /yr With technological advancement and cost reduction, PE-ZE-SLEB would be technologically and economically viable for mainstream adoption by 2030
PE-ZE-SLEB DEFINITION Positive Energy Zero Energy Super Low Energy • Highest Energy Efficiency Key Characteristics • Consumption Includes Plug Load • On-site Renewable Energy Preferred • Mid Rise (4-7 storey) • Low Rise (1-3 storey) • High Rise (>=8 storey) Applicability • School, IHL, Office • School, Camp, IHL • Office, Retail, Hotel Energy Efficiency & EEI: < 100 kWh/m 2 .yr • • RE > EC EEI: < 100 kWh/m 2 .yr Renewable Energy • EC = RE • RE : Renewable energy • EEI is 60% less than 2005 building code EC : Energy consumption level (244 kWh/m2/yr ) •
POSITIVE RESPONSES FROM THE From 124 respondents from industry, INDUSTRY academia, developers, and agencies Very weak Weak Not important [PERCENTAGE] [PERCENTAGE] 3% Neutral 15% Neutral 19% Very strong Very [PERCENTAGE] important 46% Strong Important [PERCENTAGE] 36% 82% of respondents view PE-ZE- 74% of respondents support or SLEB policy is important for strongly support PE-ZE-SLEB policy national carbon reduction targets
BUT THERE ARE CHALLENGES TO BE ADDRESSED... High perceived cost for PE/ZE/SLEB [VALUE] Lack of policies/incentives schemes [VALUE] Lack of knowledge, awareness and training of the [VALUE] application of technologies Lack of demonstration and test-bedding 3.65 opportunities Lack of cost-effective cutting edge technologies in 3.52 the market Potential conflict with other aspects of building 3.48 codes & other regulations Infeasibility of PE/ZE/SLEBs in the tropics and 3.31 urban setting
PE-ZE-SLEB: FROM R&D TO ADOPTION • PE-ZE-SLEB • Creating value definition • Public sector taking • Technology lead feasibility & Development Adoption • Incentivising private roadmapping sector • Research & • Developing industry Stakeholder development plan capability Engagement • Testbedding & demonstration
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