ESRAM FIJI: CHRIS HEIDER SPREP-PEBACC BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA 21-22 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

ESRAM FIJI:

CHRIS HEIDER SPREP-PEBACC BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA 21-22 NOVEMBER 2016

Outline

• Approach
• Methodology
• Work to Date
• Key EbA Issues
• Highlights & Challenges
• Process Issues Emerging
• Next Steps

Project Team

• Project Management – Chris Heider
• Ecosystem Ecology (terrestrial & coastal) – Chris Heider
• Marine & Freshwater Ecology – Rikki Dunsmore
• Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Geomorpology – Ed Salminen
• Natural Resource Economics, Social Capital – Mark Buckley
• Traditional Culture & Heritage – Simione Tuimalega
• SPREP Country Lead – Herman Timmermans
• SPREP Project Officer, Logistics Officer, Communications Officer –

Filomena, Roneel & Jilda

Dateline Anti-Meridian

Fiji Islands

Mapping Mayhem & Fun Facts:

• The dateline crosses the two focal areas for the

ESRAM

• Access to base maps is painful or non-existent

(see example here)

• Queries for available data using online website

creates a total mess, accessing all 360 degrees

• f the globe
• Have this “lucky challenge” only in:
• Our study area: Macuata Province & Taveuni

Island, as well as Rabi Island (Fiji)

• Chukokta and Wrangel Island (Russia)
• Ross Dependency, Antarctica (NZ)

Macuata

Taveuni

Taveuni Island

• ~437 km2
• 13 Vanua
• Free Hold
• Lease Holders
• Agriculture export & Tourism sectors

Macuata Province:

• ~1,976 km2
• ~2,841 km2 in watershed area
• ~101 Villages surveyed by CCD
• Large sugar cane hub
• Dispersed fishing fleet
• Forestry

Approach

• Focus on describing ecosystem functions through “lens” of what matters

to people (e.g. scarcity of ecosystem goods & services)

• Identify Limiting Factors and Forces of Change that are both through

management (behavior) and through climate (perceived and real)

• ESRAM document will cover all three scales in one document
• Executive Summaries will highlight factors at each scale to target

audiences (National and Provincial Government, NGO/IGOs, Community Leaders).

Scope, Budget & Level of Effort

43% 43% 14%

Island (Taveuni) Province (Macuata) National

Island Scale Vulnerability:

• Focus on lasting management framework (GIS)
• Work through traditional landowner structure
• Integrate Free-Hold Landowners & Limitations
• Identify policy-rooted synergies or obstacles (e.g. Leased land)

Province Scale Vulnerability:

• Role of industry in national economy
• Community/ Village Vulnerabilities (perceived)
• Synthesis of GIS data to identify vulnerabilities (quantified)
• Review of ongoing efforts for EbA/ CBMA
• Cross linkages of Provincial & Government Policies
• Watershed management across boundaries

National Scale Vulnerability:

• Policy-related or goal activities and potential synergies/obstacles
• Pathways to sustainable management via Policy or Program initiative

Field Effort, Workshops & Meetings

[CATEGORY NAME] [CELLRANGE] [SERIES NAME] June 2016 [CATEGORY NAME] [CELLRANGE] [SERIES NAME] August 2016 [CATEGORY NAME] [CELLRANGE] [SERIES NAME] October-November 2016 [CATEGORY NAME] [CELLRANGE] [SERIES NAME] (2017)

Total Trips: 4 Missions International Person Trips: 8 Total People Days: 105

Climate Forces Hydrology & Freshwater Resources Marine & Freshwater Ecology Agriculture & Forestry Terrestrial Ecology Transportation & Energy Infrastructure Limiting Factors & Forces Affecting Change Vulnerable Resources

Scarcity

Vulnerable Conditions Governance Implementation Capacity Implementation Mechanisms Social Structure Context Adaptation Context “Filter” Implementation Feasibility Adaptation Benefits Social Capital Adaptation Strategies EbA/ CBMA Thematic Review Social & Economic Lenses Applied

Social Structure Context

Vanua structure Government structure Land tenure Market structure Population demographics Donors

Governance

Traditional resource

• wners

Elected and appointed

• fficials

Land Board Market forces and Commerce Landowners and Lessees Implementation IGOs/NGOs

Implementation Capacity

Internal

• rganizational

External relations Leadership and personnel Skills and tools

Implementation Mechanisms

Projects Programs Laws

Adaptation Context “Filter”

The human framework to design and conduct EbA/ CBMA

Key Considerations of Adaptation

• Is the change related to climate or behavior? Both?
• What is the threat or incentive to drive change in behavior towards

adaptation?

• Who owns the land/ water resources affected?
• Who controls the resources?
• Can common stakeholder goals allow for successful adaptation to change?

Land Tenure Drives Land Stewardship

Who owns what?

• Traditional Lands = Clans
• Free-hold Lands = Individuals or entities
• Leased Lands = Leased for short term, 30, 50 or 99 years.
• Marine resources (aquaculture) = Also owned and leased (no known freehold).
• Issues surrounding investment in resource health and sustainability when lands

are not owned. Why invest in land when it’s not yours?

