Ecodesign Preparatory Study Lot 8/9/19 Light Sources 1 st - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Ecodesign Preparatory Study Lot 8/9/19 Light Sources 1 st Stakeholder Meeting 5 February 2015 WELCOME ! Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek Van Holsteijn en Kemna Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, 1 st Stakeholder Meeting -
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, 1st Stakeholder Meeting - VHK/VITO for EC 1
Van Holsteijn en Kemna Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 2
9:30 h reception 10:00 h Welcome, amendment/approval of agenda and announcements 10:15 h Presentation: Introduction (History, Assignment, Study team, Project Schedule, MEErP) 10:45 h Presentation and Discussion: Scope of the study (Current scope, Need for Definitions, Special Purpose) 11:45 h Presentation and Discussion: Standards and Legislations (Europe in international context ) 13:00 h lunch break 14:00 h Presentation and Discussion: Markets (MELISA model, Sales, Lifetimes, Operating Hours, Installed Stock) 15:00 h Presentation and Discussion: Users (Efficacy, Lumen, Power, Energy, Costs, Dimming) 16:30 h Other topics 17:30 h thanks and good bye
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Van Holsteijn en Kemna Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek
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Date Document Short Description Non-directional Household Lighting
Preparatory Study Lot 19 part 1 (VITO) Ecodesign Preparatory Study on NDLS for domestic lighting
Full Impact Assessment (EC) EC document accompanying regulation 244/2009
Commission Regulation (EC) No 244/2009 Main lamp-types regulated: CFLi, HL, GLS
Commission Regulation (EC) No 859/2009 Amendment on 244/2009 for some UV-requirements
CLASP study Indication of main points for the review of regulation 244/2009
Stage 6 Review Study (VHK) Review of stage 6 requirements of 244/2009 for MV- HL lamps
Omnibus Study (VHK) (Preliminary) Review of regulation 244/2009 Tertiary Lighting
Preparatory Study Lot 9 (VITO) Ecodesign Preparatory Study on Public Street Lighting
Preparatory Study Lot 8 (VITO) Ecodesign Preparatory Study on Office Lighting
Full Impact Assessment (EC) EC document accompanying regulation 245/2009 Mar.2009 Commission Regulation (EC) No 245/2009 Main lamp-types regulated: LFL, CFLni, HID incl. related ballasts and luminaires
Commission Regulation (EU) No 347/2010 Amendments on regulation 245/2009
CLASP study Indication of main points for the review of regulation 245/2009
Omnibus Study (VHK) (Preliminary) Review of regulation 245/2009
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Date Document Short Description Directional Lighting
Preparatory Study Lot 19 part 2 (VITO) Ecodesign Preparatory Study on Directional lamps
Follow-up study (ECEEE, DEFRA) Support study for preparation of regulation on directional lamps
Impact Assessment (EC) EC document accompanying regulation 1194/2012
Commission Regulation (EU) No 1194/2012 Main lamp-types regulated: Directional lamps, LEDs and related equipment Labelling for Lighting
Directive 92/75/EEC Framework, legal basis for labelling of light sources (now repealed)
Directive 98/11/EC Labelling of household light sources (now repealed) May 2010 Directive 2010/30/EU Framework, legal basis for labelling of light sources (repealing 92/75/EEC)
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 874/2012 Labelling of electrical lamps and luminaires (repealing 98/11/EC)
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 518/2014 Amending 874/2012, information requirements and energy label display for sales on internet
Summaries provided in the Task 0 report
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and/or labelling requirements.
245/2009, Commission Regulation (EU) No 1194/2012 and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 874/2012, including all amendments and corrigenda thereof.
LEDs) and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 874/2012 (energy labelling).
Regulation 1194/2012, Annex III 1.1.
Energy Labelling, including luminaires (either with or without built-in light sources such as LED modules).
should be included in the study.
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12.000 lm), identifying other lighting products to be included into this study. → Scope !
the possible misuse while keeping otherwise regulated products for use in special applications exempt from ecodesign and/or labelling requirements. → Scope !
ecodesign regulations into one if this has been identified as the only possible option).
In addition (from kick-off meeting):
(Lot 8/9/19: Light Sources. Lot 37: Lighting Systems)
→ MELISA model
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Task 0 First product screening Task 1 Scope (define products, codifications, standards, legislation) Task 2 Markets (EU production/import/export, sales, lifetimes, installed stock, market trends, basic economic data) Task 3 Users (efficiency, usage parameters, light sources in system, interaction with space heating, end-of-life, infrastructure) Task 4 Technologies (existing products, BAT, BNAT, bill-of-material (BOM), packaging/distribution) Task 5 Environment & Economics (base cases, environmental impact assessment, life cycle costs for consumers) Task 6 Design Options (assess design improvement options, least life cycle costs (LLCC) ) Task 7 Scenarios (policy analysis, BAU and ECO scenarios, impact on industry and consumers) Draft report Draft report + Presentation Draft report + Presentation Draft report + Presentation (preliminary) Work in progress Future work Future work Future work
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SPECIFIC CONTRACT No ENER/C3/2012-418 LOT1/07/SI2.668526 Implementing Framework Contract No ENER/C3/2012-418-Lot 1 Prepared for the European Commission, DG ENER.C.3, Project officer: Ruben KUBIAK Main contractor: Consortium of VITO NV, VHK BV, Viegand & MaagØe ApS, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy GmbH, ARMINES, represented by VITO Technical Team Leader: René KEMNA (VHK) Contract Manager: Caroline LEMEIRE (VITO) Other Participants: Roy VAN DEN BOORN, Leo WIERDA (VHK) Task 0, 1, 2, 3 Stuart JEFFCOTT (external collaboration) International legislation and standards Lieven VANHOOYDONCK, Paul VAN TICHELEN (VITO) Task 4 Wai Chung LAM (VITO, Quality Control) Website: http://ecodesign-lightsources.eu/
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Month-Year Event January 2014 Start contract November 2014 Launch website December 2014/ January 2015 Publication Draft Task Reports 0, 1, 2, 3 5 February 2015 1st Stakeholder Meeting March 2015 Stakeholder comments reports (incl. written) 2nd edition of Draft Task Reports 0, 1, 2, 3 April 2015 Publication Draft Task Reports 4, 5, 6 and part of 7 May 2015 Consultation Forum on (amongst others) mains-voltage filament lamps; 2nd stakeholder meeting June 2015 / July 2015 Stakeholder comments reports (incl. written) October 2015 Final report (all tasks 0 to 7) Commission foresees a Consultation Forum in the second half of 2015.
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Lighting systems, luminaires and controls NOT considered in the Light Sources study, except for some compatibility issues. → Scope !
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5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, 1st Stakeholder Meeting - VHK/VITO for EC 14
Van Holsteijn en Kemna Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek
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explicitly requests an analysis of the lighting products not yet regulated, and to identify other lighting products to be included into the study, and to review the definitions of special purpose products.
as LED modules) and lighting controllers (either as part of a luminaire or as an independent product).
The scope and exemptions of the current regulations, and the wordings currently used to define them, have to be ignored for the purposes of establishing a scope for the study. This is also related to the Commission’s request to review the definitions of special purpose lamps and to propose updates.
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The study regards all light sources, lamps, ballasts, and lamp control gears according to the definitions provided below:
‘Light source’ means a surface or object designed to emit mainly visible optical radiation produced by a transformation of
‘Lamp’ means a unit whose performance can be assessed independently and which consists of one or more light sources. It may include additional components necessary for starting, power supply or stable operation of the unit or for distributing, filtering or transforming the optical radiation, in cases where those components cannot be removed without permanently damaging the unit. ‘Ballast’ means lamp control gear inserted between the supply and one or more discharge lamps, which, by means of inductance, capacitance or a combination of inductance and capacitance, serves mainly to limit the current of the lamp(s) to the required value. ‘Lamp control gear’ means a device located between the electrical supply and one or more lamps, which provides a functionality related to the operation of the lamp(s), such as transforming the supply voltage, limiting the current of the lamp(s) to the required value, providing starting voltage and preheating current, preventing cold starting, correcting the power factor or reducing radio interference. The device may be designed to connect to other lamp control gear to perform these
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The initial scope does NOT mention luminaires and controls. As expressed by the assignment, luminaires and lighting controllers should also be addressed in the study. However, aspects related to Lighting Systems and to Lighting Control are excluded from the current study because they will be handled in the parallel Lot 37 study. This does not exclude that some lighting control aspects are relevant for the current study, in particular as regards the integration of control devices in the lamps (smart lamps), and the compatibility of the lamps with certain types of dimmers or control devices. Luminaires will predominantly be handled in the Lot 37 study, but integrated LED-luminaires are included in the current study, and the compatibility of retrofit lamps with existing luminaires (lock-in effect) is also in the scope.
