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Energy Scenarios to 2040: What it Takes to Reach INDCs and Beyond April 2016 Enerdata: a global energy intelligence company Independent energy research & consulting company since 1991 Spin-off of CNRS research center Expert in

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Energy Scenarios to 2040:

What it Takes to Reach INDCs and Beyond

April 2016

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Enerdata: a global energy intelligence company

  • Independent energy research & consulting company since 1991
  • Spin-off of CNRS research center
  • Expert in analysis and forecasting of global energy & climate issues
  • In-house and globally recognized databases and forecasting models
  • Headquartered in the Grenoble (French Alps) research cluster
  • Offices in Paris, London and Singapore + network of partners WW
  • Global reach: clients in Europe, Asia, Americas, Africa

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 2

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EnerFuture workshop

  • Introduction

Methodology and scenarios overview

  • Ener-Blue

INDCs based scenario

  • Ener-Green

2°C max. increase scenario

  • Supply
  • Focus on China
  • Focus on EU-28
  • Conclusions

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 3

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Methodology and scenarios overview

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016

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EnerFuture: global energy scenarios to 2040

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 5

With identical macro- economic hypothesis: population, GDP growth…

Today

… allows us to explore different pathways for energy markets

2040 ?

Demand

Global & regional dynamics, fuel mix, efficiency…

Supply & Prices

Availability, self-sufficiency, trade, bills …

Sustainability

CO2 emissions…

Alternative assumptions for key drivers : resources, climate and energy policies, available technological options …

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

POLES Model

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Description of the EnerFuture scenarios

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 6

Ener-Brown Ener-Blue Ener-Green

  • Increase in developing

countries

  • Stable in OECD
  • Controlled through INDCs
  • Global stabilization
  • Ambitious energy efficiency

policies

  • Regular updates of efficiency

targets

  • Limited improvement on

energy intensity

  • High growth in developing

countries

  • Growth in OECD too
  • Tensions on available

resources

  • Increasing energy prices
  • Diversification towards

renewables

  • Fossil fuel subsidies phase-out
  • Strong development of

renewables

  • Price increase reflect policies

and CO2 constraints

  • Fossil fuels renaissance
  • Lower energy prices
  • Strong fossil fuel

technological improvement

  • Continued efforts on renewables

ENERGY SUPPLY & PRICES

  • 2030 INDCs targets achieved
  • CO2 emissions growth slow-

down

  • +3-4°C temperature increase
  • Reinforcement trend
  • INDCs targets regularly

reviewed upwards

  • +1.5-2°C temperature increase
  • INDCs targets not reached
  • Soaring CO2 emissions
  • +5-6°C temperature increase

CLIMATE & ENERGY POLICIES ENERGY DEMAND

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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Key energy indicators by scenario

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 8

Primary demand Share fossil fuels in energy mix GHG emissions level

10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 2010 2020 2030 2040 Mtoe 20 30 40 50 60 2010 2020 2030 2040 GtCO2eq

Source: EnerFuture

20 40 60 80 100

2010 2020 2030 2040

toe/M$(14)

Energy intensity

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2010 2020 2030 2040 % Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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Ener-Blue: key outputs based on INDCs’ targets achievement

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016

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Expected economic recovery will drive up energy consumption…

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 12

Source: EnerFuture Comparison base year: 2010 Source: UN World Population Prospects (2015 Revision) Source: IMF outlook (2014 – 2020) CEPII Baseline (2021 – 2040)

Population Energy demand GDP

50 100 150 200 250 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 GDP (T$05ppp) OECD NOECD World CAGR (%)

x 3.7 x 1.8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Population (billion)

+ 36 % + 12 %

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Energy Demand (Gtoe)

+ 70 %

  • 3 %

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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… pulled by developing countries, when OECD demand stabilizes.

