Ecological stoichiometry a bottleneck for biodiversity and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Ecological stoichiometry a bottleneck for biodiversity and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Ecological stoichiometry a bottleneck for biodiversity and ecosystem services Jaroslav Vrba Department of Ecosystem Biology Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, esk Bud jovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre ASCR, v.v.i.


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Jaroslav Vrba

Department of Ecosystem Biology Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre ASCR, v.v.i. Institute of Hydrobiology

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Ecological stoichiometry

– a bottleneck for biodiversity and ecosystem services

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ES studies a balance of energy and particular chemical elements in ecological interactions

  • Historical outlines
  • Framework of evolutionary biology
  • Biochemical and physiological constraints of life
  • Population and community dynamics
  • Ecosystem structure and functioning
  • Sustainable ecosystem services

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Ecological stoichiometry – outlines

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Ecological stoichiometry – outlines

Stoichiometry: Law of definite proportion (or Law of constant composition) Lotka (1925) – stoichiometry in biology Liebig (1840) – Law of Minimum Redfield (1934, 1958) – atomic C:N:P ratio = 106:16:1 Plankton ecology (>1990) – ecological stoichiometry Conservation of mass and Conservation of energy in biology

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

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Ecological stoichiometry

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

  • No. of papers on WoS

Ecological stoichiometry at WoS

Web of Science ~ World of Stoichiometry… ☺

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

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Biotic interactions! Production Respiration

Ecological stoichiometry ?

Synthesis of production ecology and population ecology… 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 2802 kJ C6H12O6 + 6 O2

= phytoplankton biomass

106 CO2 + 16 NO3

– + HPO4 2– + 122 H2O + 18 H+

+ trace elements + energy C106H263O110N16P1 + 138 O2

H375000000 O1320000000 C85700000 N6430000 Ca1500000 P1020000 S206000 Na183000 K177000 Cl127000 Mg40000 Si38600 Fe2680 Zn2110 Cu76 I14 Mn13 F13 Cr7 Se4 Mo3 Co1 human body =

4

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

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Biogenic elements are non-homeostatic !

Element Resource (A > 10-2 > B> 10-6 > C > 10-9 > D) Earth crust Oceans Vertebrates

(proxy for) (terrestrial ecos.) (aquatic ecosyst.) (heterotr. consumer)

hydrogen D << A A H carbon B B < A C nitrogen B > C << A N

  • xygen

A A A O sodium A A > B Na magnesium A > B B Mg silica A > B B Si phosphorus B > C << A P sulphur B B B S kalium A > B B K calcium A B < A Ca manganese B >> D < C Mn iron A >> D << B Fe

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

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Stoichiometry of cells – cell chemistry

Composition of biomolecules – biochemical stoichiometry Selection for C, N & P in biochemical evolution

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Growth Rate Hypothesis (GRH) = ribosomes

C(energy)=saccharides & lipids C+N=proteins

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Growth Rate Hypothesis (GHR)

r-strategists = ideal phytoplankton K-strategists N2 fixers

(N:P>40) Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008 Arrigo (2005) Nature 437

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Growth Rate Hypothesis (GHR)

r-strategists (Cladocera) = high need in P !

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

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Homeostasis of heterotrophic consumers

Growth (resource utilization) may change stoichiometry Are you what you eat? Autotrophs: rather YES Heterotrophs: mostly NOT

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

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Homeostasis of vertebrates

Structural investment = skeleton changes fundamentally needs in resource stoichiometry great need in P & Ca !

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

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great need in P & Ca !

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Homeostasis of vertebrates

Structural investment = skeleton changes fundamentally needs in resource stoichiometry even during ontogenesis

Pilati & Vanni (2007) Oikos 116

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Stoichiometry of populations & communities

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

  • 1. Conservation of mass holds for each element
  • 2. Nutrient availability controls population growth & dynamics
  • 3. Nutrient use efficiencies determine (species) competitiveness
  • 4. Resources’ imbalance controls (particular) nutrient regeneration
  • 5. Resource stoichiometry determines biotic interactions
  • 6. Stoichiometry determines structure of food webs
  • 7. Stoichiometry does control biodiversity
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Stoichiometry of populations & communities

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

In particular effects of P supply should impinge on fitness & drive evolutionary change

Jeyasingh & Weider (2007) Mol. Ecol. 16

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Food web stoichiometry

Bottom-up: soil nutrient availability (i.e. rain) in a desert controls both producer’s and consumer’s stoichiometry

Sabinia setosa (Curculionidea) Prosopis velutina (Fabaceae)

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008 Schade et al. (2003) Ecol. Lett. 6

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  • Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry

ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Food web stoichiometry

Top-down: cascading effect of predation and resource stoichiometry

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Top-down: cascading effect of predation and resource stoichiometry determine un/successful biomanipulation

☺☺

  • Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry

ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Food web stoichiometry

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Nutrient regeneration is species specific (26 vertebrates)

