Ecological stoichiometry a bottleneck for biodiversity and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Ecological stoichiometry a bottleneck for biodiversity and ecosystem services Jaroslav Vrba Department of Ecosystem Biology Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, esk Bud jovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre ASCR, v.v.i.
Jaroslav Vrba
Department of Ecosystem Biology Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre ASCR, v.v.i. Institute of Hydrobiology
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecological stoichiometry
– a bottleneck for biodiversity and ecosystem services
ES studies a balance of energy and particular chemical elements in ecological interactions
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecological stoichiometry – outlines
Ecological stoichiometry – outlines
Stoichiometry: Law of definite proportion (or Law of constant composition) Lotka (1925) – stoichiometry in biology Liebig (1840) – Law of Minimum Redfield (1934, 1958) – atomic C:N:P ratio = 106:16:1 Plankton ecology (>1990) – ecological stoichiometry Conservation of mass and Conservation of energy in biology
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecological stoichiometry
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Ecological stoichiometry at WoS
Web of Science ~ World of Stoichiometry… ☺
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Biotic interactions! Production Respiration
Ecological stoichiometry ?
Synthesis of production ecology and population ecology… 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 2802 kJ C6H12O6 + 6 O2
= phytoplankton biomass
106 CO2 + 16 NO3
– + HPO4 2– + 122 H2O + 18 H+
+ trace elements + energy C106H263O110N16P1 + 138 O2
H375000000 O1320000000 C85700000 N6430000 Ca1500000 P1020000 S206000 Na183000 K177000 Cl127000 Mg40000 Si38600 Fe2680 Zn2110 Cu76 I14 Mn13 F13 Cr7 Se4 Mo3 Co1 human body =
4
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Biogenic elements are non-homeostatic !
Element Resource (A > 10-2 > B> 10-6 > C > 10-9 > D) Earth crust Oceans Vertebrates
(proxy for) (terrestrial ecos.) (aquatic ecosyst.) (heterotr. consumer)
hydrogen D << A A H carbon B B < A C nitrogen B > C << A N
A A A O sodium A A > B Na magnesium A > B B Mg silica A > B B Si phosphorus B > C << A P sulphur B B B S kalium A > B B K calcium A B < A Ca manganese B >> D < C Mn iron A >> D << B Fe
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Stoichiometry of cells – cell chemistry
Composition of biomolecules – biochemical stoichiometry Selection for C, N & P in biochemical evolution
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Growth Rate Hypothesis (GRH) = ribosomes
C(energy)=saccharides & lipids C+N=proteins
Growth Rate Hypothesis (GHR)
r-strategists = ideal phytoplankton K-strategists N2 fixers
(N:P>40) Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008 Arrigo (2005) Nature 437
Growth Rate Hypothesis (GHR)
r-strategists (Cladocera) = high need in P !
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Homeostasis of heterotrophic consumers
Growth (resource utilization) may change stoichiometry Are you what you eat? Autotrophs: rather YES Heterotrophs: mostly NOT
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Homeostasis of vertebrates
Structural investment = skeleton changes fundamentally needs in resource stoichiometry great need in P & Ca !
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
great need in P & Ca !
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Homeostasis of vertebrates
Structural investment = skeleton changes fundamentally needs in resource stoichiometry even during ontogenesis
Pilati & Vanni (2007) Oikos 116
Stoichiometry of populations & communities
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Stoichiometry of populations & communities
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
In particular effects of P supply should impinge on fitness & drive evolutionary change
Jeyasingh & Weider (2007) Mol. Ecol. 16
Food web stoichiometry
Bottom-up: soil nutrient availability (i.e. rain) in a desert controls both producer’s and consumer’s stoichiometry
Sabinia setosa (Curculionidea) Prosopis velutina (Fabaceae)
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008 Schade et al. (2003) Ecol. Lett. 6
ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Food web stoichiometry
Top-down: cascading effect of predation and resource stoichiometry
Top-down: cascading effect of predation and resource stoichiometry determine un/successful biomanipulation
☺☺
ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Food web stoichiometry
Nutrient regeneration is species specific (26 vertebrates)
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Food web stoichiometry
Vanni et al. (2002) Ecol. Lett. 5
Consumer and resource stoichiometry controls efficiency (GGEC) = carbon + energy dissipation ! Redfield
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Food web stoichiometry
Vegetation Eleocharis (control) Eleocharis +P Typha +P plant biomass C:P 4865 712 1555 plant biomass N:P 74 12.1 15.1 Sediment
97.2 17.7 69.2
3.1 0.5 3.1
0.8 7.3 16.1
Experimental eutrophication of wetlands (Belize: +P)
Soil microbes Soil P Plants
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecosystem stoichiometry
Vegetation Eleocharis (control) Eleocharis +P Typha +P plant biomass C:P 4865 712 1555 plant biomass N:P 74 12.1 15.1 Sediment
97.2 17.7 69.2
3.1 0.5 3.1
0.8 7.3 16.1
Soil microbes Soil P Plants
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Experimental eutrophication of wetlands (Belize: +P) = distinct stoichiometry of producers / detritus (litter)
Rejmankova & Houdkova (2006) BGC 80, Šantrůčková et al. (unpubl.)