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 13

Non- OECD 70% 2014 (13.3 Gtoe) OECD 40% Non- OECD 60%

+4,0 Gtoe (+30%)

2040 (17.3 Gtoe)

China

OECD 30%

USA EU-28 Japan Rest OECD

  • S. Korea

India Russia Brazil Rest Non-OECD India Rest Non-OECD China USA EU-28 Japan S.Korea Russia Brazil Rest OECD

Source: EnerFuture, Ener-Blue scenario

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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Fossil fuels’ domination decreases from 80% to 70% of the mix…

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 14

Source: EnerFuture, Ener-Blue scenario

Primary demand OECD, Ener-Blue Primary demand Non-OECD, Ener-Blue

… impacted by the high increase in renewables sources.

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 Mtoe 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 Mtoe

Oth. renewables Biomass and wastes Nuclear Coal Gas Oil 62% 83%

Share fossil fuels

73% 75% 80% 78%

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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INDCs are key targets to ensure global GHG emissions reductions …

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 16

min.-40% GHG emissions by 2030 vs 1990

EU-28

  • 26% to -28%

GHG emissions by 2025 vs 2005

USA

  • 60% to -65%

(CO2 intensity) by 2030 vs 2005

China

  • 43% GHG emissions

by 2030 vs BaU

Brazil

  • 33% to -35%

(carbon intensity) by 2030 vs 2005

India

… but ambitions remain different depending on the countries.

Reduction efforts of CO2 intensity* in G20, INDC target recalculated vs 1990

* CO2 intensity of GDP: ratio of CO2 emissions to GDP,

  • excl. LULUCF

Source: UNFCCC, submitted INDCs G20 represent ~85% of GHG global emissions

  • 25% to -30%

GHG emissions by 2030 vs 1990

Russia

80 % 0 % 40 % 60 % 20 %

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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In Non-OECD countries, energy intensity is more than halved over 2010-2040…

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 18

Source: EnerFuture, Ener-Blue scenario

Energy intensity 2010-2040, Ener-Blue

… and converges toward OECD countries’ levels.

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2010 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Energy Intensity (toe/M$05) China USA EU-28 India Non-OECD OECD

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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INDCs lead to a growing decoupling between GHG emissions and GDP, mostly in OECD…

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 19

China USA EU-28 India Brazil

World

Japan

  • S. Korea

South Af. Mexico Russia Turkey Australia Saudi Arabia Canada 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000

kg CO2 per capita (excl. LULUCF) GDP per capita ($2005)

…however these improvements are not sufficient to cope with global climate challenges.

Source: EnerFuture, Ener-Blue scenario

GDP & CO2 per cap. in 2010 and 2030, Ener-Blue

0 2 2010 2030

Developed countries Developing countries

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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Ener-Green key outputs

from COP21 INDCs to a 2°C ambition

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016

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GHG emissions reductions implied by INDCs are not sufficient to reach the 2°C target …

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 21

10 20 30 40 50 60 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 GtCO2eq INDC Ener-Brown Ener-Green Ener-Blue

INDC: 40.1 to 46.7 GtCO2eq in 2030

GHG emissions in China* GHG emissions in EU-28* GHG emissions in USA*

Source: UNFCCC, submitted INDCs and EnerFuture * excl. LULUCF

… Strengthened efforts and policies are necessary to ensure GHG emissions compatible with the UN 2°C goal. .

+5-6°C +3-4°C +1.5-2°C

2 4 6 8 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 GtCO2eq 5 10 15 20 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 GtCO2eq

Global GHG emissions* and path to 2100

2 4 6 8 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 GtCO2eq

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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70% of additional emissions reduction should come from Non-OECD

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 23 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 GtCO2 eq OECD Non-OECD

Source: EnerFuture, Ener-Blue and Ener-Green scenarios

Ener-Green Ener-Blue

% reduction, cum. 2010-2040

EU-28 USA Rest OECD Brazil India Rest Non-OECD China 5% 12% 11% 1% 9% 30% 32%

28% 72%

11 GtCO2eq 27 GtCO2eq 26 GtCO2eq 3 GtCO2eq 22 GtCO2eq 70 GtCO2eq 75 GtCO2eq

… and China would represent ~1/3 of the global additional efforts to be made to reach the +2°C objective.

