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Ecodesign Preparatory Study Lot 8/9/19 Light Sources 1 st Stakeholder Meeting 5 February 2015 WELCOME ! Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek Van Holsteijn en Kemna Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, 1 st Stakeholder Meeting -

  1. Lot 37: Lighting Systems - Lot 37 Lighting Systems preparatory study performed in parallel to the Lot 8/9/19 Light Sources study. - Lot 37 main topics (but not limited to):  Occupancy dependent lighting control  Daylight dependent lighting control and optimisation of daylight availability  Constant illuminance control (dimming in function of degradation with time)  Smart task lighting / interactive lighting controls / flexible luminaire systems  Design aspects of luminaires, controls, lighting systems - Same consortium, but: Technical lead by VITO; participation of VHK; collaboration by Paul Waide. - Longer running time than Light Sources study: Lot 37 final report by December 2016 Lighting systems, luminaires and controls NOT considered in the Light Sources study, → Scope ! except for some compatibility issues. 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 12

  2. End of Introduction History of Ecodesign for Lighting Assignment for the current preparatory study Structure for study and where we are now (MEErP) Project details and Study team Time schedule Parallel LOT 37 study on lighting systems Any questions so far ?? Next topic: Scope of the study 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 13

  3. Ecodesign Preparatory Study Lot 8/9/19 Light Sources 1 st Stakeholder Meeting 5 February 2015 SCOPE (Task 1 report) Leo Wierda, René Kemna Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek Van Holsteijn en Kemna Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, 1 st Stakeholder Meeting - VHK/VITO for EC 5 February 2015 14

  4. Scope Starting points (assignment) Definition of the Initial Scope Luminaires and Controls (Lot 37) Scope Reduction (Ecodesign Directive) Scope in relation to product Function Information provided in task 1 report Scope Decision Table Definition of lamps by elements 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 15

  5. Scope, starting points - In addition to all lighting products currently regulated under Ecodesign and Energy Labelling , the assignment explicitly requests an analysis of the lighting products not yet regulated , and to identify other lighting products to be included into the study , and to review the definitions of special purpose products . - According to the assignment this also includes luminaires (either with or without built-in light sources such as LED modules) and lighting controllers (either as part of a luminaire or as an independent product). - As clarified by the Commission’s comments on early drafts of the reports, at least in a first approach: The scope and exemptions of the current regulations, and the wordings currently used to define them, have to be ignored for the purposes of establishing a scope for the study. This is also related to the Commission’s request to review the definitions of special purpose lamps and to propose updates. - In other words: the scope has to be redefined from scratch and is potentially (very) wide . 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 16

  6. Initial Scope The study regards all light sources, lamps, ballasts, and lamp control gears according to the definitions provided below : ‘ Light source ’ means a surface or object designed to emit mainly visible optical radiation produced by a transformation of energy. The term ‘visible’ refers to a wavelength of 380-780 nm. ‘ Lamp ’ means a unit whose performance can be assessed independently and which consists of one or more light sources. It may include additional components necessary for starting, power supply or stable operation of the unit or for distributing, filtering or transforming the optical radiation, in cases where those components cannot be removed without permanently damaging the unit. ‘ Ballast ’ means lamp control gear inserted between the supply and one or more discharge lamps, which, by means of inductance, capacitance or a combination of inductance and capacitance, serves mainly to limit the current of the lamp(s) to the required value. ‘ Lamp control gear ’ means a device located between the electrical supply and one or more lamps, which provides a functionality related to the operation of the lamp(s), such as transforming the supply voltage, limiting the current of the lamp(s) to the required value, providing starting voltage and preheating current, preventing cold starting, correcting the power factor or reducing radio interference. The device may be designed to connect to other lamp control gear to perform these functions. The term does not include: - control devices - power supplies within the scope of Commission Regulation (EC) No 278/2009. 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 17

  7. Scope regarding Luminaires and Controls The initial scope does NOT mention luminaires and controls. As expressed by the assignment, luminaires and lighting controllers should also be addressed in the study. However, aspects related to Lighting Systems and to Lighting Control are excluded from the current study because they will be handled in the parallel Lot 37 study . This does not exclude that some lighting control aspects are relevant for the current study, in particular as regards the integration of control devices in the lamps (smart lamps), and the compatibility of the lamps with certain types of dimmers or control devices. Luminaires will predominantly be handled in the Lot 37 study , but integrated LED-luminaires are included in the current study, and the compatibility of retrofit lamps with existing luminaires (lock-in effect) is also in the scope. 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 18

  8. Scope reduction (1) According to the philosophy of the MEErP, the initial scope can be further restricted as the study proceeds and additional information is gathered. The reasons for further restriction have to be derived from the Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC, and in particular from article 15 of this directive that gives the conditions under which a product is eligible for ecodesign measures. Criteria of article 15.2: a) the product shall represent a significant volume of sales and trade, indicatively more than 200,000 units a year within the Community according to the most recently available figures; b) the product shall, considering the quantities placed on the market and/or put into service, have a significant environmental impact within the Community, as specified in the Community strategic priorities as set out in Decision No 1600/2002/EC; and c) the product shall present significant potential for improvement in terms of its environmental impact without entailing excessive costs, taking into account in particular: (i) the absence of other relevant Community legislation or failure of market forces to address the issue properly; and (ii)a wide disparity in the environmental performance of products available on the market with equivalent functionality. Red text : some information is already available for special lamps Blue text : would require further study for special lamps 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 19