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According to the philosophy of the MEErP, the initial scope can be further restricted as the study proceeds and additional information is gathered. The reasons for further restriction have to be derived from the Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC, and in particular from article 15 of this directive that gives the conditions under which a product is eligible for ecodesign measures. Criteria of article 15.2: a) the product shall represent a significant volume of sales and trade, indicatively more than 200,000 units a year within the Community according to the most recently available figures; b) the product shall, considering the quantities placed on the market and/or put into service, have a significant environmental impact within the Community, as specified in the Community strategic priorities as set out in Decision No 1600/2002/EC; and c) the product shall present significant potential for improvement in terms of its environmental impact without entailing excessive costs, taking into account in particular: (i) the absence of other relevant Community legislation or failure of market forces to address the issue properly; and (ii)a wide disparity in the environmental performance of products available on the market with equivalent functionality. Red text : some information is already available for special lamps Blue text : would require further study for special lamps
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In addition, if a product is eligible for ecodesign measures according to the above criteria, an implementing measure shall meet the following criteria (article 15.5): a) there shall be no significant negative impact on the functionality of the product, from the perspective of the user; b) health, safety and the environment shall not be adversely affected; c) there shall be no significant negative impact on consumers in particular as regards the affordability and the life cycle cost of the product; d) there shall be no significant negative impact on industry’s competitiveness; e) in principle, the setting of an ecodesign requirement shall not have the consequence of imposing proprietary technology on manufacturers; and f) no excessive administrative burden shall be imposed on manufacturers. Article 1 sub 3 of the Ecodesign Directive explicitly excludes means of transport for persons or goods. However, this exclusion regards only the means themselves and not the products used inside or on those means. This implies that for example car-lights are not automatically excluded for this reason. Blue text : would require further study for special lamps
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luminous flux (lumen) or maintained useful flux density (lux))
marine applications, car-headlights).
decorative/mood lighting, data-transmission).
consumption, life, usage characteristics, base-case and BAT technology, availability of standards, scenario analysis, impact on consumers, impact on industry).
classes.
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The Task 1 report provides:
(no new definitions, some issues regarding LEDs).
(many, detailed).
→ list of lamp types for scope decision.
well-defined lamp should be in or out the scope of the current study.
Commission and by the stakeholders (but implications on amount of work for study team)
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Lamp type description (usually better definition required) Data for Ecodesign Directive article 15 (Task 1, annex D.15) (Momentary) Proposal for the scope of the current study Sales M units/y Energy TWh/y
legislation included excluded
undefined Notes / comments Lamps covered by current regulations Linear Fluorescent (LFL) x
All lamps certainly covered by the existing regulations are included in the scope of the study.
Compact Fluorescent, external ballast (CFLni) x Compact Fluorescent, integrated ballast (CFLi) x Halogen Lamps, Mains Voltage (HL-MV) x Halogen Lamps, Low Voltage (HL-LV) x Incandescent Lamps, Mains Voltage (GLS-MV) x Incandescent Lamps, Low Voltage (GLS-LV) x High Intensity Discharge (HID) x Light Emitting Diode (LED, retrofit and dedicated) x Lamps for extreme physical environments 9.8 1.0 (exclusive ‘abused’ lamps) Shock resistant x Sales numbers and Environmental impact are
these aspects of Ecodesign Directive art. 15. Vibration resistant x Shatter resistant x Temperatures below -20˚C x Temperatures above +50˚C x Explosion proof x Non-white lamps (2.0) TWh: Christmas lighting, fairs, amusement parks Fixed or variable non-white colour x No well defined function. Depends on definition. Colour-changing-ability including white x Important for modern LED lighting Ultra-Violet lamps 16.7 2.5 Tanning 9.4 0.6 x Large variety of functions. Each function would have to be considered separately. Waste water treatment 0.6 0.5 x Industrial processes 0.5 1.0 x Other UV lamps 6.2 0.4 x
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Lamp type description (usually better definition required) Data for Ecodesign Directive article 15 (Task 1, annex D.15) (Momentary) Proposal for the scope of the current study Sales M units/y Energy TWh/y
legislation included excluded
undefined Notes / comments Infrared and collagen lamps 24.4 33.2 IR lamps for imaging equipment 11.0 3.4 (yes) (x) study Variety of (heating) functions: each function would have to be considered separately, considering also non-light heating. Some lamps covered by other legislation, but further study required to check details. Collagen could be excluded for low impact, if confirmed; also depends on definition. IR lamps for electric hobs 0.8 5.4 (yes) (x) study Zootechnical (raising young animals) 5.0 2.5 x Counter-top heaters in restaurants 2.2 10.8 x IR for Industrial use 2.2 10.8 x Collagen lamps 0.4 0.05 (x) study Therapeutic & Comfort (Sauna’s) 2.8 0.2 x Signalling and signage lamps 18.2 6.4 Exit signs 5.0 4.1 x Sales numbers and Environmental impact are
these aspects of Ecodesign Directive art. 15. Traffic lights 8.3 1.0 x Neon and (static) billboards 0.3 0.9 x Other signalling and signage 4.6 0.4 x Appliance integrated lamps 134 9.9 Range hoods 12 0.3 yes x Excluded because other relevant legislation exists Aquaria 13 3.5 x At this stage, no reason to exclude based on Ecodesign Directive art. 15. Swimming pools 5.4 2.2 x Vending machines 6.9 2.6 x Other appliance integrated 97 1.3 x Large number of lamps, each with low energy Decorative and architectural Flood lights for buildings n/a n/a x NOT considered as Special Purpose: in scope Decorative 124 2.6 x Definition needed. Function when included ? Projection, microscopy, light guides 2.4 Lamps used in imaging equipment 110 0.9 yes x Excluded because other relevant legislation exists Other projection lamps 11 1.5 x Definition needed. Function when included ?
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Lamp type description (usually better definition required) Data for Ecodesign Directive article 15 (Task 1, annex D.15) (Momentary) Proposal for the scope of the current study Sales M units/y Energy TWh/y
legislation included excluded
undefined Notes / comments Movie/TV or photo studio/theatre/event 163 2.5 Many > 12,000 lm: requested to be studied TV/video/film studio lamps 1.1 1.4 x Outdoor stadium lamps 0.6 0.2 x Photographic flash tubes 160 0.0 (x) (x) Could be excluded for low environmental impact Other in this category 1.3 0.9 x Backlighting for displays 1736 58.5 yes x Excluded because other relevant legislation exists Grow lights (greenhouses) 6.9 5.2 x No reason for exclusion. Definition! Function! Food display lights 27 1.1 x No reason for exclusion. Definition! Function! Scientific lights 0.02 0.01 x Excluded for low sales and low impact. Definition? Transport lights 956 12.7 Motor vehicles, categories M, N, O yes x Excluded because other relevant legislation exists (exception might be interior lights) Motor cycles, category L yes x Aeroplanes 0.3 0.02 x Excluded for low impact. Definition? Ships, specific lighting 0.08 0.0 x Excluded for low sales and low impact. Definition? Trains, specific lighting 0.1 0.04 x Excluded for low sales and low impact. Definition? Ships, trains, busses, interior lighting (11) (2) x Include also interior lighting for cars, trucks, vans ? Bicycles x Consider as battery-operated Other Mobile Lighting 25 0.03 x Not a well defined group, see battery and non-elec Data-communication and (other) lasers Definition ? Signal transmission between instruments some x (x) Consensus expected on exclusion. Exact reason? Dashboard and indicator lamps 2000 0.15 x Excluded for low impact? Definition? Industrial process lasers x (x) Consensus expected on exclusion. Exact reason? Laser-diodes for general lighting x Could be BAT, BNAT: do not exclude Emergency lighting x Light sources used in emergency are not specific Battery operated x No valid reason found for exclusion
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Lamp type description (usually better definition required) Data for Ecodesign Directive article 15 (Task 1, annex D.15) (Momentary) Proposal for the scope of the current study Sales M units/y Energy TWh/y
legislation included excluded
undefined Notes / comments Non-electric lamps x Consensus expected on exclusion. Exact reason? (exception: self-luminous exit signs) Lamps with more than 12,000 lumen x study These lamps are now explicitly exempted from at least one of the regulations. The assignment for the study explicitly requests to reconsider this. Further information is needed to enable an inclusion/exclusion decision, but assistance by stakeholders is necessary. Lamps with less than 60 lumen x study Double capped fluorescent lamps with diameter 7 mm (T2) or less x study Double capped fluorescent lamps with diameter 16 mm (T5) and power ≤ 13 W x study Double capped fluorescent lamps with diameter 16 mm (T5) and power > 80 W x study Double capped fluorescent lamps with diameter 38 mm (T12) and special characteristics (see Task 1, par. 1.4.2.25) x study Double capped fluorescent lamps with diameter 38 mm (T12) and external ignition strip x study Single capped fluorescent lamps with diameter 16 mm (T5) and special characteristics (see Task 1, par. 1.4.2.27) x study HID lamps with Tc > 7000 K x study HID lamps not having lamp cap E27, E40, PGZ12 x study OLED lighting x Could be BAT, BNAT: do not exclude
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→ informa on/analysis useful for scope decision
→ first scope reduction mainly based on existence of other relevant regulation
Then: decision on inclusion/exclusion scope
To conclude: ‘Lamp’ definition by elements, by René Kemna
(not in Task reports)
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Electricity source
Connectors EM emitters Light conversion Safety & Longevity Light Spectrum Light Distribution Appearance
Envelope, Gas fill Coating, Heat sink Support wires Filament, electrodes & plasma (CC/HC, HI), diode Lamp sockets/caps, direct connect Transformers, ballasts, gears, drivers
Default 230V AC, 50 Hz
Fluorescents & pigments Reflectors, filters & optics Anti-glare: frosting & louvers, orientation, position
Controls: sensors, actuators, processing, orientation
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CFLi HL-LVi GLS- ‘Globe’ etc. CFLi-R LED lamp retrofit LFL HL-LV CFLni HID HID-R HL-LV-R LEDlinear HL-LVi-R LED lamp retrofit GLS-R HL-MV-R LED package GLS HL-MV LED module LED Lamp/ fixture (non- retrofit) CFLni ‘Globe’ etc. LED LED LED
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Van Holsteijn en Kemna Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek
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The Task 1 report and annexes contain an extensive survey of both European and non-European lighting- related (testing) standards and legislation. Analysis of the current state of (and ongoing developments in) the international arena to highlight areas where amending current EU practice (or adopting new practice) may enhance the standards and regulatory processes within Europe, and where existing issues may remain. Analysis examines:
and minimum (and other) performance requirements of those parameters.