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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Reaching the 2°C target leads to an important shift in the energy mix…

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 24

24% 21% 24% 8% 23%

2040, Ener-Blue

26% 18% 21% 9% 26%

Oil Gas Coal Nuclear Renewables 2030, Ener-Green

30% 22% 29% 6% 13%

2010

27% 20% 27% 7% 19%

2030, Ener-Blue

22% 15% 12% 13% 38%

2040, Ener-Green

World primary energy mix, Ener-Blue vs Ener-Green

Source: EnerFuture, Ener-Blue & Ener-Green scenarios

13 Gtoe 16 Gtoe 14 Gtoe 17 Gtoe 14 Gtoe

  • Very high growth of RES (+ nuclear development)
  • While coal production would dramatically decrease.

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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To reach the 2°C objective, the coal share in power would decrease dramatically…

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 25

% of Coal in Power Gen., 2014

Source: EnerFuture, Ener-Green scenarios

% of Coal in Power Gen., Ener-Green, 2040

100 % 50 75 25

41% 13% … despite the deployment of carbon capture and storage technology which would reach 20% of coal installed capacities in 2040

9 738 TWh 5 025 TWh Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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All sectors should contribute to the necessary energy demand stabilisation…

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 26

Source: EnerFuture, Ener-Blue and Ener-Green scenarios

Ener-Blue Ener-Green

Contribution by sector, 2040 Global final demand by sector

  • 19%
  • 24%

… accompanied by an increased electrification.

5000 10000 15000 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Mtoe 2040

29% 28% 43%

10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Share of power in final demand Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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Additional costs and investments will be needed to reach the 2°C target…

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 27 0,0% 0,5% 1,0% 1,5% 2,0% 2,5% 3,0% 3,5%

CO2 costs EE costs RES subsidies Primary energy expenses Power infrastructure costs* CO2 costs EE costs Primary energy expenses Power infrastructure costs* RES subsidies CO2 costs EE costs RES subsidies Primary energy expenses Power infrastructure costs* 2015-2020 2020-2030 2030-2040

% GDP Ener-Blue Ener-Green Average investments by period in % of GDP

Source: EnerFuture, Ener-Blue and Ener- Green scenarios

* Excluding subsidies.

… on the other hand, climate and energy policies should enable to decrease significantly the energy import costs.

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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EnerBlue – EnerGreen – EnerBrown

Focus on supply

  • il

gas coal nuclear renewables

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016

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Primary Energy mix evolution by scenario

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 29

Source: EnerFuture

Ener-Green Ener-Blue Ener-Brown

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 Mtoe 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 Mtoe 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 Mtoe

  • Fossil fuels stay at 76% in Ener-Brown and 70% in Ener-Blue, but

fall down to 50% in Ener-Green.

  • RES + Nuclear vary from 24% (Ener-Brown) to 50% (Ener-Green).

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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50 100 150 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

Mb/d

North America Oceania Europe CIS Asia North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa Central & South America Middle East Ener-Green Ener-Brown Ener-Blue

Global oil demand is strongly impacted by climate and energy policies

32

China becomes the biggest

  • il

consumer around 2020, followed by the USA and India.

Source: EnerFuture

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

Global oil production, 2000-2040 Top oil producers, Ener-Blue

88 Mb/d ~ 110-120 Mb/d ~ 100 Mb/d ~ 60-70 Mb/d

16% 9% 10% 4% 7% 5% 4% 5% 5% 35%

2040

Saudi Arabia USA Russia Canada China U.A.E. Koweit Iraq Iran 13% 13% 12% 5% 5% 4% 4% 3% 4% 37%

2014

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2000 4000 6000 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

bcm

North America Oceania Europe CIS Asia North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa Central & South America Middle East Ener-Green Ener-Brown Ener-Blue

Global gas consumption continues to increase excepted in Ener-Green

34

7 countries concentrate ~60% of the global production.