  9. Scope reduction (2) In addition, if a product is eligible for ecodesign measures according to the above criteria, an implementing measure shall meet the following criteria (article 15.5): a) there shall be no significant negative impact on the functionality of the product, from the perspective of the user; b) health, safety and the environment shall not be adversely affected; c) there shall be no significant negative impact on consumers in particular as regards the affordability and the life cycle cost of the product; d) there shall be no significant negative impact on industry’s competitiveness; e) in principle, the setting of an ecodesign requirement shall not have the consequence of imposing proprietary technology on manufacturers; and f) no excessive administrative burden shall be imposed on manufacturers. Article 1 sub 3 of the Ecodesign Directive explicitly excludes means of transport for persons or goods . However, this exclusion regards only the means themselves and not the products used inside or on those means. This implies that for example car-lights are not automatically excluded for this reason. Blue text : would require further study for special lamps 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 20

  10. Scope and Function - Ecodesign study based on: comparison of products that perform the same function. - Problem: lighting products in the initial scope have a large variety of functions: - ‘to make objects and scenes visible’, in general (used in existing regulations, typical functional parameter: luminous flux (lumen) or maintained useful flux density (lux)) - ‘to make objects and scenes visible’, in a special way (food display, theatres, microscopes), - ‘to make objects and scenes visible’, in a special environment (vibration resistant, ovens, explosion proof, marine applications, car-headlights). - ‘to make themselves visible’ (traffic lights, exit signs, projector lamps, car-taillights, bill boards). - completely different function (grow lights, breeding lights, lamps for UV-treatments, IR lamps for heating, decorative/mood lighting, data-transmission). - If maintained in the scope: each function requires a separate preparatory study (functional parameters, sales, energy consumption, life, usage characteristics, base-case and BAT technology, availability of standards, scenario analysis, impact on consumers, impact on industry) . - If implemented in a regulation: each function is likely to have its own minimum requirements and label classes. 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 21

  11. Information for Scope decision The Task 1 report provides: - review of the existing definitions (no new definitions, some issues regarding LEDs). - survey of parameters used to characterise and distinguish lamps/light sources (many, detailed). - review of the scope and the exemptions of the current regulations (which types, reasons for exemption) → list of lamp types for scope decision. - first analysis of all lamp types - discussion on inclusion in the scope - estimate of sales quantities and energy consumption for many types of special lamps. - Review highlights a lack of accurate definitions (practical for market surveillance). - The priority in this moment is to establish these definitions, rather than to decide if a certain type of non- well-defined lamp should be in or out the scope of the current study. - Work initiated with Task 1 report; should now proceed in cooperation with the stakeholders. - Task 1 report gives information and considerations: the decision on the scope should be taken by the Commission and by the stakeholders (but implications on amount of work for study team) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 22

  12. List of lamp types for Scope decision (1) Lamp type description Data for Ecodesign Directive (Momentary) Proposal for the (usually better definition required) article 15 (Task 1, annex D.15) scope of the current study Sales Energy other open/ legislation included excluded Notes / comments M units/y TWh/y undefined Lamps covered by current regulations Linear Fluorescent (LFL) x Compact Fluorescent, external ballast (CFLni) x Compact Fluorescent, integrated ballast (CFLi) x All lamps certainly covered by Halogen Lamps, Mains Voltage (HL-MV) x Halogen Lamps, Low Voltage (HL-LV) x the existing regulations are included Incandescent Lamps, Mains Voltage (GLS-MV) x in the scope of the study. Incandescent Lamps, Low Voltage (GLS-LV) x High Intensity Discharge (HID) x Light Emitting Diode (LED, retrofit and dedicated) x Lamps for extreme physical environments 9.8 1.0 (exclusive ‘abused’ lamps) Shock resistant x Vibration resistant x Sales numbers and Environmental impact are Shatter resistant x significant. No other regulation for energy Temperatures below -20˚C x efficiency. Hence no reason to exclude based on Temperatures above +50˚C x these aspects of Ecodesign Directive art. 15. Explosion proof x Non-white lamps (2.0) TWh: Christmas lighting, fairs, amusement parks Fixed or variable non-white colour x No well defined function. Depends on definition. Colour-changing-ability including white x Important for modern LED lighting Ultra-Violet lamps 16.7 2.5 Tanning 9.4 0.6 x Waste water treatment 0.6 0.5 x Large variety of functions. Each function would Industrial processes 0.5 1.0 x have to be considered separately. Other UV lamps 6.2 0.4 x 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 23

