[PPT] - Engine Performance and Certification Emissions Dan Bulzan, Changlie PowerPoint Presentation

SLIDE 1

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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Engine Performance and Certification Emissions

Dan Bulzan, Changlie Wey, and Robert Howard NASA Glenn Research Center, ASRC Corporation, AEDC/ATA AAFEX II Workshop Jan 13, 2012 Nashville, TN

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SLIDE 2

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Engine Performance

CFM56-2C1 engines

– 22,000 lbs thrust – Bypass Ratio 6.0 – Overall PR 31

# 2(port) engine operated on JP-8 for

reference and E-31 testing

#3(starboard) engine operated on test fuels
N1, N2, Fuel flow rate, and exhaust

temperature recorded manually

SLIDE 3

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Fuel Properties (Post-Test)

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Test JP-8 Tallow HRJ FT HRJ/JP-8 FT+THT Sulfur (ppm mass) 188 6 4 276 1083 Aromatics (% vol) 21.8 0.4 1.4 10.2 2.1 Initial Boiling Point (°C) 149 158 146 150 151 50% Recovered (°C) 201 209 177 204 177 End Point (°C) 268 254 226 263 224 Flash Point (°C) 46 52 43 46 43 Density @ 15°C (kg/L) 0.811 0.758 0.761 0.783 0.761 Freezing Point (°C) -47

53
49
76
54
77

Viscosity @ -20°C (mm²/s) 4.1 4.9 3.7 4.3 3.2 Hydrogen Content (% mass) 13.5 15.3 15 14.4 15 Smoke Point 22 34 34 31 30 Net Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) 42.8 43.6 43.8 43.3 43.8 Olefins (% vol) 0.7 0.2 1.6 0.6 1.5

SLIDE 4

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AAFEX 1 & 2 Comparison, JP-8

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SLIDE 5

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Engine Performance

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SLIDE 6

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Engine Performance

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SLIDE 7

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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Engine Performance

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SLIDE 8

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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Engine Performance

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SLIDE 9

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Exhaust Gas Temperature

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SLIDE 10

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Left (#2) Engine Rake Right (#3) Engine Rake Gaseous Certification Emissions Sampling Rakes at 1 m Downstream

SLIDE 11

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Right (#3) Rake showing mounted probes

SLIDE 12

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NOx Emissions

12 1/3/2012

Fuel Flow Rate, lbm/hr

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

EINOx (g/kg-fuel)

5 10 15 20 25 C C C C

FT2+THT HRJ Blend FT2 HRJ JP8 ICAO

C

SLIDE 13

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NOx Emissions – HV Corrected

13 1/3/2012

Corrected Fuel Flow Rate, lbm/hr

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

EINOx (g/kg-fuel)

5 10 15 20 25 C C C C

FT2+THT HRJ Blend FT2 HRJ JP8 ICAO

C

SLIDE 14

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CO Emissions

14 1/3/2012

Fuel Flow Rate, lbm/hr

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

EICO (g/kg-fuel)

20 40 60 80 100 120 C C C C

ICAO

C

JP8 HRJ FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT

SLIDE 15

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CO Emissions – HV Corrected

15 1/3/2012

Corrected Fuel Flow Rate, lbm/hr

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

EICO (g/kg-fuel)

20 40 60 80 100 120 C C C C

ICAO

C

JP8 HRJ FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT

SLIDE 16

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Unburned Hydrocarbons

16 1/3/2012

Fuel Flow Rate, lbm/hr

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

EIHC (g/kg-fuel)

5 10 15 20 25 C C C C

ICAO

C

JP8 HRJ FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT

SLIDE 17

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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Unburned Hydrocarbons – HV Corrected

17 1/3/2012

Corrected Fuel Flow Rate, lbm/hr

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

EIHC (g/kg-fuel)

5 10 15 20 25 C C C C

ICAO

C

JP8 HRJ FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT

SLIDE 18

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NOx Emissions

18 1/3/2012

N1, Corrected to Standard Day Condition

20 40 60 80 100

EINOx (g/kg-fuel)

5 10 15 20 25 C C C C

ICAO

C

JP8 HRJ FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT

SLIDE 19

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CO Emissions

19 1/3/2012

N1, Corrected to Standard Day Condition

20 40 60 80 100

EICO (g/kg-fuel)