Development of Vulnerable Resources, Adaptation Options, Benefits

Examples of Vulnerability Analysis for

• Marine Ecosystems
• Freshwater Resources
• Agricultural Systems
• Terrestrial Ecosystems
• Transportation & Energy

See flowchart

Climate Forces Hydrology & Freshwater Resources Marine Ecology Agriculture & Forestry Terrestrial Ecology Transportation & Energy Infrastructure Limiting Factors & Forces Affecting Change Vulnerable Resources

Scarcity

Vulnerable Conditions Governance Implementation Capacity Implementation Mechanisms Social Structure Context Adaptation Context “Filter” Implementation Feasibility Adaptation Benefits Social Capital Adaptation Strategies EbA/ CBMA Thematic Review Social & Economic Lenses Applied

Marine/coastal ecosystems

Climate forces

Storm frequency and intensity Sea surface temperature Sea level flux Ocean acidification

Additive forces

Overfishing Terrestrial runoff pollution Mangrove and marsh degradation and loss Material extraction (sand, rock and coral) Channel dredging Oceanographi c patterns Use related Damage

Vulnerable conditions

Inadequate reef and pelagic fish populations Coral reef health and extent Sea grass health and extent Eroded coasts Pollution attenuation capacity Community use & Livelihood

Adaptation strategies

Marine reserves/Tabu Fishing regulations Habitat protection/res toration Fish export limits Upland agricultural BMPs Planting/Engi neering solutions

Resilience benefits

Increased/reli able tourism revenue Reliable fish/invert harvest stocks Coastal prop/infr protection Recreation & Tourism Public health

Freshwater resources

Climate forces

Storm frequency and intensity Sea level flux Rainfall magnitude Air temperature regime Drought frequency, duration, intensity

Additive forces

Existing ground/ surface water trends Population trends

• Terr. runoff

pollution (erosion, mines, sani) Wetland & riparian degradation and loss Gravel extraction Delivery infrastructure

• Ag. Trends

(irrigation) River/stream re- engineering

Vulnerable conditions

Groundwater supply Surface water supply Pollution attenuation capacity Floodplain vulnerability Community use/Livelihood

• f aquatic use

Aquatic habitat & species Recreation & Tourism

Adaptation strategies

Reserves/Tabu Mining, forest, ag. regulations Mining, forest, ag. BMPs Riparian/ wetlands restoration Engineering (infrastructural) solutions Water metering& pricing

Resilience benefits

Increased/ reliable water supply Floodplain protection Clean water supply Reduction in delivered pollutants Sustainable aquatic fisheries Recreation & tourism Public health

Agricultural systems

Climate forces

Storm frequency and intensity Air temperature Rainfall distribution Rainfall magnitude

Additive forces

Imports Land tenure Competitive uses(forestry, urban, etc) Customs & practices Market Demand (includes quality) Operating costs Disease vectors

Vulnerable conditions

Household revenue dependence Household food dependence Eroding soils Soil infertility Agricultural land base

Adaptation strategies

Stable land tenure Agricultural prescriptions & BMPs Soil fertility management Local sourcing (keep it local) Agro- Engineering solutions Fair Trade (etc.)

Resilience benefits

Increased/ reliable farm revenue Reliable food supply Reduction of reef/ marine habitat damage Investments in local community Water quality Public health Agrotourism

Terrestrial ecosystems

Climate forces

Rainfall frequency and intensity Drought Windstorms Air temperature Storm Surge

Additive forces

Deforestation Large flood events Land use change Imbalanced nutrient dynamics Invasive species Subsistence harvest

Vulnerable conditions

Fragmented forests Active grass- fire cycle Reduced native seed stock Invasive species expansion Erosion/ soil degradation Lowered resistance to disease Unstable wood supply

Adaptation strategies

Forest reserves Land use planning & design Mixed plantation use Riparian enhancement Forest expansion Wetland conservation & law Biocontrol protocols

Resilience benefits

Fire resistance Increased biodiversity Flood& Erosion control Sustain yield harvest Pollutant attenuation Infrastructur e protection Sustained Soil productivity

Transportation & Energy Infrastructure

Climate forces Storm frequency and intensity Air temperature Sea level flux Additive forces Population growth Fuel prices Land use patterns and trends Market trends (ag, biz) Fiji geography/ accessibility Vulnerable conditions Transportatio n infrastructure Petroleum-based energy and transportation systems Disaster response capability Community connectivity/g eographic separation Power Grids Adaptation strategies Transportation infrastructure investment Renewable energy systems Food & H20 self- reliance Distributed energy Pricing (tiered, time

• f use)

Erosion/storm proofing fortification Resilience benefits Reliable market competitiven ess Disaster response speed Reliable energy supply Reliable transportatio n systems National cohesion