  13. List of lamp types for Scope decision (2) Lamp type description Data for Ecodesign Directive (Momentary) Proposal for the (usually better definition required) article 15 (Task 1, annex D.15) scope of the current study Sales Energy other open/ legislation included excluded Notes / comments M units/y TWh/y undefined Infrared and collagen lamps 24.4 33.2 IR lamps for imaging equipment 11.0 3.4 (yes) (x) study Variety of (heating) functions: each function IR lamps for electric hobs 0.8 5.4 (yes) (x) study would have to be considered separately, Zootechnical (raising young animals) 5.0 2.5 x considering also non-light heating. Some lamps Counter-top heaters in restaurants 2.2 10.8 x covered by other legislation, but further study IR for Industrial use 2.2 10.8 x required to check details. Collagen could be Collagen lamps 0.4 0.05 (x) study excluded for low impact, if confirmed; also Therapeutic & Comfort (Sauna’s) 2.8 0.2 x depends on definition. Signalling and signage lamps 18.2 6.4 Exit signs 5.0 4.1 x Sales numbers and Environmental impact are Traffic lights 8.3 1.0 x significant. No other regulation for energy Neon and (static) billboards 0.3 0.9 x efficiency. Hence no reason to exclude based on Other signalling and signage 4.6 0.4 x these aspects of Ecodesign Directive art. 15. Appliance integrated lamps 134 9.9 Range hoods 12 0.3 yes x Excluded because other relevant legislation exists Aquaria 13 3.5 x At this stage, no reason to exclude based on Swimming pools 5.4 2.2 x Ecodesign Directive art. 15. Vending machines 6.9 2.6 x Other appliance integrated 97 1.3 x Large number of lamps, each with low energy Decorative and architectural Flood lights for buildings n/a n/a x NOT considered as Special Purpose: in scope Decorative 124 2.6 x Definition needed. Function when included ? Projection, microscopy, light guides 2.4 Lamps used in imaging equipment 110 0.9 yes x Excluded because other relevant legislation exists Other projection lamps 11 1.5 x Definition needed. Function when included ? 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 24

  14. List of lamp types for Scope decision (3) Lamp type description Data for Ecodesign Directive (Momentary) Proposal for the (usually better definition required) article 15 (Task 1, annex D.15) scope of the current study Sales Energy other open/ legislation included excluded Notes / comments M units/y TWh/y undefined Movie/TV or photo studio/theatre/event 163 2.5 Many > 12,000 lm: requested to be studied TV/video/film studio lamps 1.1 1.4 x Outdoor stadium lamps 0.6 0.2 x Photographic flash tubes 160 0.0 (x) (x) Could be excluded for low environmental impact Other in this category 1.3 0.9 x Backlighting for displays 1736 58.5 yes x Excluded because other relevant legislation exists Grow lights (greenhouses) 6.9 5.2 x No reason for exclusion. Definition! Function! Food display lights 27 1.1 x No reason for exclusion. Definition! Function! Scientific lights 0.02 0.01 x Excluded for low sales and low impact. Definition? Transport lights 956 12.7 Motor vehicles, categories M, N, O yes x Excluded because other relevant legislation exists Motor cycles, category L yes x (exception might be interior lights) Aeroplanes 0.3 0.02 x Excluded for low impact. Definition? Ships, specific lighting 0.08 0.0 x Excluded for low sales and low impact. Definition? Trains, specific lighting 0.1 0.04 x Excluded for low sales and low impact. Definition? Ships, trains, busses, interior lighting (11) (2) x Include also interior lighting for cars, trucks, vans ? Bicycles x Consider as battery-operated Other Mobile Lighting 25 0.03 x Not a well defined group, see battery and non-elec Data-communication and (other) lasers Definition ? Signal transmission between instruments some x (x) Consensus expected on exclusion. Exact reason? Dashboard and indicator lamps 2000 0.15 x Excluded for low impact? Definition? Industrial process lasers x (x) Consensus expected on exclusion. Exact reason? Laser-diodes for general lighting x Could be BAT, BNAT: do not exclude Emergency lighting x Light sources used in emergency are not specific Battery operated x No valid reason found for exclusion 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 25

  15. List of lamp types for Scope decision (4) Lamp type description Data for Ecodesign Directive (Momentary) Proposal for the (usually better definition required) article 15 (Task 1, annex D.15) scope of the current study Sales Energy other open/ legislation included excluded Notes / comments M units/y TWh/y undefined Consensus expected on exclusion. Exact reason? Non-electric lamps x (exception: self-luminous exit signs) Lamps with more than 12,000 lumen x study Lamps with less than 60 lumen x study Double capped fluorescent lamps with x study diameter 7 mm (T2) or less Double capped fluorescent lamps with x study diameter 16 mm (T5) and power ≤ 13 W Double capped fluorescent lamps with x study These lamps are now explicitly exempted from at diameter 16 mm (T5) and power > 80 W least one of the regulations. The assignment for Double capped fluorescent lamps with the study explicitly requests to reconsider this. diameter 38 mm (T12) and special x study Further information is needed to enable an characteristics (see Task 1, par. 1.4.2.25) inclusion/exclusion decision, but assistance by Double capped fluorescent lamps with stakeholders is necessary. diameter 38 mm (T12) and external ignition x study strip Single capped fluorescent lamps with diameter 16 mm (T5) and special characteristics (see Task x study 1, par. 1.4.2.27) HID lamps with Tc > 7000 K x study HID lamps not having lamp cap E27, E40, PGZ12 x study OLED lighting x Could be BAT, BNAT: do not exclude 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 26

  16. Scope: conclusions - Scope of the study is still very wide , including different functions; problem for the study team. - Ecodesign Directive → guidelines for scope reduc on. - Task 1 report → informa on/analysis useful for scope decision - Task 1 report → first scope reduction mainly based on existence of other relevant regulation - First: better definitions (Assistance by Stakeholders; practical for Market Surveillance) Then: decision on inclusion/exclusion scope - Commission and Stakeholders → Indica ons regarding scope. To conclude: ‘Lamp’ definition by elements , by René Kemna (not in Task reports) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 27

