EEN320 - Power Systems I ( ) Part 8: Current and future trends - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

EEN320 - Power Systems I (Συστήματα Ισχύος Ι)

Part 8: Current and future trends in power system operation - the path to the smart grid

Dr Petros Aristidou

Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering & Informatics Last updated: April 6, 2020

Today’s learning objectives

After this lecture and additional reading, you should be able to . . . . . . motivate the need for smart grids . . . give an overview of technologies and concepts needed to establish smart grids

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1st question: How much energy do you use per year? 2nd question: Do you spend any time thinking about when to use energy?

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1st question: How much energy do you use per year? I have no idea. 2nd question: Do you spend any time thinking about when to use energy? Of course, not!

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1 Outline

1

The electrical energy system: past & present (review)

2

The uprise of renewable energy

3

The path of the electrical energy system

4

The smart grid system paradigm

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1 The electrical energy system: review of traditional setup

Transmission Distribution

Electrical grid Fossil-fueled energy production Operation & monitoring system Loads Frequency

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1 The electrical energy system: review of traditional setup

Transmission Distribution

Electrical grid Fossil-fueled energy production Operation & monitoring system Loads Frequency Advantage of fossil fuels: available on demand whenever required

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1 Traditional energy system paradigm

Production follows demand

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1 The electrical energy system: production follows demand

Transmission Distribution

Electrical grid Fossil-fueled energy production Operation & monitoring system Loads Frequency

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1 The electrical energy system: production follows demand

Transmission Distribution

Electrical grid Fossil-fueled energy production Operation & monitoring system Loads Frequency One- directional power flow

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1 The electrical energy system: production follows demand

Transmission Distribution

Electrical grid Fossil-fueled energy production Operation & monitoring system Loads Frequency

— Load

• ·- Fossil production

— Grid frequency

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5 10 15 20 20 40 60

Power [GW] t [h]

5 10 15 20 49.25 49.5 49.75 50 50.25 50.5 50.75

t [h] f [Hz]

2 Outline

1

The electrical energy system: past & present (review)

2

The uprise of renewable energy

3

The path of the electrical energy system

4

The smart grid system paradigm

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2 Two major problems with fossil fuels

1) Energy generation from fossil fuels highly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions & climate change! 2) Fossil fuels are finite!

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2 A (partial) solution

Shift energy production from fossil to renewable energy sources!

Offshore wind Onshore wind Marine power Solar power Bioenergy Small hydro power

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3 Outline

1

The electrical energy system: past & present (review)

2

The uprise of renewable energy

3

The path of the electrical energy system

4

The smart grid system paradigm

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3 The electrical energy system: present

Transmission Distribution

Electrical grid Fossil-fueled energy production Operation & monitoring system Loads Frequency

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3 The electrical energy system: present

Transmission Distribution

Electrical grid Fossil-fueled energy production Operation & monitoring system Loads Renewable energy production Frequency

, ΕΕΝ320 — Dr Petros Aristidou — Last updated: April 6, 2020 13/ 36

3 The electrical energy system: present

Transmission Distribution

Electrical grid Fossil-fueled energy production Operation & monitoring system Loads Renewable energy production Frequency

— Load

• ·- Fossil production

— Grid frequency — Renewable production

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5 10 15 20 20 40 60

Power [GW] t [h]

5 10 15 20 49.25 49.5 49.75 50 50.25 50.5 50.75

t [h] f [Hz]

3 The electrical energy system: future

Transmission Distribution

Electrical grid Less fossil-fueled energy production Operation & monitoring system Solar homes & loads More renewable energy production Frequency Reduction of fossil- fueled power plants Increasing amount of renewable energy plants at distribution level Increasing amount of solar homes

, ΕΕΝ320 — Dr Petros Aristidou — Last updated: April 6, 2020 14/ 36

3 The electrical energy system: future

Transmission Distribution

Electrical grid Less fossil-fueled energy production Operation & monitoring system Solar homes & loads More renewable energy production Frequency Bi- directional power flow Reduction of fossil- fueled power plants Increasing amount of renewable energy plants at distribution level Increasing amount of solar homes