Core analysis limited to major trade partners and/or countries/regions/ organisations leading standards and/or technology developments (47 countries/standards organisations studied)
Inter-relationship/cross-over of test and regulatory issue varies between countries/regions – in discussion issues dealt with in most appropriate section
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Parameter Europe Outside Europe Additional Comment
Luminous flux (directional lamps) Measurement in angle of 90˚ or 120˚
= more expensive Measurement in angle of 180˚ (typical)
= cheaper Current EU approach = Higher cost for enforcement testing and barrier for SME development testing Lumen Maintenance (CFL) Lumen Maintenance for (LED) Ageing using cycles: 2h 45m on, 15 m
IEC: ageing 6000 hours Ageing using cycles: 3h 00m on, 20 m off (North America) IES: ageing 6000 hours (but 3000 h for luminaires) ISA proposal: ageing 2000 hours with predictive algorithm No public data on effect of cycle- differences Not known which test is superior, trade-
uncertainty; discussion ongoing Colour related parameters CIE 15 (X/Y space) and CIE 13.3 (Colour Rendering Index, CRI) used everywhere Research ongoing for LEDs (with possible application to other light sources) Refer new test methods
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Parameter Europe Outside Europe Additional Comment
Power/ Power Factor Well established, little variation geographically Recent IEC standard more sophisticated (split into displacement factor and distortion factor) IEC/EN approach leads the world Warm-up time (CFL) Time to reach 60% of initial flux Time to reach 80% of initial flux Current EU approach potentially less advantageous for consumer acceptance Rapid switching withstand (CFLi) Rapid switching withstand (LED) 1 min. on, 3 min. off 5 min. on, 5 min. off (US MEPS) LED: 2 min. on, 2 min. off (US Energy Star) Difference not obviously linked to consumer requirement Implications for testing time/costs. Research of cycle on (CFL) lifetime
UV-radiation Almost identical when applied Compatability/ Dimmability Subject of ongoing IEC US Energy Star recent introduction for some LED/dimming products Issues exist, especially for with newer lamp types. Limited testing solutions that are broadly applicable. Ballast efficiency Subtle differences in approach between EU/IEC and others EU adoption of alternative approach unlikely to yield benefits
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Parameter Europe Outside Europe Additional Comment
Luminaire light
Subtle differences in approach between EU/IEC and others EU adoption of alternative approach unlikely to yield benefits (Luminaire utilisation factor) Universally applied Resource use No lighting specific test methods (other than mercury content in CFLs) Potentially need for measurement methods for end of life “recyclability/re- usability” and non-mercury hazardous substances Safety (flammability, electrical, … etc.) IEC and CISPR are the key originators of safety and EMS standards globally (although some differences at national levels) EU adoption of alternative approach unlikely to yield benefits Noise & vibrations No requirement in EU Exists elsewhere (Energy Star) Simple adoption of ISO standard possible if required
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Test Method Additional Comment
CIE for LED Lamps, Modules and Luminaires
Likely to become reference document for LEDs (and likely OLEDs) in the future. However, close cooperation between development bodies including IEC means likely little impact from EU perspective. CIE test method for CRI
distribution analysis Proprietary issues may cause delay. CRI likely to remain a barrier to 'technology neutral' specifications. IEA-4E-SSL test method guidance for LEDs
Not test method in its own right, but adoption of combined approach has potential benefits from cross-regional harmonisation Array of IEC standards for LEDs
indirectly impact on EU regulation Potential caution required when adopted into EN standard to ensure intent of any technology neutral regulation is not undermined by the implicit pass/fail criteria defined in the IEC standards Array of North American (IES/NEMA/ANSI) standards for LEDs
products/components No apparent impact on EU as IEC/CIE likely to capture relevant requirements
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Test Method Additional Comment
IEC standards for CFLi
regulation
extends parameters tested but also alters pass/fail criteria and tolerances Potential direct and indirect impact the EU regulatory framework Energy Star “Recommended Practice” for Flicker
Flicker not currently addressed by EU but potentially important area for consumer acceptance, No generic protocol across lamp types, particularly when paired with control devices – potential consumer acceptance issue
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Issue Additional Comment
Lamp lifetime
softens requirement.
temperature, …), real world likely to shorten lamp life (potentially considerably). Potential consumer dissatisfaction with claims verses actual performance. Use of IEC “type test” standards
for 'type testing’ (typically production over an extended period). Under existing regime, potential issue of “non-compliant” manufacturers appealing compliance decisions based on statistical possibility. Alternative “zero-tolerance” regime risks (occasional) compliant manufacturer failing to meet requirement. IEC pass/fail requirements incorporated into test methods
“initial reading of the luminous flux of a lamp shall be not less than 92% of the rated value." Effectively devolves some regulatory control to IEC/EN Standard. Issue potentially compounded by regulatory reference to “rated values” vs “tested values”. Network-connected smart lamps
addressed for most of their functionality (colour adjustment, none peak power, “standby”) Has the potential to severely offset saving benefits if appropriate test methods not developed rapidly (possibility
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testing of light output within 90° or 120° cone.
across product types.
with consumer understanding.
methods, and across lamp types.
to ensure compatibility across lamp types.
compatibility across lamp types.
EU regulation.
into a single standard for all lamp types with differing, lamp-specific, set-up requirements.
standby power consumption.
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EU Australia Canada China Korea Japan Taiwan USA
Incandescent lamps - non-directional X X X X X X X X Incandescent and tungsten halogen lamps - directional X X X
Compact fluorescent lamps with integrated ballast (CFLi) X X
X X X X Compact fluorescent lamps without integrated ballast (single-capped fluorescent lamps) X
X
X
planned
X X X X X X X X HID lamps X
planned
X X X X X X X X HID ballasts X
X planned
Luminaires
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Type Observations
Incandescent and Tungsten Halogen lamps
CFLi
CFL (non-integrated)
LED
linear fluorescent lamp
HID lamps
Scope of “other” lamp types
Fluorescent and HID Ballasts
Luminaires
Intent of analysis is not to imply that new EU legislation should be technology-specific.
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Type Observations
Non-directional incandescent and tungsten halogen lamps
Directional incandescent and tungsten halogen lamps
CFLi
CFL (non-integrated)
LED
Linear fluorescent lamps
Intent of the analysis is not to imply that new EU legislation should be technology-specific.
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than China
(via ballasts) - EU could consider this mechanism
just cover metal halide)
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Type Observations
Non-directional incandescent and tungsten halogen lamps
questionable benefit given concerns over CRI as an appropriate measure CFLi
LED
Linear fluorescent lamps
HID Lamps
Intent of the analysis is not to imply that new EU legislation should be technology-specific.
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5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, 1st Stakeholder Meeting - VHK/VITO for EC 48
Van Holsteijn en Kemna Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek
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Stakeholders are invited to provide constructive comments on this model.