  17. Lamp elements (1) Electricity source Default 230V AC, 50 Hz El. converters Transformers, ballasts, gears, drivers sensors, actuators, processing, orientation Connectors Lamp sockets/caps, direct connect EM emitters Filament, electrodes & plasma (CC/HC, HI), diode Controls: Envelope, Gas fill Safety & Longevity Coating, Heat sink Support wires Light conversion Fluorescents & Light Spectrum pigments Reflectors, Light Distribution filters & optics Anti-glare: frosting Appearance & louvers, orientation, position object design 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 28

  18. ‘Lamp’: Definition by elements (2) LED LED LED GLS- HL-LVi-R CFLi-R CFLi LFL HID-R CFLni GLS-R GLS LED LED LED LED LED HL-LVi HL-LV HL-LV-R ‘Globe’ HL-MV-R HL-MV package module Lamp/ ‘Globe’ lamp lamp CFLni LEDlinear etc. fixture etc. retrofit retrofit HID (non- retrofit) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 29

  19. Ecodesign Preparatory Study Lot 8/9/19 Light Sources 1 st Stakeholder Meeting 5 February 2015 STANDARDS and LEGISLATION (Task 1 report) Stuart Jeffcott Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek Van Holsteijn en Kemna Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, 1 st Stakeholder Meeting - VHK/VITO for EC 5 February 2015 30

  20. Standards and Legislation Test methods Comparison Test methods under Development Other possible Problems with Test methods Outline of Mandates to ESO’s Legislative Comparison EU ↔ non-EU Labelling Regulation Comparison EU ↔ non-EU 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 31

  21. Standards and Legislation The Task 1 report and annexes contain an extensive survey of both European and non-European lighting- related (testing) standards and legislation. Analysis of the current state of (and ongoing developments in) the international arena to highlight areas where amending current EU practice (or adopting new practice) may enhance the standards and regulatory processes within Europe, and where existing issues may remain. Analysis examines: - Primary differences between European and non-European test methods for lighting-related parameters, and minimum (and other) performance requirements of those parameters. - Ongoing or new developments regarding standards and legislation Core analysis limited to major trade partners and/or countries/regions/ organisations leading standards and/or technology developments (47 countries/standards organisations studied) - Australia, Canada, China, India Korea, Japan, Taiwan and USA Inter-relationship/cross-over of test and regulatory issue varies between countries/regions – in discussion issues dealt with in most appropriate section 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 32

  22. Test methods comparison (1) Primary and Secondary Functional Performance Parameters Parameter Europe Outside Europe Additional Comment Luminous flux Measurement in angle of 90˚ or 120˚ Measurement in angle of 180˚ (typical) Current EU approach = Higher cost for (directional lamps) - Requires full goniophotometer test - Allows use of integrating sphere enforcement testing = more expensive = cheaper and barrier for SME development testing Lumen Maintenance Ageing using cycles: 2h 45m on, 15 m Ageing using cycles: 3h 00m on, 20 m off No public data on effect of cycle- (CFL) off (North America) differences Lumen Maintenance for (LED) IEC: ageing 6000 hours IES: ageing 6000 hours (but 3000 h for Not known which test is superior, trade- luminaires) off between speed/cost and ISA proposal: ageing 2000 hours with uncertainty; discussion ongoing predictive algorithm Colour related CIE 15 (X/Y space) and CIE 13.3 (Colour Rendering Index, CRI) used everywhere Research ongoing for LEDs (with parameters possible application to other light sources) Refer new test methods 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 33

  23. Test methods comparison (2) Parameter Europe Outside Europe Additional Comment Power/ Well established, little variation geographically IEC/EN approach leads the world Power Factor Recent IEC standard more sophisticated (split into displacement factor and distortion factor) Warm-up time (CFL) Time to reach 60% of initial flux Time to reach 80% of initial flux Current EU approach potentially less advantageous for consumer acceptance Rapid switching 1 min. on, 3 min. off 5 min. on, 5 min. off (US MEPS) Difference not obviously linked to withstand consumer requirement (CFLi) Implications for testing time/costs. Rapid switching LED: 2 min. on, 2 min. off (US Energy Star) withstand Research of cycle on (CFL) lifetime (LED) ongoing – indications significant impact UV-radiation Almost identical when applied Compatability/ Subject of ongoing IEC US Energy Star recent introduction for some Issues exist, especially for with newer Dimmability LED/dimming products lamp types. Limited testing solutions that are broadly applicable. Ballast efficiency Subtle differences in approach between EU/IEC and others EU adoption of alternative approach unlikely to yield benefits 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 34

  24. Test methods comparison (3) Parameter Europe Outside Europe Additional Comment Luminaire light Subtle differences in approach between EU/IEC and others EU adoption of alternative approach output unlikely to yield benefits (Luminaire utilisation Universally applied factor) Resource use No lighting specific test methods (other than mercury content in CFLs) Potentially need for measurement methods for end of life “recyclability/re- usability” and non-mercury hazardous substances Safety (flammability, IEC and CISPR are the key originators of safety and EMS standards globally (although EU adoption of alternative approach electrical, … etc.) some differences at national levels) unlikely to yield benefits Noise & vibrations No requirement in EU Exists elsewhere (Energy Star) Simple adoption of ISO standard possible if required 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 35