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3 The electrical energy system: future

Transmission Distribution

Electrical grid Less fossil-fueled energy production Operation & monitoring system Solar homes & loads More renewable energy production Frequency Bi- directional power flow Renewable energies: Depend on natural circumstances, e.g., wind and sun Availability is uncertain & not plannable Fluctuating energy production ⇒ Renewable energy NOT available on demand

, ΕΕΝ320 — Dr Petros Aristidou — Last updated: April 6, 2020 14/ 36

3 The electrical energy system: future

Transmission Distribution

Electrical grid Less fossil-fueled energy production Operation & monitoring system Solar homes & loads More renewable energy production Frequency

— Load

• ·- Fossil production

— Grid frequency — Renewable production

, ΕΕΝ320 — Dr Petros Aristidou — Last updated: April 6, 2020 14/ 36

5 10 15 20 20 40 60

Power [GW] t [h]

5 10 15 20 49.25 49.5 49.75 50 50.25 50.5 50.75

t [h] f [Hz]

4 Outline

1

The electrical energy system: past & present (review)

2

The uprise of renewable energy

3

The path of the electrical energy system

4

The smart grid system paradigm

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4 A solution: the smart grid system paradigm

Demand must follow production

(to certain extent) ⇒ Energy system needs to become more flexible & intelligent

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4 The path towards a smart grid system

Electrical grid Less fossil-fueled energy production Operation & monitoring system Solar homes & loads More renewable energy production Frequency

How to make the energy system smart?

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4 What are the key smart grid system (SGS) ingredients?

??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???

Smart grid system

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4 Key SGS ingredients - I. Renewable energies & storage

Renewable energy sources Energy storage ??? ??? ??? ??? ???

Smart grid system

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4 Key SGS ingredients - I. Renewable energies & storage

Renewable energy sources needed for sus- tainable energy supply Improve technologies (offshore wind, marine,. . . ) Improve forecasts for weather-dependent stochastic generation Actively integrate renewables into grid control & operation

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4 Key SGS ingredients - I. Renewable energies & storage

Renewable energy sources needed for sus- tainable energy supply Improve technologies (offshore wind, marine,. . . ) Improve forecasts for weather-dependent stochastic generation Actively integrate renewables into grid control & operation Energy storage needed to balance fluctuating renewables Pumped storage hydroelectricity Battery technologies Flywheel

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4 Key SGS ingredients

Renewable energy sources Energy storage ??? ??? ??? ??? ???

Smart grid system

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4 Key SGS ingredients - II. Grid infrastructure

Renewable energy sources Energy storage Grid infrastructure ??? ??? ??? ???

Smart grid system

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4 Key SGS ingredients - II. Grid infrastructure

Increasing amount of generation in distribution grids ⇒ Bidirectional power flow Need to expand and improve electric grid infrastructure Measure status of distribution grids Power electronics (e.g., FACTS) High voltage direct current (HVDC) links

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4 Key SGS ingredients - II. Grid infrastructure

Increasing amount of generation in distribution grids ⇒ Bidirectional power flow Need to expand and improve electric grid infrastructure Measure status of distribution grids Power electronics (e.g., FACTS) High voltage direct current (HVDC) links Increasing amount of generation in distribution grids ⇒ Bidirectional power flow Need to expand and improve electric grid infrastructure Measure status of distribution grids Power electronics (e.g., FACTS) High voltage direct current (HVDC) links Merge electric, heat and transport systems to exploit synergies and increase efficiency Power-2-gas Vehicle-2-grid Combined heat & power (CHP) plants

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4 Key SGS ingredients

Renewable energy sources Energy storage Grid infrastructure ??? ??? ??? ???

Smart grid system

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4 Key SGS ingredients - III. Smart operation & flexible loads

Renewable energy sources Energy storage Grid infrastructure Smart

• peration schemes

Flexible demand ??? ???