Ecosystem stoichiometry
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecosystem stoichiometry
Experimental eutrophication of wetlands (Belize: +P) = distinct stoichiometry of producers / detritus (litter) + occurrence of mosquitoes (Anopheles spp.) causing a serious health hazard = malaria
Grieco et al. (2005) J. Vector Ecol. 30 Grieco et al. (2006) J. Med. Entomol. 43 Grieco et al. (2007) J. Vector Ecol. 32
Distinct stoichiometry of terrestrial and aquatic producers
Terrestrial ecosystems: high C:N:P = high (structural !) biomass Aquatic ecosystems: low C:N:P = low biomass, high production !
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecosystem stoichiometry vs. productivity ?
Distinct stoichiometry of terrestrial and aquatic producers
Terrestrial ecosystems: high C:N:P = high (structural !) biomass Aquatic ecosystems: low C:N:P = low biomass, high production !
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecosystem stoichiometry vs. productivity ?
OECD Model (Vollenweider): seston chlorophyl–TP relationship
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecosystem stoichiometry
Anthropogenic impacts = deposition, fertilisers, eutrophication…
Human activity turns both landscape and the planet in “a large-scale excrement”…
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecosystem stoichiometry
lakes coastal ecosystems
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecosystem stoichiometry
Anthropogenic impacts = deposition, fertilisers, eutrophication…
Ecosystem services – e.g., of coastal ecosystems
Si:N
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecosystem stoichiometry
Si:N
Si:N
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecosystem services – e.g., of coastal ecosystems
Ecosystem stoichiometry
Ptacnik et al. (2005) Oikos 109
Ecosystem services – increase in [CO2] vs. production
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecosystem stoichiometry
Carbon sequestration ? Timber ? Biodiversity ?
Körner (2006) New Phytol. 172
Ecosystem services – increase in [CO2] vs. production
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecosystem stoichiometry
Carbon sequestration ? Timber ? Biodiversity ?
Körner (2006) New Phytol. 172
rapid rotation = decrease in mean biomass storage
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecosystem services – increase in [CO2] vs. production Biofuel plantation is no sustainable solution !
Ecosystem stoichiometry
Körner (2006) New Phytol. 172
Ecosystem services – increase in [CO2] vs. production Food/crops planted at 2×[CO2] = micronutrient malnutrition
cereals all crops
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008 Loladze (2002) Trends Ecol. Evol. 17
Ecosystem stoichiometry
Ecological stoichiometry – a synthesis
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecological stoichiometry – a synthesis
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Ecological stoichiometry – a synthesis
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Gaia, a global ecosystem? = homeostasis of the Ocean
Arrigo K.R. (2005) Marine microorganisms and global nutrient cycles. Nature 437, 349–355.
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Global homeostasis of soils
Cleveland C.C. & Liptzin D. (2007) C:N:P stoichiometry in soil: is there a ‘‘Redfield ratio’’ for the microbial biomass?. Biogeochemistry 85, 235–252.
Ecological stoichiometry – a synthesis
Our analysis indicates that, similar to marine phytoplankton, element con- centrations of individual phylogenetic groups within the soil microbial community may vary, but on average, atomic C:N:P ratios in both the soil (186:13:1) and the soil microbial biomass (60:7:1) are well-constrained at the global scale.
… The issue is not that we must wait for a future biology to arrive, but that we should notice and take good stock of what is already underway.
Ecological stoichiometry – a challenge
Ecological stoichiometry – a challenge
Jaroslav Vrba: Ecological stoichiometry ALTER-net Summer School, Peyresq, 2008
Thank you for considering ecological stoichiometry. Take it as a homework ! Thank you for attention… …and the ALTER-net Summer School conveners for invitation.