  25. Test Methods Under Development (1) Test Method Additional Comment CIE for LED Lamps, - Luminous flux, colour, CRI, colour uniformity,… Likely to become reference document for LEDs (and likely Modules and - Guidance on tolerances for rated claims OLEDs) in the future. However, close cooperation between Luminaires development bodies including IEC means likely little impact from EU perspective. CIE test method for - CRI not well suited as a measure for LEDs Proprietary issues may cause delay. CRI - New proposed measures likely to be based on spectral CRI likely to remain a barrier to 'technology neutral' distribution analysis specifications. IEA-4E-SSL test - Rationalises number of international test specifications under Not test method in its own right, but adoption of combined method guidance for one umbrella (excluding light engines, modules and packages) approach has potential benefits from cross-regional LEDs - Rationalises tolerances to most stringent requirement harmonisation Array of IEC standards - Extensive development underway Potential caution required when adopted into EN standard to for LEDs - Majority based on underlying CIE methods ensure intent of any technology neutral regulation is not - Pass/fail requirements (on rated vs measured) has potential to undermined by the implicit pass/fail criteria defined in the indirectly impact on EU regulation IEC standards Array of North - Extensive development programme underway for suite of No apparent impact on EU as IEC/CIE likely to capture American products/components relevant requirements (IES/NEMA/ANSI) standards for LEDs 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 36

  26. Test Methods Under Development (2) Test Method Additional Comment IEC standards for CFLi - Imminent revision of IEC 60969, likely to be referenced by EU Potential direct and indirect impact the EU regulatory regulation framework - Revised version extends parameters tested but also alters pass/fail criteria and tolerances Energy Star - Specific approach to dimmable lamps – limited applicability Flicker not currently addressed by EU but potentially “Recommended important area for consumer acceptance, Practice” for Flicker No generic protocol across lamp types, particularly when paired with control devices – potential consumer acceptance issue 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 37

  27. Other Possible Problems with Test Methods Issue Additional Comment Lamp lifetime - Currently most methods use 50% survival rate (median life) Potential consumer dissatisfaction with claims verses actual - Addressed for CFLs in EU by regulation, but IEC 60969 test performance. softens requirement. - Test methods under ideal laboratory conditions (eg voltage, temperature, …), real world likely to shorten lamp life (potentially considerably). Use of IEC “type test” - Most IEC lamp performance standards state only suitable only Under existing regime, potential issue of “non-compliant” standards for 'type testing’ (typically production over an extended manufacturers appealing compliance decisions based on period). statistical possibility. Alternative “zero-tolerance” regime risks (occasional) compliant manufacturer failing to meet requirement. IEC pass/fail - IEC/EN standards typically include pass/fail requirements, eg Effectively devolves some regulatory control to IEC/EN requirements “initial reading of the luminous flux of a lamp shall be not less Standard. incorporated into test than 92% of the rated value." Issue potentially compounded by regulatory reference to methods “rated values” vs “tested values”. Network-connected - Network connected lamps currently are not adequately Has the potential to severely offset saving benefits if smart lamps addressed for most of their functionality (colour adjustment, appropriate test methods not developed rapidly (possibility none peak power, “standby”) of technology leading standards) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 38

  28. Outlines of Mandates to the ESOs - Lamp luminous flux: address current situation for directional lamps which requires goniophotometer testing of light output within 90° or 120° cone. - LED lumen maintenance: address differences in approach between the IEC and other test methods, and across product types. - Lifetime: generate approaches to define lifetime in a consistent manner across product types and in line with consumer understanding. - Rapid switching withstand: address differences in switching cycle times between the IEC and other test methods, and across lamp types. - Warm-up (run-up) time: address subtle differences in run-up performance definitions within test methods to ensure compatibility across lamp types. - Colour, in particular CRI: engage with the evolving measurements approaches for CRI to attempt to ensure compatibility across lamp types. - Dimmability: continue to address testing for compatibility between dimmers and light sources. - Noise: potential adoption of existing international test methods, should noise be deemed appropriate for EU regulation. - Consolidation of test methods: consider consolidating photometric (and colourimetric) testing methods into a single standard for all lamp types with differing, lamp-specific, set-up requirements. - Network-connected “smart lamps”: devise appropriate test methods for functionality and network standby power consumption. 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 39

  29. Legislative Comparison MEPS for Selected Countries EU Australia Canada China Korea Japan Taiwan USA Incandescent lamps - non-directional X X X X X X X X Incandescent and tungsten halogen lamps - X X X - - - - X directional Compact fluorescent lamps with integrated X X - X X X X X ballast (CFLi) Compact fluorescent lamps without integrated X - - X - X X - ballast (single-capped fluorescent lamps) LED lamps X - - X - X planned - Linear fluorescent lamps X X X X X X X X HID lamps X - - X planned - - - Linear fluorescent ballasts X X X X X X X X HID ballasts X - X X planned - - X Luminaires - - - - - X - - 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 40

  30. Legislative Comparison - Scope Type Observations Incandescent and Tungsten Halogen - EU has broadest scope lamps - Most countries have exemption for shockproof lamps - US definition very precise - US has a market monitoring system in place – exempted lamps can lose exemption status CFLi - EU has broadest scope CFL (non-integrated) - EU has similar scope LED - EU has broadest scope linear fluorescent lamp - EU has broader scope than most countries HID lamps - China only other country with regulations (less broad scope than EU) - US eliminating mercury vapour technology using ballast regulations Scope of “other” lamp types - EU may consider OLEDs - Induction lamps? Not clear if in scope currently Fluorescent and HID Ballasts - EU has broadest scope Luminaires - Building standards more widely used – allows more flexibility - EU, Canada and US do regulate HID luminaires (primarily the ballast installed) Intent of analysis is not to imply that new EU legislation should be technology-specific. 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 41