Source: EnerFuture

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

Global gas production, 2000-2040 Top gas producers, Ener-Blue

3500 bcm ~ 5500 bcm ~ 4500 bcm ~ 2500 bcm

16% 18% 7% 6% 3% 7% 1% 42%

2040

USA Russia Iran Qatar Canada China Norway Rest of the World 21% 19% 5% 4% 4% 4% 3% 40%

2014

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1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

Mtce Middle East Central & South America North Africa and Sub- Saharan Africa Asia CIS Europe Oceania North America Ener-Green Ener-Brown Ener-Blue

Global coal production decreases only in Ener-Green, but sharply

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 37

Source: EnerFuture

Global coal production, 2000-2040

China remains the biggest coal consumer (~75% of the Asian demand in 2040 in Ener-Blue), followed by India and the USA.

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion ~ 8500 Mtce ~ 7300 Mtce ~ 3000 Mtce 7000 Mtce

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Nuclear development participates to climate and energy policies, especially in Asia…

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 40

Nuclear installed capacities, Ener-Blue

  • China : 22% of the total installed capacities
  • Japan restarts, India + rest of Asia grow, CIS too…
  • Germany completes its phase-out

Source: EnerFuture, Ener-Blue scenario

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

GW OECD Asia/Pacific Rest Asia China India Rest Latin America Brazil Africa & Mid. East CIS USA EU-28 Rest OECD Ener-Green Ener-Brown Ener-Blue

375 GW ~ 650 GW ~ 700 GW ~ 900 GW

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Renewables will continue to develop strongly in all regions of the world…

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 44

Wind installed capacities, Ener-Blue

… and China will represent more than 40% and 30% of the total installed wind and solar capacities respectively.

Source: EnerFuture, Ener-Blue scenario

Solar installed capacities, Ener-Blue

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

GW

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

GW

400 GW ~ 1400 GW ~ 1900 GW ~ 3000 GW 200 GW ~ 1300 GW ~ 1600 GW ~ 2300 GW

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Regional focus: China

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016

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In China, huge additional efforts will be required to enable the global 2°C target…

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 49

Source: EnerFuture

  • Cum. GHG reduction options, 2010-2040

Annual GHG emissions reduction

… with long-term GHG reduction mainly driven by power and industry.

4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 2… 2… 2… 2… 2… 2… 2… Ener-Blue Ener-Green Ener-Brown 51% 28% 6% 6% 7% 1% 1% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2010-2040

Agriculture Waste Other Buildings Transport Industry Power

4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 MtCO2eq

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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RES in China: around 40% of total installed capacities in 2030 (Ener-Blue)…

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 51

Source: EnerFuture, Ener-Blue, scenario

New installed capacities in China, Ener-Blue

Official targets and indicators, Ener-Blue

… and more than 50% of additional capacities after 2025.

Installed capacities, Ener-Blue Average annual new capacities (GW/year) 2000-2014 2014-2020 2020-2030 Renewables (GW) 13 41 92

  • f which wind (GW)

8 21 52

  • f which solar (GW)

10 29 Fossil (GW) 66 110 57

  • f which oil (GW)

1

  • f which gas (GW)

2 17 11

  • f which coal (GW)

63 93 45 Nuclear 1 10 6

2014-2030 Capacities Production Target 2020 100 GW 200 GW 85 GW Wind Solar Nuclear

x4 x10 x6 x6 x19 x7

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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Regional focus: European Union

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016

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EU’s 2030 target on emissions mainly reached via the deployment of renewables & efficiency

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 53

Source: EnerFuture

  • Cum. GHG reduction options 2010-30

EU-28 annual GHG emission reductions

… with a decarbonisation principally achieved in the power and transport sectors.