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Food web stoichiometry

Vanni et al. (2002) Ecol. Lett. 5

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Consumer and resource stoichiometry controls efficiency (GGEC) = carbon + energy dissipation ! Redfield

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Food web stoichiometry

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Vegetation Eleocharis (control) Eleocharis +P Typha +P plant biomass C:P 4865 712 1555 plant biomass N:P 74 12.1 15.1 Sediment

  • microb. biom. C:P

97.2 17.7 69.2

  • microb. biom. N:P

3.1 0.5 3.1

  • interstic. SRP (µg/l)

0.8 7.3 16.1

Experimental eutrophication of wetlands (Belize: +P)

Soil microbes Soil P Plants

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Ecosystem stoichiometry

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Vegetation Eleocharis (control) Eleocharis +P Typha +P plant biomass C:P 4865 712 1555 plant biomass N:P 74 12.1 15.1 Sediment

  • microb. biom. C:P

97.2 17.7 69.2

  • microb. biom. N:P

3.1 0.5 3.1

  • interstic. SRP (µg/l)

0.8 7.3 16.1

Soil microbes Soil P Plants

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Experimental eutrophication of wetlands (Belize: +P) = distinct stoichiometry of producers / detritus (litter)

Rejmankova & Houdkova (2006) BGC 80, Šantrůčková et al. (unpubl.)

Ecosystem stoichiometry

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Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Ecosystem stoichiometry

Experimental eutrophication of wetlands (Belize: +P) = distinct stoichiometry of producers / detritus (litter) + occurrence of mosquitoes (Anopheles spp.) causing a serious health hazard = malaria

Grieco et al. (2005) J. Vector Ecol. 30 Grieco et al. (2006) J. Med. Entomol. 43 Grieco et al. (2007) J. Vector Ecol. 32

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Distinct stoichiometry of terrestrial and aquatic producers

Terrestrial ecosystems: high C:N:P = high (structural !) biomass Aquatic ecosystems: low C:N:P = low biomass, high production !

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Ecosystem stoichiometry vs. productivity ?

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Distinct stoichiometry of terrestrial and aquatic producers

Terrestrial ecosystems: high C:N:P = high (structural !) biomass Aquatic ecosystems: low C:N:P = low biomass, high production !

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Ecosystem stoichiometry vs. productivity ?

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OECD Model (Vollenweider): seston chlorophyl–TP relationship

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Ecosystem stoichiometry

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Anthropogenic impacts = deposition, fertilisers, eutrophication…

Human activity turns both landscape and the planet in “a large-scale excrement”…

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Ecosystem stoichiometry

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lakes coastal ecosystems

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Ecosystem stoichiometry

Anthropogenic impacts = deposition, fertilisers, eutrophication…

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Ecosystem services – e.g., of coastal ecosystems

Si:N

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Ecosystem stoichiometry

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Si:N

Si:N

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Ecosystem services – e.g., of coastal ecosystems

Ecosystem stoichiometry

Ptacnik et al. (2005) Oikos 109

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Ecosystem services – increase in [CO2] vs. production

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Ecosystem stoichiometry

Carbon sequestration ? Timber ? Biodiversity ?

Körner (2006) New Phytol. 172

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Ecosystem services – increase in [CO2] vs. production

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Ecosystem stoichiometry

Carbon sequestration ? Timber ? Biodiversity ?

Körner (2006) New Phytol. 172

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rapid rotation = decrease in mean biomass storage

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Ecosystem services – increase in [CO2] vs. production Biofuel plantation is no sustainable solution !

Ecosystem stoichiometry

Körner (2006) New Phytol. 172

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Ecosystem services – increase in [CO2] vs. production Food/crops planted at 2×[CO2] = micronutrient malnutrition

cereals all crops

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008 Loladze (2002) Trends Ecol. Evol. 17

Ecosystem stoichiometry

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Ecological stoichiometry – a synthesis

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

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Ecological stoichiometry – a synthesis

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

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Ecological stoichiometry – a synthesis

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Gaia, a global ecosystem? = homeostasis of the Ocean

Arrigo K.R. (2005) Marine microorganisms and global nutrient cycles. Nature 437, 349–355.

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Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Global homeostasis of soils

Cleveland C.C. & Liptzin D. (2007) C:N:P stoichiometry in soil: is there a ‘‘Redfield ratio’’ for the microbial biomass?. Biogeochemistry 85, 235–252.

Ecological stoichiometry – a synthesis

Our analysis indicates that, similar to marine phytoplankton, element con- centrations of individual phylogenetic groups within the soil microbial community may vary, but on average, atomic C:N:P ratios in both the soil (186:13:1) and the soil microbial biomass (60:7:1) are well-constrained at the global scale.

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… The issue is not that we must wait for a future biology to arrive, but that we should notice and take good stock of what is already underway.

Ecological stoichiometry – a challenge

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Ecological stoichiometry – a challenge

Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008

Thank you for considering ecological stoichiometry. Take it as a homework ! Thank you for attention… …and the ALTER-net Summer School conveners for invitation.