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Continuous development by study team
(Blue: Task 2 report)
(Black: Task 3 report)
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(mainly Task 3 report)
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EU-28 SALES, TOTAL, All Sectors, million units 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 LFL T12 80 47 29 16 14 12 10 8 6 5 3 1 T8 halophosphor 95 119 154 176 165 154 143 113 68 26 4 2 T8 tri-phosphor 71 83 100 121 131 142 153 175 216 254 261 245 T5 new (14 - 80w) including circular 23 31 39 47 57 68 76 81 76 All others (including T5 old types 4 - 13w and special FL) 23 28 36 40 39 38 37 34 32 27 23 19 LFL (total) 269 276 318 376 380 385 389 387 390 387 372 344 CFL Retrofit - CFLi 28 68 109 220 313 420 467 506 480 431 345 271 Non-retrofit - CFLni 23 31 44 62 67 73 79 84 87 83 78 72 CFL (total) 51 99 154 282 381 493 545 589 567 514 422 342 TUNGSTEN (HL) Single ended, mirrored (low voltage) [M16, M25 etc.] 20 54 93 130 136 140 144 148 150 151 154 164 Linear (high voltage) [R7s] 15 90 90 90 80 67 54 47 45 41 40 38 LV halogen capsule [G4, GY6.35] 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 53 52 49 45 42 HV halogen capsule [G9] 10 23 47 60 70 70 70 70 67 Mains halogen (substitute for GLS and reflector)[E14, E27] 3 27 81 141 172 196 244 303 Other mains halogen - PAR 16/20/ 25/30 Hard glass reflectors, GU10 etc. 5 32 69 82 101 122 144 162 172 174 158 Tungsten-HL (total) 88 201 268 352 377 433 514 603 650 678 726 772 GLS Reflector 173 163 155 144 140 134 115 94 72 61 54 36 GLS (Including clear/pearl, candles, coloured & decorative) 1514 1468 1421 1375 1365 1356 1174 874 624 400 245 123 GLS (total) 1688 1631 1576 1519 1506 1490 1290 968 697 461 299 159 HID All mercury lamps (including mixed) 8 9 9 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 3 2 All sodium lamps 7 8 9 12 13 14 16 16 15 14 14 14 Metal halide lamps 2 4 7 12 14 15 17 19 22 23 20 16 HID (total) 17 21 25 32 34 36 38 40 42 41 37 33 LED LED directional 1 3 6 11 18 41 LED non-directional 1 1 3 6 13 41 LED (total) 2 4 8 17 31 82 GLS stock 75 112 168 228 267 Tungsten stock 90 140 140 130 TOTAL 2112 2228 2341 2560 2677 2836 2777 2592 2354 2099 1889 1731 Not real sales: seem to come to the market from household stocks. Lamp type subdivision reflects sales data availability from LightingEurope
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 53
Residential Non-Residential
In 2013:
HL 23% -> 61% CFL 17% -> 18% GLS 58% -> 13% LED 0% -> 7% LFL 1% -> 2%
LFL 36% -> 45% CFL 24% -> 22% HL 10% -> 22% HID 4% -> 5% GLS 26% -> 4% LED 0% -> 2%
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 54
LFL CFL TUNGSTEN GLS HID MELISA, unit lamp prices in euro/unit fixed euros 2010
T12 T8 Halophosphor T8 tri-phosphor T5 new (14 - 80w) including Circular All others (including T5 old types 4 - 13w and Special Fl.) Retrofit - CFLi Non-Retrofit - CFLni Single Ended, Mirrored (Low voltage) [M16,M25etc] Linear (High voltage) [R7s] LV halogen Capsule [G4, GY6.35] HV halogen Capsule [G9] Mains halogen (Substitute for GLS and Reflector)[E14, E27] Other Mains halogen - PAR 16/ 20/25/30 Hard glass reflectors, GU10 etc. Reflector GLS (Including clear/pearl, candles, coloured & decorative) All Mercury Lamps (including mixed) All Sodium Lamps Metal Halide Lamps Reference power (W) 35 32 30 25 12 9.5 12 35 250 35 35 36 35 54 54 250 140 160 Reference efficiency (lm/W) 70 75 80 91 86 55 55 14 12 14 12 12 12 9.5 9.5 40 95 82
Price/unit residential € (incl. VAT) 10.10 10.10 10.10 9.50 9.50 5.26 5.26 3.79 3.16 3.16 3.79 2.63 14.21 1.37 0.84 20.40 32.40 32.40 Price/unit non-residential € (excl. VAT) 8.42 8.42 8.42 7.92 7.92 4.39 4.39 3.16 2.63 2.63 3.16 2.19 11.84 1.14 0.70 17.00 27.00 27.00 LED price/unit (fixed euros 2010) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
lm / W (for sales in year) 25 30 40 60 80 watt @ 500 lm 20.0 16.7 12.5 8.3 6.3 euro / lumen (source: LightingEurope 2013) 0.056 0.048 0.042 0.034 0.020
euro @ 500 lm (excl. VAT) 28.00 24.00 21.00 17.00 10.00
Residential incl. 20% VAT Non-residential excl. VAT
Sales (units) * Average Prices = Sales (value) = Consumer Acquisition Cost
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 55 Non-Residential
In 2013:
HL 47% -> 59% CFL 31% -> 17% LED 0% -> 17% (incl. VAT) LFL 5% -> 4% GLS 18% -> 2%
LFL 53% -> 51% HID 17% -> 16% CFL 18% -> 13% (excl. VAT) HL 9% -> 13% LED 0% -> 6% GLS 3% -> 0%
(lamp acquisition cost only, excl. energy cost)
Residential
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 56 Non-Residential
LFL, HID: revenue is 66% of consumer price CFL, HL, GLS, LED: 38% (comments!)
In 2013: 42% of industry revenue is from residential sales
HL 45% -> 58% CFL 30% -> 17% LED 0% -> 17% LFL 8% -> 7% GLS 17% -> 2%
LFL 60% -> 59% HID 19% -> 19% CFL 12% -> 9% HL 6% -> 9% LED 0% -> 4% GLS 2% -> 0%
Residential
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Stock in year N = { ∑ } + DEClife * −
where INTlife = integer part of the lamp life in years DEClife = decimal part of the lamp life in years
For example, if the year considered is N=2014 and the life in years for the lamp type has been computed as 3.2 years (INTlife=3 and DEClife=0.2): Stock (2014) = Sales(2014)+Sales(2013)+Sales(2012)+0.2*Sales(2011)
Installed Stock = Sum of Sales over X preceding years, where X = lamp lifetime Lamp lifetime in years depends on:
( ) = ( ) MELISA contains assumptions for Lamp Life (hours) and for Annual Operating Hours (hours/year) (Operating Hours are assumed to be full-power equivalent hours) Stock = Number of light sources installed in EU-28 in a given year (it is NOT the quantity in warehouses)
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 58
LFL CFL TUNGSTEN GLS HID Lifetime (hours), operating hours (hours/year) and life (years) per type of light source
T12 T8 Halophosphor T8 tri-phosphor T5 new (14 - 80w) including Circular All others (including T5 old types 4 - 13w and Special Fl.) Retrofit - CFLi Non-Retrofit - CFLni Single Ended, Mirrored (Low voltage) [M16,M25etc] Linear (High voltage) [R7s] LV halogen Capsule [G4, GY6.35] HV halogen Capsule [G9] Mains halogen (Substitute for GLS and Reflector)[E14, E27] Other Mains halogen - PAR 16/20/25/30 Hard glass reflectors, GU10 etc. Reflector GLS (Including clear/pearl, candles, coloured & decorative) All Mercury Lamps (including mixed) All Sodium Lamps Metal Halide Lamps
Life (hours) 8000 8000 13000 20000 11000 6000 10000 2000 1000 2000 1500 1500 1500 1000 1000 8000 12000 8000 Operating (h/a) residential 700 700 700 700 700 500 700 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 700 700 700 Operating (h/a) non-residential 2200 2200 2200 2200 2200 500 1600 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 4000 4000 4000 Life (years) residential 11.4 11.4 18.6 28.6 15.7 12.0 14.3 4.4 2.2 4.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.2 2.2 11.4 17.1 11.4 Life (years) non-residential 3.6 3.6 5.9 9.1 5.0 12.0 6.3 4.4 2.2 4.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.2 2.2 2.0 3.0 2.0
Assumed Lamp Life(hours) and Annual Operating Hours (hours/year): For LED lamps in 2013:
20,000 h
500 h (450 h + rebound)
1500 h (mix of 2200 and 450 h)
984 h (mix of DLS and NDLS substituted) Major uncertainty: average EU-28 Annual Operating Hours in Non-Residential sector
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 59 Non-Residential
Residential
In 2013:
(≈ 13 CFL, ≈ 13 HL)
CFL 28% -> 40% HL 22% -> 38% GLS 44% -> 15% LFL 5% -> 5% LED 0% -> 2%
LFL 42% -> 42% CFL 31% -> 42% HL 8% -> 11% HID 2% -> 2% GLS 16% -> 2% LED 0% -> 0%
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 60
To follow: Sales data from Eurostat (one of the bases for MELISA) Comparison of MELISA sales data with GfK / IEA 4E (2014) data Comparison of MELISA sales data with McKinsey (2012) data Later, Task 3 presentation: other data from MELISA and comparison with literature data.