20 40 60 80 100 120 C C C C

ICAO

C

JP8 HRJ FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT

SLIDE 20

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Unburned Hycrocarbon Emissions

20 1/3/2012

N1, Corrected to Standard Day Condition

20 40 60 80 100

EIHC (g/kg-fuel)

5 10 15 20 25 C C C C

ICAO

C

JP8 HRJ FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT

SLIDE 21

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Combustion Efficiency

21 1/3/2012

N1, Corrected to Standard Day Condition

20 40 60 80 100

Combustion Efficiency, %

95 96 97 98 99 100

JP8 HRJ FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT

SLIDE 22

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SO2 Emissions

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Fuel Flow, pph

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

EISO2 (g/kg-fuel)

1 2 3 4 5 HRJ FT 2 (Sasol) JP-8 HRJ Blend FT 2 + THT ICAO C

1/3/2012

SLIDE 23

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CO Emissions – Low Power Conditions

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Ambient Temperature, F

40 50 60 70 80 90

EICO (g/kg-fuel)

20 40 60 80 100 120

Solid Symbol: 4% Open symbol: 7% JP8 HRJ FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT

SLIDE 24

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Unburned Hydrocarbons – Low Power Conditions

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Ambient Temperature, F

40 50 60 70 80 90

EIHC (g/kg-fuel)

5 10 15 20 25

Solid Symbol: 4% Open symbol: 7% JP8 HRJ FT2 HRJ Blend FT2+THT

SLIDE 25

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Conclusions

Negligible effect of fuel type on engine performance

when compared on mass measurement basis and corrected for heating value within the accuracy of the measurements

Slight reduction in NOx emissions at higher power

conditions for FT fuel

Scatter in CO and HC emissions at idle and sub idle

due more to temperature effects than fuel type

SO2 emissions correlated directly with Sulfur in the

fuel as expected

Some slight leakage under engine with neat HRJ and

F-T fuels

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SLIDE 26

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Acknowledgments

Jeffrey Braun (Air Force Certification Division) and

Tim Edwards (Air Force Research Laboratory) for providing the Alternative fuels for the experiments

NASA Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility Personnel

for their assistance in performing the testing.

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SLIDE 27

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Fuel Flow, pph

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

EINOx (g/kg-fuel)

5 10 15 20

C C C C

Engine #3 RG4 RG5 RP5 RG6 Rake =

8
4
2
10

ICAO

C

LG5 LG4 LG3 Engine #2

EINOx of JP8 Fuels (AAFEX vs. AAFEX-2)

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AAFEX-2 AAFEX

1/3/2012

Fuel flow, pph

2000 4000 6000 8000

EINOx (g/kg-fuel)

5 10 15 20 C C C C Rake -6 4 6 8

JP8, RG10 JP8, RG7 ICAO

C

JP8, LG6 JP8, GRC

Rake -6 -4

SLIDE 28

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Fuel Flow, pph

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

EICO (g/kg-fuel)

20 40 60 80 100 120

C C C C Engine #3 RG4 RG5 RP5 RG6 Rake =

8
4
2
10

ICAO C LG5 LG4 LG3 Engine #2

EICO of JP8 Fuels (AAFEX vs. AAFEX-2)

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AAFEX-2 AAFEX

1/3/2012

Fuel flow, pph

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

EICO (g/kg-fuel)

20 40 60 80 100 120 C C C C Rake -6 4 6 8

JP8, RG10 JP8, RG7 ICAO

C

JP8, LG6 JP8, GRC

Rake -6 -4

SLIDE 29

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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Fuel Flow, pph

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

EIHC (g/kg-fuel)

5 10 15 20 25

C C C C

Engine #3 RG4 RG5 RP5 RG6 Rake =

8
4
2
10

ICAO

C

LG5 LG4 LG3 Engine #2

EIHC of JP8 Fuels (AAFEX vs. AAFEX-2)

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AAFEX-2 AAFEX

1/3/2012

Fuel flow, pph

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

EIHC (g/kg-fuel)

5 10 15 20 25 C C C C Rake -6 4 6 8

JP8, RG10 JP8, RG7 ICAO

C

JP8, LG6 JP8, GRC

Rake -6 -4