Energy Storage Technologies Rich Christie EE 500E October 16, 2008 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
energy storage technologies
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

Energy Storage Technologies Rich Christie EE 500E October 16, 2008 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Dec 01, 2022 176 likes •758 views

Energy Storage Technologies Rich Christie EE 500E October 16, 2008 Energy Policy Seminar US Energy Policy: Priorities for the Next Administration Organized by The Forum On Science Ethics and Policy (FOSEP) When: Thursday, October

slide-1
SLIDE 1

Energy Storage Technologies

Rich Christie EE 500E October 16, 2008

slide-2
SLIDE 2

10/20/2008 2

Energy Policy Seminar

US Energy Policy: Priorities for the Next

Administration

Organized by The Forum On Science Ethics

and Policy (FOSEP)

When: Thursday, October 16, 2008, 7-9pm Where: UW Campus, Kane Hall, room 130 Panelists from science, policy, economy and

industry.

slide-3
SLIDE 3

10/20/2008 3

Overview

Purpose of Energy Storage Types of Energy Storage

  • Pumped Storage Hydro (PSH)
  • Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
  • Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)
  • Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESS)
  • Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage

(SMES)

  • Ultracapacitors
slide-4
SLIDE 4

10/20/2008 4

Purpose of Energy Storage

Focus is Large Scale Utility Storage

  • Many small scale applications: cell phones,

substation power supply, hybrid electric vehicles, uninterruptible power supplies

Purpose

  • Peak shaving
  • Investment deferral
  • Generation shaping
slide-5
SLIDE 5

10/20/2008 5

Peak Shaving

time P Daily Load Shape

slide-6
SLIDE 6

10/20/2008 6

Peak Shaving

time P Daily Load Shape Charging Charging Discharging

slide-7
SLIDE 7

10/20/2008 7

Peak Shaving

Benefits

  • Supply cheap off-peak power to on-peak times
  • Keep base load units on line during off-peak

Issues

  • Need high price differential to be economic
  • Round trip efficiency must be high
  • Enables base load - CO2 release may increase
  • Daily load shape sets storage and power requirements
  • Major motivator for existing storage facilities
slide-8
SLIDE 8

10/20/2008 8

Investment Deferral

Idea: Optimal utilization of transmission

investment

Transfer % Above Only a few hours at maximum load

slide-9
SLIDE 9

10/20/2008 9

Investment Deferral

Storage allows line to operate closer to

average power output

Transfer % Above Storage

slide-10
SLIDE 10

10/20/2008 10

Investment Deferral

Benefits

  • More capacity (MWh transferred) from same line
  • Can defer transmission construction
  • Transmission losses reduced for same energy transfer
  • Also provides peak shaving benefits

Issues

  • How does storage capture value of investment

deferral and reduced losses in deregulated market?

slide-11
SLIDE 11

10/20/2008 11

Generation Shaping

Wind energy is random, intermittent, over large

scales and short times (10 minutes)

Load is slowly varying over 10 minutes Wind variation must be met by change in

controllable output

Generation kept on line and off market to

provide response to wind costs money and emissions

slide-12
SLIDE 12

10/20/2008 12

Generation Shaping

Storage a solution

P t P t

Storage

P t P t P t

slide-13
SLIDE 13

10/20/2008 13

Generation Shaping

Benefits

  • Smooth, controllable wind farm output
  • Reduces wind farm transfer requirement

Issues

  • Adds to wind farm costs, and thus cost of

wind power

  • Regulation currently estimated to add 10% to

cost of wind – not enough to pay for storage

slide-14
SLIDE 14

10/20/2008 14

Overview

Purpose of Energy Storage Types of Energy Storage

  • Pumped Storage Hydro (PSH)
  • Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
  • Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)
  • Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESS)
  • Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage

(SMES)

  • Ultracapacitors
slide-15
SLIDE 15

10/20/2008 15

Pumped Storage Hydro

Store energy as gravitational potential energy

  • f water

Need large reservoirs separated by height:

1m3 H2O at 100m = 0.272 kWh

70-85% round trip efficiency

  • Electrical losses
  • Hydraulic losses
  • Evaporation

Geographically constrained locations

slide-16
SLIDE 16

10/20/2008 16

Pumped Storage Hydro

TVA

Raccoon Mountain Pumped Storage Plant, Tennessee

slide-17
SLIDE 17

10/20/2008 17

Pumped Storage Hydro

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Stwlan.dam.jpg

Ffestiniog Pumped Storage Scheme, Wales, Great Britain

slide-18
SLIDE 18

10/20/2008 18

Pumped Storage Hydro

Tianhuangping pumped storage hydroelectric project , China

slide-19
SLIDE 19

10/20/2008 19

Pumped Storage Hydro

Machinery

  • 1890s – separate pumps and generators
  • 1960s – reversible machines
  • 1980s – variable pitch impellers
  • Future – Constant speed generation, variable

speed (frequency) pumping

slide-20
SLIDE 20

10/20/2008 20

Pumped Storage Hydro

http://www.power-technology.com/projects/kazunogawa/kazunogawa2.html

Kazunogawa PSH, Japan, 2000. High head, reversible Francis Vane

slide-21
SLIDE 21

10/20/2008 21

Pumped Storage Hydro

37 sites in US, including Grand Coulee Dam 19.5 GW - 2.5% of base load generation - in