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 61
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 62
GLS MV <200W EU-15 EU-28 year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Production Quantity (mln units) 1040 1085 969 1263 1171 939 867 806 1067 1192 1610 1303 1500 1130 1051 1012 751 407 352 Import Quantity (mln units) 426 502 607 738 725 788 799 784 186 212 248 295 344 313 301 367 311 343 350 Export Quantity (mln units) 193 272 256 267 237 348 350 291 542 525 568 516 576 423 391 522 534 439 509 Apparent Sales (mln units) 1272 1316 1320 1734 1659 1379 1316 1299 711 878 1290 1082 1269 1020 961 857 528 311 192 Production Value (mln euro) 354 340 357 380 365 320 325 313 289 314 377 293 331 346 342 325 221 210 200 Import Value (mln euro) 100 123 142 169 185 204 201 193 49.7 47.7 53.6 61.1 65.7 60.3 62.1 88.4 79.9 83.8 75.3 Export Value (mln euro) 71.1 89.4 99.0 97.9 93.2 117 129 99.1 134 134 116 112 113 95.0 83.8 101 99.3 94.1 104 Apparent Sales (mln euro) 383 374 400 451 457 407 398 407 204 227 315 243 284 311 320 312 202 199 172 Production Value (euro/unit) 0.34 0.31 0.37 0.30 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.39 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.31 0.33 0.32 0.29 0.51 0.57 Import Value (euro/unit) 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.24 0.26 0.24 0.22 Export Value (euro/unit) 0.37 0.33 0.39 0.37 0.39 0.34 0.37 0.34 0.25 0.26 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.20 Apparent Value (euro/unit) 0.30 0.28 0.30 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.22 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.64 0.89
Incandescent MV lamps < 200W:
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 63
Halogen MV lamps :
Compact Fluorescent Lamps :
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 64
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 65
From 2003 (first year with EU-28 data) to 2013 (last year with EU-28 data):
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 66
Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands (2007-2013), Poland, Spain (2011-2013).
Distribution of the sales over various wattage ranges -> estimate of average lamp powers. Sales-weighted average efficacies (lm/W) These aspects are further explored in the Task 3 report. Here: focus on sales
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 67
GfK/IEA 4E data confirm MELISA trends:
mains voltage halogen lamps (MV-HL)
initial increase and following decrease of CFLi sales with a peak around the year 2010.
Lamp sales per lamp type, estimate for EU28 based on GfK 2014 data (millions of units) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 TOTAL all lamp types 1125 1068 1149 1031 959 916 873
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 68
GfK/IEA 4E extrapolated EU-28 lamp sales compared to MELISA (residential):
are lower than LightingEurope sales and LE has only a share of the market, but LE sales are for all sectors; GfK sales only for residential.
ended, R7s), but low sales quantities
for residential use; low quantities.
Relative values: GfK-derived data / MELISA residential data (%) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 MV incandescent lamps 65% 65% 88% 86% 112% 117% 87% MV halogens (single ended) 65% 49% 48% 60% 69% 89% 109% MV halogens (double ended) 57% 71% 70% 57% 60% 61% 68% LV (12V) halogens 44% 47% 45% 46% 42% 44% 42% MV pin based CFLs (CFLni) 9% 9% 10% 9% 13% 15% 17% MV self-ballasted CFLs (CFLi) 54% 58% 67% 81% 71% 71% 82% MV LFL tubes (all types) 64% 62% 64% 61% 57% 63% 69% LED total 262% 193% 152% 110% 108% 89% TOTAL all lamp types 61% 60% 71% 72% 78% 83% 86%
Conclusions:
moving a part of HL-LV sales to non-residential sector
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Share of market value per lamp type, comparison 2012->2020
18% -> 9%
Estimate for EU-28 2011 2012 2016 2020 2011 2012 2016 2020 total general lighting market m € 12964 13730 15696 16308
m € 12434 13102 14508 14141 incandescent m € 1914 1533 303 15% 12% 2% 0% halogen m € 2039 2148 1952 893 16% 16% 13% 6% HID m € 1859 1958 1608 669 15% 15% 11% 5% LFL m € 3053 3026 2559 1787 25% 23% 18% 13% CFL m € 2421 2420 1292 521 19% 18% 9% 4% LED m € 1149 2017 6793 10272 9% 15% 47% 73% Luminaire market m € 10107 10655 12246 12637 78% 78% 78% 77% Light Source replacement market m € 2327 2447 2263 1504 18% 18% 14% 9% Control system market m € 530 629 1188 2166 4% 5% 8% 13% Estimate for EU-28 2011 2012 2016 2020 2011 2012 2016 2020 m € 12964 13730 15696 16308 Residential m € 6360 6547 7135 7225 49% 48% 45% 44% Hospitality m € 878 941 1035 1078 7% 7% 7% 7% Outdoor m € 1242 1354 2008 2080 10% 10% 13% 13% Office m € 1686 1872 2219 2582 13% 14% 14% 16% Architectural m € 556 594 654 729 4% 4% 4% 4% Shop/retail m € 1123 1243 1380 1303 9% 9% 9% 8% Industrial m € 1122 1179 1264 1309 9% 9% 8% 8%
Share of market value per sector, comparison 2012->2020
10% -> 13%
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Industry revenue 2012 from light sources (million euros):
2415 - 2865
Only residential (not in table):
1769
EU-28 market for light sources/lamps/modules, as derived by the study team from McKinsey data. Sum of all sectors. Values in million euros EU-28 Light Sources Market 2011 2012 2016 2020 Based on McKinsey, All Sectors m € 3237 3576 3940 3439 incandescent m € 502 420 82 halogen m € 536 591 531 204 HID m € 461 507 423 181 LFL m € 820 859 736 493 CFL m € 643 675 357 123 LED m € 275 523 1809 2439 Light source NEW m € 909 1128 1678 1935 Light source REPLACEMENT m € 2328 2447 2262 1504
Industry revenue conclusion:
but their value could be compatible with value derived from McKinsey.
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EU-28 sales quantities for light sources/lamps/modules, as derived by the study team from McKinsey market value data and for two sets of assumed unit prices. Sum of all sectors, in million units. Light Source unit price (€/unit) High price set Low price set 2011 2012 2016 2020 2011 2012 2016 2020 incandescent 0.28 0.28 0.31 0.33 0.21 0.21 0.24 0.25 halogen 1.00 1.03 0.98 0.83 0.88 0.91 0.86 0.73 HID 9.67 9.44 8.27 7.10 7.31 7.14 6.25 5.37 LFL 1.30 1.27 1.16 1.07 0.87 0.85 0.78 0.72 CFL 2.01 1.92 1.57 1.28 1.60 1.53 1.25 1.02 LED 11.67 9.06 5.53 4.79 7.85 6.10 3.72 3.22 Light Sources sold in EU-28 (million units / year) 3351 3211 2045 1336 4431 4248 2749 1875 incandescent 1789 1497 261 2377 1989 347 halogen 538 573 544 245 612 651 618 279 HID 48 54 51 25 63 71 68 34 LFL 633 678 634 460 943 1010 944 685 CFL 320 351 228 96 402 441 286 121 LED 24 58 327 510 35 86 486 757 Light sources NEW 926 997 853 733 1223 1318 1144 1022 Light sources REPLACEMENT 2426 2214 1192 603 3208 2930 1605 853
Sales quantities 2012 of light sources (million units):
2883 - 2937
Sales quantity conclusion (2012):
less than the quantity derived from McKinsey data.
from GLS sales:
1497 - 1989
with MELISA and Eurostat data. → McKinsey (derived) sales quantities for GLS are much too high.
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 73
Task 3 presentation will follow: Other data from MELISA and comparison with literature data Compatibility between light sources and dimmers
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, 1st Stakeholder Meeting - VHK/VITO for EC 74
Van Holsteijn en Kemna Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 75
Stakeholders are invited to provide constructive comments on this model.
At each step: MELISA inputs ↔ Literature data MELISA outcomes ↔ Literature data Quantities/household Quantities/m2 Task 3, 2nd part: Heat aspects of Lighting Health aspects End-of-Life aspects Dimming
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Average lamp power (W) LFL CFL HL GLS HID For LEDs see later presentation sheet
T12 T8 halophosphor T8 tri-phosphor T5 new (14 - 80w) including circular All others (including T5 old types 4 - 13w and special FL) Retrofit - CFLi Non-retrofit - CFLni Single ended, mirrored (low voltage) [M16, M25 etc.] Linear (high voltage) [R7s] LV halogen Capsule [G4, GY6.35] HV Halogen capsule [G9] Mains halogen (substitute for GLS and reflector)[E14, E27] Other mains halogen - PAR 16/20/ 25/30 hard glass reflectors, GU10 etc. Reflector GLS (including clear/pearl, candles, coloured & decorative) All mercury lamps (including mixed) All sodium lamps Metal halide lamps
MELISA 35 32 30 25 12 9.5 12 35 250 35 35 36 35 54 54 250 140 160 CLASP 2013 35 32 28-30 25 12 13 9.5- 11.5 35 100 35 52 52 52 60 60 250 120- 140 150- 225 VITO 2009 13 30 300 30 40 40 40 54 54 GfK/IEA 4E 2013 33-35 ≈14 ≈35 200- 240 ≈35 38-40 40-45
Main conclusions:
MELISA assumptions on average lamp powers, compared with CLASP 2013, VITO 2009, GfK/IEA 4E (2013)
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 77 Non-Residential
In 2013:
(of which 521 W for halogen lamps)
HL 30% -> 54% GLS 60% -> 28% CFL 7% -> 13% LED 0% -> 1% LFL 4% -> 5%
LFL 37% -> 47% HL 14% -> 20% CFL 10% -> 17% HID 12% -> 12% GLS 27% -> 5% LED 0% -> 0%
Residential
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 78
MELISA Residential 2013:
Values seem reasonable considering comparison with literature sources
Source Number of lamps per household Average installed lighting power per household (W) Lighting power density for households (W/m2) MELISA 2013 33 966 11 MELISA 2007 28 1198 MELISA 2000 23 1184 MELISA 1990 21 1062 United Kingdom 2012 34 1362 24 Sweden 2009, houses apartments 55 31 1618 829 13 11 REMODECE 2008 (12 countries) 26 1060 IA 2009, data for 2007 19 JRC, Bertoldi, 2006 22 IEA, 2006 (7 countries) 10 - 40 6 - 16 France 2003 28 1578 15 EURECO 2002 (4 countries) 10 - 24 675 - 883 6 – 9 Delight, 1994-1997 24 GPP Indoor Residential 9 - 11 Residential communal spaces 5 - 6 prEN15193, standard (15 lm/W) 920 - 1380 15 - 17
330 - 535 ≈ 6
Comparison of installed powers for lighting in residential buildings between the MELISA model and various literature sources.
