Engine Performance and Certification Emissions Dan Bulzan, Changlie - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Engine Performance and Certification Emissions Dan Bulzan, Changlie Wey, and Robert Howard NASA Glenn Research Center, ASRC Corporation, AEDC/ATA AAFEX II Workshop Jan 13, 2012 Nashville, TN www.nasa.gov 1

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Engine Performance • CFM56-2C1 engines – 22,000 lbs thrust – Bypass Ratio 6.0 – Overall PR 31 • # 2(port) engine operated on JP-8 for reference and E-31 testing • #3(starboard) engine operated on test fuels • N1, N2, Fuel flow rate, and exhaust temperature recorded manually www.nasa.gov 2

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Fuel Properties (Post-Test) Tallow Test JP-8 HRJ FT HRJ/JP-8 FT+THT Sulfur (ppm mass) 188 6 4 276 1083 Aromatics (% vol) 21.8 0.4 1.4 10.2 2.1 Initial Boiling Point ( ° C) 149 158 146 150 151 50% Recovered ( ° C) 201 209 177 204 177 End Point ( ° C) 268 254 226 263 224 Flash Point ( ° C) 46 52 43 46 43 Density @ 15 ° C (kg/L) 0.811 0.758 0.761 0.783 0.761 Freezing Point ( ° C) -47 -53 -49 -76 -54 -77 Viscosity @ -20 ° C (mm²/s) 4.1 4.9 3.7 4.3 3.2 Hydrogen Content (% mass) 13.5 15.3 15 14.4 15 Smoke Point 22 34 34 31 30 Net Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) 42.8 43.6 43.8 43.3 43.8 Olefins (% vol) 0.7 0.2 1.6 0.6 1.5 www.nasa.gov 3

National Aeronautics and Space Administration AAFEX 1 & 2 Comparison, JP-8 www.nasa.gov 4

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Engine Performance www.nasa.gov 5

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Engine Performance www.nasa.gov 6

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Engine Performance www.nasa.gov 7

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Engine Performance www.nasa.gov 8

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Exhaust Gas Temperature www.nasa.gov 9

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Gaseous Certification Emissions Sampling Rakes at 1 m Downstream Left (#2) Engine Rake Right (#3) Engine Rake www.nasa.gov 10

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Right (#3) Rake showing mounted probes www.nasa.gov 11

National Aeronautics and Space Administration NOx Emissions 25 20 C EI NOx ( g/kg-fuel) C 15 10 C C ICAO JP8 HRJ 5 C FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Fuel Flow Rate, lb m /hr www.nasa.gov 1/3/2012 12

National Aeronautics and Space Administration NOx Emissions – HV Corrected 25 20 C EI NOx ( g/kg-fuel) C 15 10 C C ICAO JP8 HRJ 5 C FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Corrected Fuel Flow Rate, lb m /hr www.nasa.gov 1/3/2012 13

National Aeronautics and Space Administration CO Emissions 120 100 C ICAO JP8 HRJ FT2 80 EI CO ( g/kg-fuel) HRJ Blend FT2+THT 60 40 C 20 C C C 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Fuel Flow Rate, lb m /hr www.nasa.gov 1/3/2012 14

National Aeronautics and Space Administration CO Emissions – HV Corrected 120 100 C ICAO JP8 HRJ FT2 80 EI CO ( g/kg-fuel) HRJ Blend FT2+THT 60 40 C 20 C C C 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Corrected Fuel Flow Rate, lb m /hr www.nasa.gov 1/3/2012 15

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Unburned Hydrocarbons 25 C ICAO 20 JP8 HRJ FT2 EI HC ( g/kg-fuel) HRJ Blend 15 FT2+THT 10 5 C C C C 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Fuel Flow Rate, lb m /hr www.nasa.gov 1/3/2012 16

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Unburned Hydrocarbons – HV Corrected 25 C ICAO 20 JP8 HRJ FT2 EI HC ( g/kg-fuel) HRJ Blend 15 FT2+THT 10 5 C C C C 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Corrected Fuel Flow Rate, lb m /hr www.nasa.gov 1/3/2012 17

National Aeronautics and Space Administration NOx Emissions 25 20 C EI NOx ( g/kg-fuel) C 15 10 C C ICAO JP8 HRJ 5 C FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 N 1 , Corrected to Standard Day Condition www.nasa.gov 1/3/2012 18