US (2000) (EU – 5.5%, about 21 GW)

Capital cost about $600/kW (range 160-2,000) (2000 is underground generation, open air

reservoirs) (energystorage.org)

Scheduling similar to Optimal Power Flow “Fuel” cost = off peak price / efficiency

slide-22
SLIDE 22

10/20/2008 22

Pumped Storage Hydro Innovation

Underground reservoir – old mines Use of brine as a working fluid

slide-23
SLIDE 23

10/20/2008 23

Pumped Storage Hydro Future

Most economic energy storage

technology

Geographically constrained Environmental opposition Underground may relieve both problems

at increased cost

Expect continued expansion

slide-24
SLIDE 24

10/20/2008 24

Compressed Air Energy Storage

Concept:

  • Compress air into a large volume with off-

peak electricity

  • Use air to burn natural gas on-peak
  • Natural gas burns with improved efficiency
  • About 2/3rds of output from natural gas, 1/3

from energy storage

Cost: 1991 110 MW plant $591/kW =

$889/kW today. (www.electricitystorage.org)

slide-25
SLIDE 25

10/20/2008 25

Compressed Air Energy Storage

Fuel Air Compressor Expander Combustion Turbine

slide-26
SLIDE 26

10/20/2008 26

Compressed Air Energy Storage

Air Compressor Expander CAES Storing Storage

M G

slide-27
SLIDE 27

10/20/2008 27

M

Compressed Air Energy Storage

Fuel Compressor Expander CAES Generating Storage

G

slide-28
SLIDE 28

10/20/2008 28

Compressed Air Energy Storage

CAES:

  • 0.69kWh off peak electricity +
  • 1.17 kWh natural gas =
  • 1.00 kWh on-peak electricity

Combustion Turbine

  • 1.67 kWh natural gas =
  • 1.00 kWh electricity
slide-29
SLIDE 29

10/20/2008 29

Compressed Air Energy Storage

Recuperator heats expanding air with turbine exhaust

slide-30
SLIDE 30

10/20/2008 30

Compressed Air Energy Storage

http://www.bine.info/pdf/publikation/projekt0507englinternetx.pdf

slide-31
SLIDE 31

10/20/2008 31

Compressed Air Energy Storage

Storage is in a salt cavity or abandoned

salt mine

Issue is what to do with heat of

compression – current CAES dissipate it

Future CAES with adiabatic storage

could dispense with natural gas

slide-32
SLIDE 32

10/20/2008 32

Compressed Air Energy Storage

Future

  • Storage in porous aquifer – no cavern

required

  • Used for natural gas storage
  • Greatly expands potential geologic storage sites
  • 70-80% of US may be suitable
  • Not greenhouse gas free (could be)
  • A number of projects on drawing board
slide-33
SLIDE 33

10/20/2008 33

Battery Energy Storage Systems

Lead Acid (Note battery seminar coming) Flow Batteries Hydrogen Economy

slide-34
SLIDE 34

10/20/2008 34

Battery Energy Storage Systems

Since the 1970s several large scale lead-acid

battery systems have been installed in the US

Largest is 20 MW in Puerto Rico (PREPA),

used to provide spinning reserve and frequency control

1/6 to ¼ cheaper over 20 year lifetime than

competing resources

Japan said to have 150 MW in BESS

slide-35
SLIDE 35

10/20/2008 35

PREPA Battery System

6000 cells in 6 1000

cell strings

DC 2kV Two 10 MVA

converter-inverters

Capital cost 1,070

$/kW in 1991 (1,400 today)

Other BESS costs given as 201-707$/kW by energystorage.org.

slide-36
SLIDE 36

10/20/2008 36

Battery Energy Storage Systems

slide-37
SLIDE 37

10/20/2008 37

Flow Batteries

Idea is to store reactants externally, pump into

reactor to make electricity

As opposed to, e.g. lead acid batteries where

reactants and electrolyte are all in one volume

Decouples power rating (size of reactor and

pumps) and energy storage (size of tanks)

Just like a fuel cell, but with different reactants.

slide-38
SLIDE 38

10/20/2008 38

Flow Batteries

Vanadium Redox Batteries (VRB)

leading contender

Developed in Australia, licensed to

Sumitomo (Japan) and VRB (Vancouver, BC)

500 kW installations Cost 350-600 $/kW (VRB quote)

$170/kWh incremental

slide-39
SLIDE 39

10/20/2008 39

Flow Batteries

http://www.electricitystorage.org/pubs/2001/IEEE_PES_Summer2001/Miyake.pdf

slide-40
SLIDE 40

10/20/2008 40

Flow Batteries

http://www.electricitystorage.org/pubs/2001/IEEE_PES_Summer2001/Miyake.pdf

These compounds are in H2SO4.