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 79
MELISA Non-Residential 2013 (exclusive
(on entire EU-28 heated building area) Value seems reasonable considering comparison with literature sources Large variability in data due to different building types, to different uses of the spaces, and to different degrees
lighting optimisation. Further research in Lot37 study.
Comparison of installed power densities (W/m2) for lighting in non-residential buildings between the MELISA model and various literature sources.
Source Room/zone type Lighting power density for non- residential buildings (W/m2) MELISA 2013 Average of all buildings 8.7 EL-Tertiary project 2008 (3 values are 25%, 50%, 75% quartiles) Offices (82) 6 – 13 – 21 Conference rooms (20) 12 – 14 – 18 Classrooms (40) 5 – 8 – 12 Toilets, sanitary (40) 7 – 12 – 18 Circulation areas (108) 4 – 7 – 13 Service, tech, archives (42) 6 – 8 – 12 Gymnasium, sports (14) 6 – 7 – 12 Office buildings (FR,2005) (average of 49 buildings) Entire building, original 19 After proposed improvements 10 Office building (FR,2005) (1 large building) Corridors 15 Offices (ceiling lamps) 13 Entrance hall 7 Conference rooms 32 Offices (desk lamps) 5 IEA, 2006 commercial buildings 15-16 GPP Indoor Various building types 7 - 14 prEN15193-2 Circulation areas 29 (existing), 8 (standard) Personal offices 35-43 (existing), 12-14 (efficient) Conference room 12 (efficient) Open floor office 27 (existing), 11 (efficient) Kitchen in non-residential building 33 (existing), 12 (efficient) Manufacturing hall 34 (existing), 7-13 (efficient)
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 80
Main conclusions:
Average Flux (lm) LFL CFL HL GLS HID For LEDs see later presentation sheet
T12 T8 halophosphor T8 tri-phosphor T5 new (14 - 80w) including circular All others (including T5 old types 4 - 13w and special FL) Retrofit - CFLi Non-retrofit - CFLni Single ended, mirrored (low voltage) [M16, M25 etc.] Linear (high voltage) [R7s] LV halogen Capsule [G4, GY6.35] HV Halogen capsule [G9] Mains halogen (substitute for GLS and reflector)[E14, E27] Other mains halogen - PAR 16/20/ 25/30 hard glass reflectors, GU10 etc. Reflector GLS (including clear/pearl, candles, coloured & decorative) All mercury lamps (including mixed) All sodium lamps Metal halide lamps
MELISA 2450 2400 2400 2275 1032 523 633 490 3000 490 420 432 420 513 513 10000 13300 13120 CLASP 2013 2450 2400 2352- 2400 2275 1032 617- 632 10000 13300 13500- 14625 VITO 2009 559 392 5177 435 480 (DLS:315) 258 572- 594 GfK/IEA 2013 min-max 2200- 3600 790- 860 430- 630 3800- 4500 430- 630 530-600 380-490
MELISA assumptions on average lamp lumens, compared with CLASP 2013, VITO 2009, GfK/IEA 4E (2013)
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 81 Non-Residential
(sun, zenith, clear, on same area: 3200 Tlm) In 2013:
(7000 lm CFL, 6700 lm HL)
CFL 24% -> 34% HL 23% -> 33% LFL 18% -> 18% GLS 35% -> 13% LED 0% -> 2%
LFL 61% -> 63% HID 19% -> 16% CFL 11% -> 15% HL 4% -> 4% GLS 5% -> 1% LED 0% -> 0% Residential 190 lm/m2 Non-Residential 500 lm/m2 see Lot37
(light source level, not task level)
Residential
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Main conclusions:
Average Efficacy (lm/W) LFL CFL HL GLS HID For LEDs see later presentation sheet
T12 T8 halophosphor T8 tri-phosphor T5 new (14 - 80w) including circular All others (including T5 old types 4 - 13w and special FL) Retrofit - CFLi Non-retrofit - CFLni Single ended, mirrored (low voltage) [M16, M25 etc.] Linear (high voltage) [R7s] LV halogen Capsule [G4, GY6.35] HV Halogen capsule [G9] Mains halogen (substitute for GLS and reflector)[E14, E27] Other mains halogen - PAR 16/20/ 2 5/30 hard glass reflectors, GU10 etc. Reflector GLS (including clear/pearl, candles, coloured & decorative) All mercury lamps (including mixed) All sodium lamps Metal halide lamps
MELISA 70 75 80 91 86 55 55 14 12 14 12 12 12 9.5 9.5 40 95 82 CLASP 2013 70 75 80-84 91 86 55-65 40 95-110 65-90 VITO 2009 43 10 17 14 12 5 11 GfK/IEA 4E 2013 77-80 89-91 60 70-76 17.8 18.9 17.8 14.2 10.7-11.5
MELISA assumptions on average lamp efficacy, compared with CLASP 2013, VITO 2009, GfK/IEA 4E (2013)
5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 83
LEDs in MELISA for 2013:
implies: 6.25 W for 500 lm lamp
should match the lumens of the lamps that they replace + some rebound (‘Lumen-to- Fit’). This gives different values for Residential and Non-Residential, for NDLS and DLS.
year the average efficacy of the installed stock is smaller than the average efficacy of the lamps sold in the same year
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 LED General lm/W (for sales in year) 25 30 40 60 80 Watt @ 500 Lm 20.00 16.67 12.50 8.33 6.25 LED-NDLS Residential Use Lumen to Fit (NDLS) 500 550 600 600 600 lm/W (average for stock) 25 28 35 49 68 Watt to Fit (avg. NDLS stock) 20.00 19.37 17.03 12.13 8.83 LED-NDLS Non-Residential Use (incl. LFL replacement) Lumen to Fit (NDLS) 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 lm/W (average for stock) 25 30 40 49 76 Watt to Fit (avg. NDLS stock) 72.00 60.00 45.00 36.38 23.58 LED- DLS Residential Use Lumen to Fit (DLS) 600 600 600 600 600 lm/W (average for stock) 25 28 35 47 63 Watt to Fit (avg. DLS stock) 24.00 21.15 17.34 12.83 9.55 LED- DLS Non-Residential Use Lumen to Fit (DLS) 600 600 600 600 600 lm/W (average for stock) 25 30 40 53 74 Watt to Fit (avg. DLS stock) 24.00 20.00 15.00 11.33 8.08
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Retrofit LED Lamps average estimated wattage (W) Efficacy (lm/W) average estimated lumen Countries AT, BE, FR, DE, UK, IT, NL MAX MIN MAX MIN 2007 1.7 1.2 37.2 62 45 2008 1.6 1.2 40.9 67 48 2009 1.8 1.3 45.5 82 58 2010 2.2 1.7 50.9 114 85 2011 3.2 2.5 57.4 184 141 2012 5.0 3.9 64.9 324 254 2013 6.5 5.2 72.6 473 381 Countries ES, PL 2011 3.6 2.7 57.4 206 158 2012 4.3 3.3 63.7 274 212 2013 5.8 4.6 71.7 419 333 Dedicated LED Lamps average estimated wattage (W) Efficacy (lm/W) average estimated lumen Countries AT, BE, FR, DE, UK, IT, NL MAX MIN MAX MIN 2007 1.6 1.1 46.3 73 52 2008 1.6 1.2 51.0 83 60 2009 1.8 1.3 56.9 105 76 2010 2.4 1.8 63.2 150 112 2011 2.9 2.2 70.6 207 156 2012 4.1 3.1 79.5 327 249 2013 4.9 3.7 88.4 430 330 Countries ES, PL 2011 3.7 2.8 71.5 262 199 2012 3.9 3.0 78.9 311 238 2013 4.8 3.7 88.0 419 322
Derived by study team from GfK/IEA 4E data (RESIDENTIAL)
lumen, are rapidly increasing each year
luminaires) are more efficient than LED retrofit lamps. In 2013:
In MELISA Residential for 2013:
lumen HL and GLS, while for higher lumen people still buy HL ? Could explain why average lumen for sold HL is higher than expected.