  31. Legislative Comparison – Efficiency (1) Type Observations Non-directional incandescent and - Most countries MEPS effectively exclude incandescent but not tungsten halogen lamps tungsten halogen lamps - [New US regulations?] - Consider power ceiling to ensure increased efficacy results in lower power? Directional incandescent and - Few countries have MEPS tungsten halogen lamps - US MEPS allows tungsten halogen directional lamps - Australia has power ceiling for 12V MR16 lamps (37W) CFLi - Efficacy requirements of developed countries are similar - Potential to increase EU MEPS efficacy requirement for CFLs by 10+ lm/W CFL (non-integrated) - EU has higher efficacy requirement LED - EU has higher efficacy requirement Linear fluorescent lamps - EU higher but described in terms of rated values - Lamps available with higher efficacies than current EU requirements - Consider power ceiling? (e.g. US has 25W lamps available to replace 32W) Intent of the analysis is not to imply that new EU legislation should be technology-specific. 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 42

  32. Legislative Comparison – Efficiency (2) - HID lamps - EU efficacy requirements higher than China - US phasing-out mercury vapour (via ballasts) - EU could consider this mechanism - Could apply to other lamps types - Linear fluorescent ballasts - EU mandates B2 (ferromagnetic) - In 2017 EU will mandate electronic - (in line with US) - HID ballasts – see figure ---> - EU lower than other countries - Corrected in stage 3 (2017) - (US/Canada just cover metal halide) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 43

  33. Legislative Comparison – Functionality Type Observations Non-directional incandescent and - EU requirements broadly in line with other countries tungsten halogen lamps - EU does not require CRI as does USA and Canada - EU adding requirement would not be onerous but of questionable benefit given concerns over CRI as an appropriate measure CFLi - EU requirements typically more stringent than other countries - Exception is rapid cycle switching LED - EU significantly more stringent Linear fluorescent lamps - EU significantly more stringent HID Lamps - EU significantly more stringent Intent of the analysis is not to imply that new EU legislation should be technology-specific. 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 44

  34. Regulation comparison – labelling (1) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 45

  35. Regulation comparison – labelling (2) - For mandatory energy labelling of lamps and ballasts - EU covers significantly more lamp types than other countries - EU labelling/information requirements are comparatively comprehensive - US voluntary LED Lighting Facts label presents - Graphical information about LED colour temperature - Lumen maintenance - Colour accuracy - Potential benefit for consideration by EU 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 46

  36. End of Standards and Regulations Test methods Comparison Test methods under Development Other possible Problems with Test methods Outline of Mandates to ESO’s Legislative Comparison EU ↔ non-EU Labelling Regulation Comparison EU ↔ non-EU Any questions or remarks on these topics ?? 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 47

  37. Ecodesign Preparatory Study Lot 8/9/19 Light Sources 1 st Stakeholder Meeting 5 February 2015 MARKETS (Task 2 report) Leo Wierda Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek Van Holsteijn en Kemna Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, 1 st Stakeholder Meeting - VHK/VITO for EC 5 February 2015 48

  38. Task 2 report (Markets), survey M odel for E uropean Li ght S ources A nalysis (MELISA) (what is this, and why ?) EU-28 lamp sales (units) → EU-28 lamp sales (value) Average lamp prices EU-28 lamp sales (units) → EU-28 installed stock (units) Lamp lifetimes Stakeholders are invited to provide constructive comments on this model. Eurostat sales data (one of the sources for MELISA) IEA 4E/GfK 2014 sales data (comparison with MELISA) McKinsey 2012 derived data (comparison with MELISA) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 49

  39. MELISA, Introduction (1) - M odel for E uropean LI ght S ources A nalysis (MELISA) Continuous development by study team - Now contains: - Sales volumes (units) - Life & use data (lifetimes, lumens, power, burning hours, efficacies, prices) (averages) - Stock for light sources (installed number of units) - Installed capacity in terms of lumen (Blue: Task 2 report) - Total use in terms of operating hours (Black: Task 3 report) - Energy consumption by light sources (TWh/a) - Economic data (sales value, industry revenue, energy cost, total consumer expense) - Data provided for: - all lamp technology types (LFL, CFL, HL, GLS, HID, LED, and some further breakdown) - period 1990-2013 - EU-28 total, and split in residential and non-residential sector - Based on: Eurostat, LightingEurope, literature, study team experience 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 50

  40. MELISA, Introduction (2) - Aims: - Harmonise data used in various studies on light sources (Commission request). - Create a single stock model for light sources that is accepted by interested parties as the main reference. - Checks: (mainly Task 3 report) - Input data have been checked for reasonability against literature sources - Output data have been checked for reasonability, e.g.: - Number of lamps installed per household - Annual lighting energy consumption per household (kWh/household/year) - Power density installed in non-residential buildings (W/m 2 ) - Annual lighting energy density for non-residential buildings (kWh/m 2 /year, LENI) - Comparison with data from prEN15193 (lighting in buildings) and EN12464-1 (lighting requirements) - MELISA: use in Light Sources study in MEErP Task 7 for Scenario Analysis - MELISA: later use in Lighting Systems study, maybe in adapted/extended form. - Data are preliminary and may be updated as the study proceeds, and following stakeholders’ comments . 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 51