Other Key EbA/ CMBA Issues

• Gazetted regulated and enforced fishing rights while maintaining

traditional ownership

• Agricultural Fertilization Premixes, Multi-tiered “agroecology” plots
• Fortify replanting efforts in Macuata (Dept. Forestry)
• Mangrove and coastal wetland management (policy)

Highlight: Traditional Owners Workshop

• Gathered traditional leaders of Taveuni Island from 3 Districts
• Focused on identifying Core of Traditional Structure first
• Leaders identified responsibilities (Tutu vaka vanua) to the landscape
• Unified vision of how landscape should be mapped (Tua)
• Identified activities to be conducted in each Tua for each District
• Created subcommittee to engage issues with other landowners
• Identified next steps for Vanua and other landowners

Mapping of Traditional Tua

• Workshop reaching core of

responsibilities within vanua

• Identify set of rules and

responsibilities for land and sea management

• Identified ranges of conditions for

resources in each “Tua”

Waitui Cakau Sawana Matavura Koro Saurusa Voavoa Teitei Tokaitua Qakilo Veikauloa Veikaulalai

Tua Description – what grows there, what is its purpose? Importance – what is provided by this area? Waitui Deep sea Food, income, air, wind, storms Cakau Reef Food, fish, protection from storms, nursery area, tourism (diving) income, Sawana From reef to beach, intertidal area Food, fishing grounds Matavura Coastal strand – where you moor your boats at night, mangroves Protection, filtration (protects reef), buffers reef from runoff, access to the sea, gateway to the sea, tourism, family area Koro Above the wave zone, location of villages House and home, dwellings, community, schools, church, commerce, rest and relaxation Saurusa Empty space between villages, garden, forest providing plants, villages may grow into these areas, expansion Burial areas, expansion, food and nourishment, firewood, construction material, light timber production, material for thatching, Voavoa Formerly Teitei -- fallow areas, agricultural area, market, farms, rotational farming, can change position with Teitei Needed to maintain the Teitei Teitei Organized farming, currently cultivated, can change position with Voavoa (rotating ~7-10 years) Food for village and commerce, sustainability Tokaitua Intermediate ridge tops Hunting (pigs, chickens) Qakilo Inter-valleys, side streams located within Protection from landslides, wind, hunting, erosion protection, water infiltration, spring water Veikauloa Deep forest, mid-slope forest, can be rain-forest, big trees, water source Rain interception, tourism (hiking, bird watching) Veikaulalai Cloud Forest – Ridgetop mist catcher Cloud-water interception, source of water, chiefly location

Traditional Mapping Structure

Taveuni Resource Mapping Framework

Workshop Outcome: Activities

Number Action 1 Reforestation – Replanting of trees and new trees suitable for Taveuni Climate 2 Replanting of coconut trees on the farming area 3 Encourage, introduce, and enforce organic farming on Taveuni land 4 Replanting of appropriate trees on river banks 5 Replanting of trees on shoreline 6 Be more vigilant of blue line on forest reserve and stop encroaching farming 7 Organize more workshops for youth participation 8 Formation of subcommittee representation from the three (3) districts to be the voice of this forum at other meetings 9 To approach estate owners, new immigrants, and resettled farmers, hoteliers, to be part of this conservation movement 10 Buffer zones on river banks (11) (Aquaculture and access to fisheries technology)

Other Key Outcomes: Macuata

• Analysis of all major villages in Macuata Province pertaining to vulnerability (ongoing)
• Strong GIS data library to analyze watershed functions
• Integration of sugar industry & energy plant operations for potential involvement
• Great support from Macuata High Chief to work on ways to develop fishing regulations

that are documented by Government, with Enforcement

• Support from neighboring Cakadrove Province to approach regarding watershed

management in connected landscapes (approximately 1/3 of watershed area is outside Macuata Province)

Other Implementation Options

• Strengthening communities in the role and function of the 7 Tutu

vaka vanua for resource management (requested by Taveuni, direct relevance to Macuata fishing rules).

• Resource mapping using new image products to properly map and

quantify land use/ land cover change from 2010 – 2016.

• Supporting on-going efforts within Macuata: Marine, forestry, river

restoration/ function.

Issues & Challenges

• ESRAM is a very comprehensive assessment in a very short timeline.

Consider it a “living document” to be updated or enhanced (and not cumbersome)

• How will approaches ensure project longevity? What makes this so

different than any other planning document?

• NGOs were very willing to share information (where not restricted);

Government was less willing. Information privacy issues were a constant issue.

Big Questions

• How to incentivize conducting activities to increase resilience in a way

that is not just “another project” funded and implemented by external groups?

• What motivation is there to participate in EbA/ CBMA? What happens in

10 years?

• Who is buying in? Communities to SPREP project or SPREP project to

communities? How to ensure longevity?

• Land Tenure is a key challenge for being vested in long-term sustainability;

how are other countries managing this?

Next Steps

• Draft ESRAM Complete (2016)
• Field mission to communities (early 2017) to communicate findings

and get feedback; further development of EbA specifics

• Phase 2 (TBD)