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MELISA:
500 h/a
MELISA residential annual operating hours seem reasonable considering literature reference data.
Residential Measurement campaign Operating hours per year United Kingdom 2012 394 Sweden 2009 houses apartments 515 567 REMODECE 2008 average 12 countries nordern countries southern countries France 459 637-752 209-529 295 France 2003 224 EURECO 2002 3 countries (excl. PT) 425 – 576
Reference information from literature:
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MELISA: HID: 4000 h/a LFL: 2200 h/a CFLni: 1600 h/a CFLi: 500 h/a HL, GLS: 450 h/a Reference information from literature:
Non-Residential Measurement campaign Type of building or room/zone type Operating hours per year EL-Tertiary project 2008 (3 values are 25%, 50%, 75% quartiles) Offices (60) 750 – 850 – 1080 Conference rooms (16) 150 – 200 – 250 Classrooms (20) 480 – 870 – 2000 Toilets, sanitary (32) 150 – 280 - 600 Circulation areas (80) 180 – 800 - 1370 Service, tech, archives (42) 50 -80 -100 Gymnasium, sports (11) 650 – 1350 - 1550 Supermarket (FR, 2001) Entire building 3984 High-school (FR, 2003) Entire building 1018 Office building (FR, 2005) Entire building 2226 IEA 2006 (data 2000) Commercial buildings 1781 Non-Residential Measurement campaign Type of building or room/zone type Operating hours per year Office buildings (FR, 2005) (average of 49 buildings) Single offices 1155 Open offices 2513 Floor lamps near desks 767 Desk lamps 489 Corridors 2740 Stairs 1125 Archives 1053 Printing/copying rooms 1970 Service rooms 1443 Canteens/restaurants 1653 Kitchen zones 538 Conference rooms 530 Sanitary, toilets 669-711 Sanitary, washbasins 1084 Entire building (average) 1383
Difficult to judge if MELISA non-residential average annual operating hours (1360) are reasonable, but corresponds well to FR,2005 average of 49 office buildings (1383). MELISA (2013): LED NDLS: 1500 h/a LED DLS: 984 h/a Average all types (2013): 1360 h/a
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(9.3 TeraHours ≈ 1 billion years) In 2013:
CFL 31% -> 42% HL 20% -> 35% LFL 8% -> 7% GLS 41% -> 14% LED 0% -> 2%
LFL 68% -> 68% CFL 17% -> 22% HID 7% -> 6% HL 3% -> 4% GLS 5% -> 1% LED 0% -> 0% MELISA hours are Full-Power Equivalent Hours
Residential
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Next topics of 1st part of Task3: MELISA, Lighting energy consumption Lighting energy cost
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For non-special lamps (as presented so far): Energy =
∗
Control gear efficiency:
Energy of Special Purpose Lamps:
Energy of Controls and Standby:
Note: average lamp power does NOT include control gear power, unless integrated in lamp (CFLi)
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1990: 276 TWh (225 excl. SPL, Control & SB) 2010: 403 TWh (328 excl. SPL, Control & SB) 2013: 383 TWh (322 excl. SPL, Control & SB) In 2013:
(240 kWh for HL; 120 kWh for GLS)
HL 29% -> 51% GLS 57% -> 26% CFL 8% -> 14% LFL 7% -> 8% LED 0% -> 1%
SB) (2008 -> 2013): LFL 54% -> 58% HID 31% -> 29% CFL 5% -> 7% HL 4% -> 5% GLS 7% -> 1% LED 0% -> 0%
Residential
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Source Annual energy consumption for lighting per household (kWh/hh/year) Lighting energy density for households (kWh/m2) MELISA 2013 467 4.3 MELISA 2007 565 MELISA 2000 553 MELISA 1990 494 United Kingdom 2012 537 10 The Netherlands 2011 464 Sweden 2009, houses apartments 646-937 240-691 6.7 REMODECE 2008 (12 countries) 487 JRC, Bertoldi, 2006 (EU-28) 498 IEA, 2006 (7 countries) 375-775 3.3-9.3 France 2003 354 3.7 EURECO 2002 (4 countries) 375-426 3.3-4.0 France 2000, CIEL 500 Delight, 1994-1997 (19 countries) 569 3.4-12.1
Reference information from literature: MELISA Residential 2013:
(on entire EU-28 heated residential area) Values seem reasonable considering comparison with literature sources
Comparison of energy consumption for lighting in residential buildings between the MELISA model and various literature sources.
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Reference information from literature: MELISA Non-Residential 2013: Average 13.4 kWh/m2 (LENI) (on entire EU-28 heated non-residential area) (not considering Outdoor, SPL, Controls, SB) Comparison of energy consumption for lighting in non-residential buildings between the MELISA model and various literature sources.
Source Building type or Room/zone type Lighting energy density (kWh/m2/year) EL-Tertiary project 2008 (buildings: 2 values are median – average) (rooms: 3 values are 25%, 50%, 75% quartiles) Office buildings (10) 21 - 25 School buildings (11) 5 - 10 Hotel buildings (4) 28 Offices (82) 7 – 20 – 30 Conference rooms (20) 3 – 6 – 9 Classrooms (40) 0 – 4 – 12 Toilets, sanitary (40) 1 – 5 – 25 Circulation areas (108) 4 – 13 – 22 Service, tech, archives (42) 1 – 2 – 7 Gymnasium, sports (14) 1 – 5 – 15 Office buildings (49) (FR, 2005) Average of 49 buildings Original -> Optimised 26.7 -> 17.6 Office building (1) (FR,2005) Entire building (1) Original -> Optimised 28.1 -> 6 IEA, 2006 commercial buildings 27.7 Recent office building (FR,2009) Entire building (1) Original -> Optimised 6.2 -> 3.9 Source Building type or Room/zone type Lighting energy density (kWh/m2/year) IWU (Germany 2014) 93 non-residential buildings 23 (average), 15 (median) 10 public buildings 13 (average), 7 – 24 (range) 140 offices (single & open) 19 50 class rooms 15 13 hotel rooms 12 128 circulation areas 11 prEN15193-2 Circulation areas 26 (existing), 4.3-6.8 (standard) Personal offices 31-39 (existing), 6-13 (efficient) Conference room 10-15 (efficient) Open floor office 58 (existing), 19-23 (efficient) Kitchen in non-residential building 68 (existing), 19-24 (efficient) Manufacturing hall, with roof lights without roof lights 8.5 (existing), 1.8-3.3 (efficient) 132 (existing), 27-51 (efficient)
Large variability in reference values: difficult to judge if MELISA values are reasonable
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For residential these prices are based on Eurostat tariff group Dc: “annual consumption
For non-residential the reference was tariff group Ie: “annual consumption of 2 000 MWh, maximum demand of 500kW and annual load of 4 000 hours”. These tariff group definitions are according to the old (2007) methodology.
Residential prices of electricity (fixed euros 2010), in euros/kWh, incl. VAT
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
0.178 0.188 0.195 0.188 0.188 0.181 0.176 0.173 0.168 0.163
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
0.162 0.158 0.156 0.155 0.153 0.153 0.158 0.167 0.169 0.167
2010 2011 2012 2013
0.170 0.177 0.184 0.191
Cost of electricity:
Non-residential prices of electricity (fixed euros 2010), in euros/kWh, excl. VAT
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
0.119 0.119 0.118 0.112 0.110 0.103 0.095 0.092 0.088 0.085
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
0.084 0.083 0.079 0.083 0.082 0.087 0.097 0.099 0.105 0.107
2010 2011 2012 2013
0.106 0.110 0.115 0.119
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1990: 32 billion euros 2013: 44 billion euros (0.33% of EU-28 GDP) (excl. SPL, Control & SB) In 2013:
HL 29% -> 51% GLS 57% -> 26% CFL 8% -> 14% LFL 7% -> 8% LED 0% -> 1%
Control & SB) (2008 -> 2013): LFL 54% -> 58% HID 31% -> 29% CFL 5% -> 7% HL 4% -> 5% GLS 7% -> 1% LED 0% -> 0% Residential: almost constant since 1992 Non-residential: increase after 2004
Residential
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Light source Acquisition + Energy cost
1990: 36 billion euros ( 5 acq + 32 nrg) 2013: 55 billion euros (11 acq + 44 nrg) (excl. SPL, Control & SB) In 2013:
HL 33% -> 53% GLS 48% -> 20% CFL 13% -> 15% LFL 6% -> 7% LED 0% -> 5%
& SB) (2008 -> 2013): LFL 54% -> 57% HID 28% -> 27% CFL 7% -> 8% HL 5% -> 6% GLS 6% -> 1% LED 0% -> 1%
Residential
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(work performed in the context of the Lot37 study; NOT in Task 3 report)
MELISA: 5660 Glm at lamp level (implied average utilization factor of 64% could be reasonable)
(assumptions on average room index, upward flux fraction, mix of lamp types, MF=0.8, reflections)
MELISA: 106 GW installed power (surprisingly close match)
factors -> 2200 - 2500 hours (full-power equivalent) MELISA: 1467 hours (are EN-15193 hours too high or MELISA hours too low ??)