National Aeronautics and Space Administration CO Emissions 120 100 C ICAO JP8 HRJ FT2 80 EI CO ( g/kg-fuel) HRJ Blend FT2+THT 60 40 C 20 C C C 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 N 1 , Corrected to Standard Day Condition www.nasa.gov 1/3/2012 19

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Unburned Hycrocarbon Emissions 25 C ICAO 20 JP8 HRJ FT2 EI HC ( g/kg-fuel) HRJ Blend 15 FT2+THT 10 5 C C 0 C C 0 20 40 60 80 100 N 1 , Corrected to Standard Day Condition www.nasa.gov 1/3/2012 20

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Combustion Efficiency 100 JP8 99 HRJ Combustion Efficiency, % FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT 98 97 96 95 0 20 40 60 80 100 N 1 , Corrected to Standard Day Condition www.nasa.gov 1/3/2012 21

National Aeronautics and Space Administration SO 2 Emissions 5 JP-8 HRJ FT 2 (Sasol) 4 HRJ Blend FT 2 + THT C ICAO EI SO 2 (g/kg-fuel) 3 2 1 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Fuel Flow, pph www.nasa.gov 1/3/2012 22

National Aeronautics and Space Administration CO Emissions – Low Power Conditions 120 Solid Symbol: 4% Open symbol: 7% JP8 HRJ 100 FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT 80 EI CO ( g/kg-fuel) 60 40 20 0 40 50 60 70 80 90 Ambient Temperature, F www.nasa.gov 23

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Unburned Hydrocarbons – Low Power Conditions 25 Solid Symbol: 4% Open symbol: 7% JP8 HRJ 20 FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT EI HC ( g/kg-fuel) 15 10 5 0 40 50 60 70 80 90 Ambient Temperature, F www.nasa.gov 24

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Conclusions • Negligible effect of fuel type on engine performance when compared on mass measurement basis and corrected for heating value within the accuracy of the measurements • Slight reduction in NOx emissions at higher power conditions for FT fuel • Scatter in CO and HC emissions at idle and sub idle due more to temperature effects than fuel type • SO2 emissions correlated directly with Sulfur in the fuel as expected • Some slight leakage under engine with neat HRJ and F-T fuels www.nasa.gov 25

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Acknowledgments • Jeffrey Braun (Air Force Certification Division) and Tim Edwards (Air Force Research Laboratory) for providing the Alternative fuels for the experiments • NASA Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility Personnel for their assistance in performing the testing. www.nasa.gov 26

National Aeronautics and Space Administration EINOx of JP8 Fuels (AAFEX vs. AAFEX-2) AAFEX-2 AAFEX 20 20 Engine #2 Rake -6 -4 Engine #3 C LG3 C 0 -2 -4 -8 -10 JP8, LG6 Rake = LG4 JP8, GRC RG4 RG5 LG5 C C ICAO C RP5 C ICAO 15 15 RG6 Rake -6 4 6 8 EI NOx ( g/kg-fuel) JP8, RG7 EI NOx ( g/kg-fuel) JP8, RG10 10 10 C C 5 5 C C 0 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Fuel flow, pph Fuel Flow, pph www.nasa.gov 1/3/2012 27

National Aeronautics and Space Administration EICO of JP8 Fuels (AAFEX vs. AAFEX-2) AAFEX-2 AAFEX 120 120 Engine #2 Engine #3 Rake -6 -4 LG3 Rake = 0 -2 -4 -8 -10 JP8, LG6 LG4 RG4 100 JP8, GRC 100 LG5 RG5 C ICAO RP5 C ICAO RG6 Rake -6 4 6 8 80 80 EI CO ( g/kg-fuel) EI CO ( g/kg-fuel) JP8, RG7 JP8, RG10 60 60 40 40 C C 20 20 C C C C C C 0 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Fuel flow, pph Fuel Flow, pph www.nasa.gov 1/3/2012 28

National Aeronautics and Space Administration EIHC of JP8 Fuels (AAFEX vs. AAFEX-2) AAFEX-2 AAFEX 25 25 Engine #2 Engine #3 Rake -6 -4 LG3 Rake = 0 -2 -4 -8 -10 JP8, LG6 LG4 RG4 JP8, GRC LG5 RG5 20 20 C ICAO RP5 C ICAO RG6 Rake -6 4 6 8 EI HC ( g/kg-fuel) EI HC ( g/kg-fuel) JP8, RG7 15 JP8, RG10 15 10 10 5 5 C C 0 C C C 0 C C C 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Fuel flow, pph Fuel Flow, pph www.nasa.gov 1/3/2012 29