  41. MELISA, Example Table (Sales) Lamp type subdivision reflects sales data availability from LightingEurope EU-28 SALES, TOTAL, All Sectors, million units 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 T12 80 47 29 16 14 12 10 8 6 5 3 1 T8 halophosphor 95 119 154 176 165 154 143 113 68 26 4 2 T8 tri-phosphor 71 83 100 121 131 142 153 175 216 254 261 245 LFL T5 new (14 - 80w) including circular 0 0 0 23 31 39 47 57 68 76 81 76 All others (including T5 old types 4 - 13w and special FL) 23 28 36 40 39 38 37 34 32 27 23 19 LFL (total) 269 276 318 376 380 385 389 387 390 387 372 344 Retrofit - CFLi 28 68 109 220 313 420 467 506 480 431 345 271 CFL Non-retrofit - CFLni 23 31 44 62 67 73 79 84 87 83 78 72 CFL (total) 51 99 154 282 381 493 545 589 567 514 422 342 Single ended, mirrored (low voltage) [M16, M25 etc.] 20 54 93 130 136 140 144 148 150 151 154 164 TUNGSTEN (HL) Linear (high voltage) [R7s] 15 90 90 90 80 67 54 47 45 41 40 38 LV halogen capsule [G4, GY6.35] 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 53 52 49 45 42 HV halogen capsule [G9] 0 0 0 10 23 47 60 70 70 70 70 67 Mains halogen (substitute for GLS and reflector)[E14, E27] 0 0 0 0 3 27 81 141 172 196 244 303 Other mains halogen - PAR 16/20/ 25/30 Hard glass reflectors, GU10 etc. 0 5 32 69 82 101 122 144 162 172 174 158 Tungsten-HL (total) 88 201 268 352 377 433 514 603 650 678 726 772 Reflector 173 163 155 144 140 134 115 94 72 61 54 36 GLS GLS (Including clear/pearl, candles, coloured & decorative) 1514 1468 1421 1375 1365 1356 1174 874 624 400 245 123 GLS (total) 1688 1631 1576 1519 1506 1490 1290 968 697 461 299 159 All mercury lamps (including mixed) 8 9 9 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 3 2 All sodium lamps 7 8 9 12 13 14 16 16 15 14 14 14 HID Metal halide lamps 2 4 7 12 14 15 17 19 22 23 20 16 HID (total) 17 21 25 32 34 36 38 40 42 41 37 33 LED directional 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 6 11 18 41 LED LED non-directional 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 6 13 41 LED (total) 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 8 17 31 82 GLS stock 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 112 168 228 267 Not real sales: seem to come to the Tungsten stock 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90 140 140 130 market from household stocks. TOTAL 2112 2228 2341 2560 2677 2836 2777 2592 2354 2099 1889 1731 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 52

  42. MELISA, Sales (units) - Sales in 2007: peak of 2.8 billion units - Sales in 2013: down to 1.7 billion units - -39% in 6 years, CAGR -8% - Longer lifetimes -> lower sales volumes In 2013: - 59% of sales units is for residential - average 7.1 lamps/household/year - Residential sales (2008 -> 2013): HL 23% -> 61% CFL 17% -> 18% GLS 58% -> 13% LED 0% -> 7% LFL 1% -> 2% - Non-residential sales (2008 -> 2013): Residential Non-Residential LFL 36% -> 45% CFL 24% -> 22% HL 10% -> 22% HID 4% -> 5% GLS 26% -> 4% LED 0% -> 2% 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 53

  43. MELISA, Average prices Sales (units) * Average Prices = Sales (value) = Consumer Acquisition Cost LFL CFL TUNGSTEN GLS HID Other Mains halogen - PAR 16/ 20/25/30 Mains halogen (Substitute for GLS and Single Ended, Mirrored (Low voltage) All Mercury Lamps (including mixed) T5 new (14 - 80w) including Circular All others (including T5 old types 4 - GLS (Including clear/pearl, candles, LV halogen Capsule [G4, GY6.35] Hard glass reflectors, GU10 etc. Linear (High voltage) [R7s] MELISA, HV halogen Capsule [G9] coloured & decorative) unit lamp prices in euro/unit Non-Retrofit - CFLni Metal Halide Lamps Reflector)[E14, E27] 13w and Special Fl.) fixed euros 2010 All Sodium Lamps T8 Halophosphor T8 tri-phosphor [M16,M25etc] Retrofit - CFLi Reflector T12 Reference power (W) 35 32 30 25 12 9.5 12 35 250 35 35 36 35 54 54 250 140 160 Reference efficiency (lm/W) 70 75 80 91 86 55 55 14 12 14 12 12 12 9.5 9.5 40 95 82 Price/unit residential € (incl. VAT) 10.10 10.10 10.10 9.50 9.50 5.26 5.26 3.79 3.16 3.16 3.79 2.63 14.21 1.37 0.84 20.40 32.40 32.40 Price/unit non-residential € (excl. VAT) 8.42 8.42 8.42 7.92 7.92 4.39 4.39 3.16 2.63 2.63 3.16 2.19 11.84 1.14 0.70 17.00 27.00 27.00 LED price/unit (fixed euros 2010) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 lm / W (for sales in year) 25 30 40 60 80 Residential incl. 20% VAT watt @ 500 lm 20.0 16.7 12.5 8.3 6.3 Non-residential excl. VAT euro / lumen (source: LightingEurope 2013) 0.056 0.048 0.042 0.034 0.020 euro @ 500 lm (excl. VAT) 28.00 24.00 21.00 17.00 10.00 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 54