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In general the input parameters seem reasonable, even if adjustments could be made on some points.
lighting capacity (lumen).
before its use in the scenario analyses of MEErP Task 7.
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(heat produced by lighting must be taken into account when dimensioning such equipment).
→ ≈10% on ‘internal heat gain’ → ≈ 0.23˚ C deficit in temperature, to compensate by hea ng
Internal gain in heating season EU 2010 In kWh per residential dwelling, total 2500 kWh
Source: Building Heat Demand report, VHK 2014
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existing standards.
However, LED technology → more lighting points → increase in exposure to artificial light.
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(WEEE) Directive 2012/19/EU -> have to be collected separately.
Other WEEE product categories: only a few per cent of the cost price or even a positive value The average collection and recycling fee is 0.14 euros/lamp
(source: Philips).
Organizations (CRSO’s). Now present in 22 EU member-states. Market share of 75-95%.
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Data present gaps: use with caution. As regards lighting:
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Relevance in this study: compatibility between light sources and dimmers (other controls) Important to understand some of the backgrounds of the problems (Task 3 report).
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1- Use of energy efficient light sources: LEDs 2- Daylight dependent and occupancy dependent dimming
→ potential to disturb market introduction of LEDs → potential to slow down the use of LEDs in controlled lighting systems → potential to disturb the further introduction of dimming
→ characteristics of existing dimmers are a given fact (even if often not well known…..) → design dimmable LED control gears accordingly to guarantee compatibility (as far as possible…..).
Development of standards ongoing. Requirements prescribed both for LED control gears and for the dimmers (or other control components).
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Problems encountered with dimming:
impossible to reach low dimming levels).
may be desirable or undesirable).
is (far) less than the rated maximum output of the light source).
consumption).
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Components involved in dimming:
Voltage Transformer
Dimming information: Control signals OR Voltage, Current Dimming information: Current Specific problems: see Task 3 report LV-AC MV-AC MV-AC LV-DC
Unlike filament lamps that have some thermal inertia, LEDs react very quickly to presence / absence of current
Light up only when current in correct direction -> DC The Control gear determines if a LED lamp is dimmable at all, and down to which level (specifically designed). Constant voltage gears (10 V, 12 V, 24 V) OR Constant current gears (350 mA, 700 mA, 1050 mA)
Dimming results from the cooperation of 3 or more components
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Constant Current Reduction (CCR) Acting on power supply: Phase-cut dimming (2-wire, 3-wire) Emitting control signals: 0-10 V dimming 4 wire digital control wireless control
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Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Constant Current Reduction (CCR) Maintains current level, switches on/off Ratio on/off -> % dimming
Reduces current level, constant in time Current level -> % dimming
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Phase-cut, Leading-edge (LE)
Forward phase-, TRIAC- , SCR- , Incandescent dimming
Phase-cut, Trailing-edge (TE)
Reverse phase dimming, ELV dimming
Does NOT transmit part
zero crossing. Average voltage transmitted varied by conduction angle
Does NOT transmit part of sine-wave BEFORE zero crossing. Average voltage transmitted varied by conduction angle
Originally developed for filament lamps (resistive load). Later for lamps with magnetic low voltage transformer (resistive/inductive loads). Now some specifically designed to operate LED lamps.
Originally developed for lamps with electronic low voltage (ELV) transformer (capacitive loads). Most LED control gears use ELV-type transformer.
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between LE and TE operation. Installed base in Europe ≈ 10% of phase-cut dimmers. More expensive.
dimmer sends low-voltage signals to the control gear, varying from 0 V (off), 1 V (minimum light) to 10 V (maximum light) that have to be translated by the control gear in an associated dimming level. This implies a total
This type of dimming control is defined in IEC standard 60929 Annex E. May have problems if wires are long.
Bi-directional signals: feedback from control gear to dimmer. Communication protocols: DMX, DALI (IEC 62386). Expensive and specific installer and operator knowledge required -> mainly in non-residential applications. Other types of dimmers:
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(phase-cut dimming, analogue 0-10 V signals, digital signals) to control the dimming of LED lamps.
gateways to function together.
‘just’ annoying for some applications as mobile phones, the reliability of lighting control can be essential, considering that light can be a life safety system. Other types of dimmers (continued):
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in a 2-wire configuration or in a 3-wire configuration (figure below).
(lamp/control gear) and also that it has to sense the phase through this load (i.e. to detect the zero crossings in the sine wave, required for correct phase-cutting).
Lamp + control gear Dimmer
control device Line wire Neutral wire
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means pulling an additional wire in most houses.
load, also during the short periods where the phase is cut and the control gear (or lamp alone) is not powered, and also when the control gear/lamp is switched off for longer periods, but the dimmer has to remain in standby.
current levels needed for the dimmer (less than 50 mA) these lamps will not emit any light.
lamp light up even when it is supposed to be switched off. This is called ‘ghosting’.
through the LED lamps and control gears, unless special ‘bleeder circuits’ are implemented.
(source: CECAPI)
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Conduction angle of the phase-cut dimmer
(source: CECAPI)
‘Dead travel’: light intensity does not change when operating dimmer Measured light output (perceived is different) Linear dimming curve Non-Linear dimming curve ‘Drop-out’, ‘Pop-on’: Some curves disappear at low levels
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Conduction angle of the phase-cut dimmer
(source: CECAPI)
Measured light output (perceived is different) Conduction angles higher than 130˚ may be difficult to reach by future dimmers. The question is which percentage of the maximum rated light output the lamps should at least emit at this conduction angle. Discussed values currently vary from 75 to 90%. Dimmers usually have a minimum setting that could be a conduction angle of 60˚ for CFLi or 45˚ for LEDi. On some dimmers this minimum may be settable by the user, but anyway it would not be expected to go below 35˚. Here the discussion is on the highest light output that the lamps are allowed to have at this minimum conduction angle. The discussed values are around 20-30% of the maximum rated output.
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LightingEurope and CECAPI: It is impossible to develop (LED) lamps that are compatible with all types of dimmers now installed in Europe. The installed base of dimmers is to disparate and often characteristics are not well known. LED lamp manufacturers:
Valuable information, but:
In many literature sources it is recommended to test each specific combination dimmer – control gear – LED board; currently it is often a matter of ‘hit and miss’ if dimming will work properly.
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(experts on light sources/control gears (TC34) + experts on dimmers (SC23B)).
June 2015 Technical reports ready 2017/2018 Implementation in standards 2020 First effects on market
the standard.
still be the risk that consumers have to buy new dimmers.
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disturbances induced by integrated electronic control gear when dimmed in phase cut
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Van Holsteijn en Kemna Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek
Source: VHK 2011-2015 (own calculation)
Based on existing traditional single office with 4 ceiling-based fixtures each containing two 2x36W T8 tri-phosphate linear fluorescent lamps (h=2,7m). Reflectance of ceiling, walls and floor are 0.7, 0.5, 0.3
from 7.00 to 18.00h (250 days/yr.). Figures in the diagram are illustrative, i.e. not necessarily representative of the existing average EU situation. Efficiency electricity generation (including acquisition of energy resources) and electricity distribution to the building are in accordance with the MEErP 2011 indicator (η=40%). ‘Wiring’ indicates the resistive losses in the building wiring plus (negligible, CosPhi=0,96) extra resistive losses caused by the power factor, calculated throughout the whole electricity distribution chain. Lamp losses are taken from [Kane, H., Sell, H., Revolution in lamps, The Fairmont Press, 2001]: ballast (η=90%), electrode losses (η=92%), discharge of non-visible radiation (η=85%), phosphor UV protons lost (η=86%), quantum efficiency at ratio 5.5 eV UV to 2.5 eV visible (η=45%). Lamp output is 80-90 lm/W. Low-cost fixtures with Light Output Ratio (LOR) η=55% are assumed (compare www.olino.org measurements). For ‘over-lighting’, i.e. lighting levels beyond requirement in parts of the office space, the existing lay-out is compared to a single-lamp suspended direct/indirect luminaire (downward flux 70-75%/upward flux 25-30%), one above the workspace (h=ca. 1,4-1,6m) one above meeting area (L-shaped desk h=0,75 m) and a switchable task light in or near the archive- cupboard, resulting in ca. 60% saving. As regards unused opportunities for daylight-contribution, daylight supply factors for Lyon (F) in EN 15193:2007 were taken into account, corrected for ambient (window transmission values, dirt, overhangs, etc.). It is estimated, in line with industry claims for daylight sensor controls, that ca. 30-35% could be saved in an office space with large windows
reduced by 30-35%. Controls (daylight sensors, occupancy sensors, dimmers) are not part of the example. If they were included they would reduce unused daylight and non-occupancy lighting, but they also use energy; EN 15193 gives a default electricity use for automatic controls of 5 kWh/m2.yr (if no data are available). Dimmers influence lamp light efficacy (e.g. ca. 70 lm/W at 50% dimmed instead of 80 lm/W undimmed).