Smart grid system

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4 Key SGS ingredients - III. Smart operation & flexible loads

Future operation schemes based on multi-agent approaches Examples for agents in SGS Energy producers Energy retailers End-users Smart operation schemes Virtual power plants Microgrids Flexible loads Demand-side management Smart meters & smart homes

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4 Key SGS ingredients - III. Smart operation & flexible loads

Future operation schemes based on multi-agent approaches Examples for agents in SGS Energy producers Energy retailers End-users Smart operation schemes Virtual power plants Microgrids Flexible loads Demand-side management Smart meters & smart homes Individual agents

, ΕΕΝ320 — Dr Petros Aristidou — Last updated: April 6, 2020 26/ 36

4 Key SGS ingredients - III. Smart operation & flexible loads

Future operation schemes based on multi-agent approaches Examples for agents in SGS Energy producers Energy retailers End-users Smart operation schemes Virtual power plants Microgrids Flexible loads Demand-side management Smart meters & smart homes Groups of agents Individual agents

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4 Key SGS ingredients

Renewable energy sources Energy storage Grid infrastructure Smart

• peration schemes

Flexible demand ??? ???

Smart grid system

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4 Key SGS ingredients - IV. Business models

Renewable energy sources Energy storage Grid infrastructure Smart

• peration schemes

Flexible demand Business models ???

Smart grid system

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4 Key SGS ingredients - IV. Business models

Business models are key to support. . .

. . . investments in new generation and infrastructure . . . changes to consumer behaviour and social acceptance

Motivate end-users to become prosumers

Receive clear benefits (e.g., savings) Variable tariffs More transparent billing Business cases for electric vehicles and smart appliances

Feasible business models also depend on political framework and regulations

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4 Key SGS ingredients

Renewable energy sources Energy storage Grid infrastructure Smart

• peration schemes

Flexible demand Business models ???

Smart grid system

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4 Key SGS ingredients - V. ICT

Renewable energy sources Energy storage Grid infrastructure Smart

• peration schemes

Flexible demand Business models Information & communications technology (ICT)

Smart grid system

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4 Key SGS ingredients - V. ICT

ICT infrastructure Production Energy grid Smart home Storage Markets Operation & monitoring system

• - - communication link

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4 Key SGS ingredients - V. ICT

ICT infrastructure Production Energy grid Smart home Storage Markets Operation & monitoring system

• - - communication link

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4 Key SGS ingredients - V. ICT (ctd.)

Information & communications technology (ICT) Energy technology

Internet of Energy (IoE)

intelligent, information-based energy supply system reduces need of expanding the grid Data management Standardisation Data security

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4 Key SGS ingredients - V. ICT (ctd.)

Information & communications technology (ICT) Energy technology

Internet of Energy (IoE)

intelligent, information-based energy supply system reduces need of expanding the grid Data management Standardisation Data security

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4 Key SGS ingredients - V. ICT (ctd.)

Information & communications technology (ICT) Energy technology

Internet of Energy (IoE)

intelligent, information-based energy supply system reduces need of expanding the grid Data management Standardisation Data security

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4 Key smart energy system (SGS) ingredients

Renewable energy sources Energy storage Grid infrastructure Smart

• peration schemes

Flexible demand Business models Information & communications technology (ICT)

Smart grid system

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4 Summary & outlook

The smart grid system paradigm “Demand follows production”

Key ingredients: ICT, renewables, flexible operation & consumption ⇒ Internet of Energy (IoE) Many challenging open questions Large investments (EU-wide £500 billion by around 2020) ⇒ Plenty of exciting & interdisciplinary opportunities

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4 Further reading

Hassan Farhangi. ”The path of the smart grid.” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 8.1 (2010): 18-28. Hans-J¨ urgen Appelrath, Henning Kagermann, and Christoph Mayer (Eds.) ”Future energy grid. Migration to the Internet of Energy.” acatech STUDY, 2012 www.eitictlabs.eu/fileadmin/studies/Joint EIT-ICT- Labs acatech Study Future-Energy-Grid.pdf http://www.energyplan.eu/smartenergysystems/ http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/

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