slide-41
SLIDE 41

10/20/2008 41

Other Flow Batteries

Regenesys – Polysulfide Bromide

  • 15 MW and 12 MW plant construction in UK,

US (TVA)

  • US construction halted when environmental

review showed leak would result in bromine gas release

  • Technology now dead
slide-42
SLIDE 42

10/20/2008 42

Other Flow Batteries

Sodium-Sulfide

(NaS)

  • Liquid sulfur, liquid

sodium

  • 6 MW 8 hour unit

installed for Tokyo Electric

  • 89% efficient
slide-43
SLIDE 43

10/20/2008 43

Other Flow Batteries

Fuel Cells

  • Require separate electrolyzer
  • Round trip efficiency low
  • Hydrogen storage a problem
  • Vital part of the hydrogen economy (all energy

transportation in hydrogen)

slide-44
SLIDE 44

10/20/2008 44

Flyw heel Energy Storage

Energy storage as rotational kinetic

energy of a spinning mass

Fast response High self-discharge (rundown) Steel or composite rotors in vacuum Magnetic or superconducting levitating

bearings

slide-45
SLIDE 45

10/20/2008 45

Flyw heel Energy Storage

slide-46
SLIDE 46

10/20/2008 46

Flyw heel Energy Storage

http://www.caiso.com/1ca5/1ca5a7a026270.pdf

Proposed 20MVA Flywheel farm for CAISO Regulation

slide-47
SLIDE 47

10/20/2008 47

Flyw heel Energy Storage

Cost $1,250/kW

(http://www.eastwickpress.com/search/Default.asp?a=e&id=8427)

Low energy density No large installations – 20 MW planned Competitive for UPS applications

slide-48
SLIDE 48

10/20/2008 48

Idea: Store energy in

magnetic field of current circulating in superconductor

95% conversion

efficiency

Very fast response

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage

2MJ, 200kW SMES system, ACCEL

slide-49
SLIDE 49

10/20/2008 49

SMES

GE & American Superconductor - 3

MW portable (trailer sized) units for transient response

Late 1980’s “Engineering Test

Model” design of 20 MWh SMES, never built

Current uses mostly power quality,

8-45 sec UPS applications

slide-50
SLIDE 50

10/20/2008 50

SMES

Issues:

  • Low energy density
  • High cost
  • Superconductor cost dominates over

cryocooling costs. Hence uses low temperature superconductors, e.g. Nb3Sn, and liquid Helium

  • Cooling and insulation, mechanical stress and

power conversion are main challenges

slide-51
SLIDE 51

10/20/2008 51

Ultracapacitors

Concept: High surface area, low

separation, increased capacitance

Uses an electrical double layer as the

dielectric (insulator)

Electrical Double Layer forms between

solid and electrolyte solution

slide-52
SLIDE 52

10/20/2008 52

Electrical Double Layer

Solid Solution Neutral Charged Assumption is charge does not combine across surface. True for low voltages. (Stern’s model)

slide-53
SLIDE 53

10/20/2008 53

Electrical Double Layer

Solid Solution

Concentration of charge at surface is the same as in a capacitor. (Brownian motion competes with electrostatic attraction.)

slide-54
SLIDE 54

10/20/2008 54

Ultracapacitors

Capacitance 10K times conventional Large ultracapacitors to 5000 F Commercial: 6 Wh/kg, uses activated

charcoal

Electron fit to charcoal pores is not ideal

  • Carbon nanotubes provide 30-60 Wh/kg
  • Carbon aerogels also being tested
slide-55
SLIDE 55

10/20/2008 55

Ultracapacitors

EEStor claims higher barrier voltages, 200-300

Wh/kg. (Some skepticism.)

Compare to Li-ion 120 Wh/kg, lead acid 40

Wh/kg, gasoline 12,000 Wh/kg

Ultracapacitors have very high power density

(kW/kg), 10,000 times batteries

Ultracapacitors have very high cycles Costs unknown, technology changing rapidly

slide-56
SLIDE 56

10/20/2008 56

Summary

Pumped storage hydro is the best large scale

energy storage technology, but with limited siting potential

After that, lead acid batteries seem to be the

next most cost effective. Li-ion may be emerging

CAES in porous aquifer, adiabatic, may be

competitive

Many storage technologies have high power,

low energy, high cost

slide-57
SLIDE 57

10/20/2008 57

Cost Comparison

Technology Installed Cost Remarks Pumped Storage Hydro 40 GW $600/kW (160-2000) Location constrained Compressed Air 400 MW $889/kW 2/3 NG Lead Acid BESS 170 MW $1400/kw (200-1400) Flow Battery

  • $350-600/kW +

$170/kWh 4hr = $1280/kW FESS

  • $1250/kW

SMES 12 MW ? Transient response Ultracapacitor

  • ?

Most dynamic