Ecological Restoration: Maintaining biological diversity in a - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Ecological Restoration: Maintaining biological diversity in a - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sep 23, 2023 161 likes •730 views

Ecological Restoration: Maintaining biological diversity in a changing world James G. Hallett Executive committee, SER Professor, Eastern Washington University, USA Restauration cologique: Maintien de la diversit biologique dans un monde

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Ecological Restoration: Maintaining biological diversity in a changing world James G. Hallett

Executive committee, SER Professor, Eastern Washington University, USA

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Restauration écologique: Maintien de la diversité biologique dans un monde en mutation James G. Hallett

Executive committee, SER Professor, Eastern Washington University, USA

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To promote ecological restoration… …as a means of sustaining the diversity of life

  • n earth...

Afin de promouvoir la restauration écologique… ...comme un moyen de maintenir la diversité de la vie sur terre…

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…& reestablishing an ecologically healthy relationship between nature and culture et de rétablir une relation saine écologiquement entre nature et culture

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Why scientists must work together to save the world Pourquoi les scientifiques doivent travailler ensemble pour sauver le monde

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Biodiversity hotspots / Hotspots de la biodiversité High rates of endemism / Taux élevés d’endemisme <30% of original native vegetation / 30% de la vegetation pré-existante

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Forests Grassland Agriculture Abandoned

Land conversion in Tropical Africa

After Ramankutty and Foley. 1999. Global Biogeochem Cycles

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Cramer et al. 2008. TREE

Losses have accelerated since 1950 worldwide

Rate of abandonment of farmland

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Land degradation consequences

  • Loss of biodiversity
  • Increase in non-native invasive species
  • Reduction or loss of ecosystem services

necessary for human health, food and water security, and culture

  • Strong relationship between poverty and

degree of land degradation

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Cardinale et al. Nature. 2012.

Biodiversity loss reduces the efficiency of ecological communities to capture biologically essential resources, produce biomass, decompose and recycle biologically essential nutrients

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Impact of biodiversity on any single ecosystem process is nonlinear and saturating, such that change accelerates as biodiversity loss increases

Cardinale et al. Nature. 2012.

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Loss of diversity across trophic levels has the potential to influence ecosystem functions even more strongly than diversity loss within trophic levels

Cardinale et al. Nature. 2012.

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  • Biodiversity. 2006.
  • Bioscience. 2009.
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Ecosystem Services 12 (2015) 1-15

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Linkage between human health and biodiversity

  • perates at many scales /

Des liens entre la santé humaine et la biodiversité opérent à plusieurs échelles.

  • Genetic (gene frequencies)
  • Changes in host resistance or pathogen virulence
  • L’echelle génétique (fréquences des gènes)
  • Changements de la résistance de l’hôte, ou de la

virulence des pathogènes

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Linkage between human health and biodiversity

  • perates at many scales /

Des liens entre la santé humaine et la biodiversité

  • pérent à plusieurs échelles.
  • Microbial (internal and external)
  • Host immune response change; range expansion
  • Vector species
  • Contact rates; range expansion
  • L’echelle microbienne (interne et externe)
  • Changement de réponse immunitaire de l’hôte;

expansion de l’aire de distribution

  • L’echelle espèces hôtes
  • Taux de contact; expansion de l’aire de distribution
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Ecological restoration defined: Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery

  • f an ecosystem that

has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed.

Society for Ecological Restoration Primer (2004)

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What is the restoration target?

Ecosystem resumes a trajectory that follows the historic continuity for that ecosystem as guided by a reference model.

Society for Ecological Restoration Primer (2004)

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Restoration is rarely 100% successful

Moreno-Mateos et al. 2012. PLOS

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Success of restoration

Meta-analysis of 89 projects in different ecosystems world-wide

  • Ecological restoration increased provision
  • f biodiversity (44%) and ecosystem

services (25%)

  • Lower relative to intact systems
  • Timescales may be quite long

Benayas et al. 2009. Science

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Land-use change Nitrogen deposition Climate change Biotic invasion CO2 enrichment Synergistic effects Sala et al. Science 287: 1770–1774.

Disturbances of global concern are long-term and large-scale

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Assessment

Steps in the restoration process

Ecological condition and context Stakeholders

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Schoennagel and Nelson 2011

Priority Areas for Restoration

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Data from WHRC.org

Carbon Stocks / Les stocks de carbone

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Data from WHRC.org

Reserves/ Réserves

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Data from WHRC.org

Corridors / Couloirs

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Restoration planning Assessment

Steps in the restoration process

Reference system Definition of

  • bjectives

Selection of restoration measures Implementation plan Monitoring and evaluation plan

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Restoration planning Assessment

Steps in the restoration process

Implementation

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Restoration planning Assessment

Steps in the restoration process

Implementation Monitoring Evaluation allows modification of implementation plan and depends on comparison to a reference model

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Restoration planning Assessment

Steps in the restoration process

Implementation Monitoring Utilization Maintenance Communication of results Recommendations for future projects

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Monitoring is rarely done.

  • Bernhart et al. 2005
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Monitoring is rarely done.

  • Bernhart et al. 2005

CONCLUSIONS

  • comprehensive assessment of restoration progress not

possible with available information

  • < 10% of projects included any type of monitoring.
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Restoration planning Assessment

Steps in the restoration process

Implementation M & E Utilization Maintenance Communication of results Recommendations for future projects

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After Before

Photos: Duane Davis

Albeni Falls dam in Idaho converted 2627 ha of wetlands to open water

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Wetlands were lost from Morton Slough, Idaho

Photos: KTOI archive

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Assessing change presents several problems

Limited sampling is unlikely to reveal all species in a habitat

?

Communities must be selected for monitoring A reference or baseline condition must be determined

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Water level management

Flying Goose Ranch 1997 2002

Photos: Neil Lockwood

Restoration approaches for mitigation lands

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Exclude grazing Control weeds Restore native vegetation

Photos: Neil Lockwood

Restoration approaches for mitigation lands

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Reference sites were the best representatives of extant vegetation types

Riparian forest

Photos: Neil Lockwood

Riparian shrub

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Multiple reference sites describe spatial variation

Wetland meadow

Photos: Neil Lockwood

Emergent wetland

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Vegetation monitoring began in 2002

Characterize both structure and species composition

Shrub species and volume Trees Cover and diversity of grasses and herbs

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Wildlife monitoring began in 2002

Larval amphibians Birds Small mammals

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  • Comparisons of species richness or

diversity

  • Comparisons of community similarity

How can we determine change in restoration? 1

Least Similar Most

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How can we visualize the similarity relationships of different sampling sites?

Plant ecologists have used ordination techniques for many years. We use non-metric multidimensional scaling because it does not entail assumptions about the distributions of the underlying data

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Similarity patterns for plant cover at reference and mitigation (restoration) sites

reference P

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mitigation reference

Similarity patterns for plant cover at reference and mitigation (restoration) sites

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mitigation reference

Similarity patterns for plant cover at reference and mitigation (restoration) sites

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Communication

Stakeholders Funding agencies Meeting participants

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Technical Guidelines

  • Primer on Ecological Restoration
  • Guidelines for Developing and Managing

Ecological Restoration Projects

  • Ecological Restoration – A Means of

Conserving Biodiversity and Sustaining Livelihoods (SER and IUCN)

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The Science and Practice of Restoration

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www.ser.org

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