53% 43% 2% 4% 4% 6%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2010-2030

CCS Agriculture Nuclear Elec, heat Non-CO2, process Waste Fossil switch Renewables Demand reduction Source: EnerFuture, Ener-Blue and Ener- Brown scenarios

1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 MtCO2eq 1990 level

2020 target 2030 target

  • 20%
  • 40%

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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Enabling the 2°C target will heavily depend on demand reduction and renewables…

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 54

Source: EnerFuture

  • Cum. GHG reduction options 2010-40

EU-28 annual GHG emission reductions

Source: EnerFuture, Ener-Blue and Ener- Green scenarios

29% 32% 8% 2% 14% 4% 4% 3% 5%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2010 - 2040

CCS Agriculture Nuclear Elec, heat Non-CO2, process Waste Fossil switch Renewables Demand reduction

… but options will also include fossil fuel switch (coal to gas) and processes improvement.

1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 MtCO2eq 1990 level

2020 target 2030 target

  • 20%
  • 40%

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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In the power sector, EU’s climate policies mainly affect coal generation costs, benefiting gas…

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 57

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Coal Wind onshore Gas CCGT Wind offshore Solar Dis. PV Coal Wind onshore Gas CCGT Wind offshore Solar Dis. PV Coal Wind onshore Gas CCGT Wind offshore Solar Dis. PV 2014 2020 2030 CO2 Cost O&M Cost Fuel Cost

  • Inv. Cost

LCOE: Levelised cost of electricity is the average generation cost for a given technology, expressed in present value equivalent. Direct renewable support is included.

Power gen. in EU-28, Ener-Green

Source: EnerFuture, Ener-Green scenario

  • Incl. feed-in tariffs

Average LCOE (€/MWh) in EU-28, Ener-Green

… but its attractiveness is eventually reduced as renewables become a very competitive option.

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 TWh Oil Nuclear Gas Coal Hydro Wind Solar Biomass Other

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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Conclusions

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016

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EnerFuture scenarios – wrap up

Understanding our Energy Future - April 2016 59

Ener-Brown Ener-Blue Ener-Green

  • 2030 INDCs targets achieved
  • CO2 emissions growth slow-

down

+3-4°C temperature increase

  • Reinforcement trend
  • INDCs targets regularly

reviewed upwards

+1.5-2°C temperature increase

  • INDCs objectives not reached
  • Soaring CO2 emissions

+5-6°C temperature increase

  • Demand: +30% over 2014-40,

up to +50% in Non-OECD

  • Energy mix transformation :

less fossil (70% in 2040), RES share >20% by 2040

  • Energy intensity divided by 2
  • ver 2014-2040
  • GHG emissions stabilization

around 44 GtCO2eq, thanks to RES and Energy Efficiency

  • CO2 shadow price ~30€/tCO2

in 2040 (~70€/tCO2 in the EU)

  • Global demand stabilization

below 14 Gtoe

  • Fossil fuels share <50% by

2040- big coal decrease

  • RES + nuclear development:

70% of power capacities (2040)

  • GHG emissions reach ~21

GtCO2eq; 70% of reduction efforts in Non-OECD countries

  • Add. costs + investments

(CO2 shadow price >400€/tCO2)

balanced partially by lower fuel costs

  • Demand continuous growth:

+45% over 2014-2040

  • Fossil fuels stay at 75% and

grow in volume, with gas gaining market share

  • 40% of global natural gas

supply will come from shale gas in 2040

  • RES power production also

grows: x2.3 over 2014-2040

  • GHG emissions growth: +33%
  • ver 2014-2040, reaching 53

GtCO2eq

KEY OUTPUTS POLICIES & OBJECTIVES

Introduction | Ener-Blue | Ener-Green | Supply | China | EU-28 | Conclusion

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www.enerdata.net

Thank you for your attention !

Contact: About Enerdata:

Enerdata is an energy intelligence and consulting company established in 1991. Our experts will help you tackle key energy and climate issues and make sound strategic and business decisions. We provide research, solutions, consulting and training to key energy players worldwide.

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