  44. MELISA, Sales (value) = Consumer acquisition cost - Expense 2010: peak of 11.8 billion euros - Expense 2013: down to 10.9 billion euros In 2013: - 52% of consumer expense is residential - average 28.3 euros/household/year - Residential expense (2008 -> 2013): HL 47% -> 59% CFL 31% -> 17% LED 0% -> 17% (incl. VAT) LFL 5% -> 4% GLS 18% -> 2% - Non-residential expense (2008 -> 2013): LFL 53% -> 51% HID 17% -> 16% Residential Non-Residential CFL 18% -> 13% (excl. VAT) HL 9% -> 13% LED 0% -> 6% GLS 3% -> 0% (lamp acquisition cost only, excl. energy cost) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 55

  45. MELISA, Industry Revenue LFL, HID: revenue is 66% of consumer price CFL, HL, GLS, LED: 38% (comments!) - Revenue 2010: peak of 5.7 billion euros - Revenue 2013: down to 5.2 billion euros In 2013: 42% of industry revenue is from residential sales - Residential revenue (2008 -> 2013): HL 45% -> 58% CFL 30% -> 17% LED 0% -> 17% LFL 8% -> 7% GLS 17% -> 2% - Non-residential revenue (2008 -> 2013): Residential Non-Residential LFL 60% -> 59% HID 19% -> 19% CFL 12% -> 9% HL 6% -> 9% LED 0% -> 4% GLS 2% -> 0% 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 56

  46. MELISA, Installed Stock, calculation Stock = Number of light sources installed in EU-28 in a given year (it is NOT the quantity in warehouses) } + DEClife * Stock in year N = { ∑ − where INTlife = integer part of the lamp life in years DEClife = decimal part of the lamp life in years For example, if the year considered is N=2014 and the life in years for the lamp type has been computed as 3.2 years (INTlife=3 and DEClife=0.2): Stock (2014) = Sales(2014)+Sales(2013)+Sales(2012)+0.2*Sales(2011) Installed Stock = Sum of Sales over X preceding years, where X = lamp lifetime Lamp lifetime in years depends on: ( ) ( ) = - lamp life time in hours - annual operating hours for the lamp MELISA contains assumptions for Lamp Life (hours) and for Annual Operating Hours (hours/year) (Operating Hours are assumed to be full-power equivalent hours) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 57

  47. MELISA, Lifetimes Assumed Lamp Life(hours) and Annual Operating Hours (hours/year): LFL CFL TUNGSTEN GLS HID All Mercury Lamps (including types 4 - 13w and Special Fl.) Single Ended, Mirrored (Low T5 new (14 - 80w) including All others (including T5 old Linear (High voltage) [R7s] for GLS and Reflector)[E14, Other Mains halogen - PAR Mains halogen (Substitute GLS (Including clear/pearl, HV halogen Capsule [G9] LV halogen Capsule [G4, 16/20/25/30 Hard glass voltage) [M16,M25etc] reflectors, GU10 etc. Non-Retrofit - CFLni Metal Halide Lamps candles, coloured & Lifetime (hours), operating hours All Sodium Lamps T8 Halophosphor (hours/year) and life (years) per T8 tri-phosphor Retrofit - CFLi type of light source decorative) Reflector GY6.35] Circular mixed) E27] T12 Life (hours) 8000 8000 13000 20000 11000 6000 10000 2000 1000 2000 1500 1500 1500 1000 1000 8000 12000 8000 Operating (h/a) residential 700 700 700 700 700 500 700 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 700 700 700 Operating (h/a) non-residential 2200 2200 2200 2200 2200 500 1600 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 4000 4000 4000 Life (years) residential 11.4 11.4 18.6 28.6 15.7 12.0 14.3 4.4 2.2 4.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.2 2.2 11.4 17.1 11.4 Life (years) non-residential 3.6 3.6 5.9 9.1 5.0 12.0 6.3 4.4 2.2 4.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.2 2.2 2.0 3.0 2.0 For LED lamps in 2013: - Life in hours 20,000 h - Operating hours (residential) 500 h (450 h + rebound) - Operating hours (NDLS, non-residential) 1500 h (mix of 2200 and 450 h) - Operating hours (DLS, non-residential) 984 h (mix of DLS and NDLS substituted) Major uncertainty: average EU-28 Annual Operating Hours in Non-Residential sector 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 58

  48. MELISA, Installed Stock - 1990: stock of 5.6 billion units - 2013: stock of 11 billion units - Almost doubled in 23 years In 2013: - 59% of stock is in residential sector - average ≈ 33 lamps/household (≈ 13 CFL, ≈ 13 HL) - Residential stock (2008 -> 2013): CFL 28% -> 40% HL 22% -> 38% GLS 44% -> 15% LFL 5% -> 5% LED 0% -> 2% - Non-residential stock (2008 -> 2013): Residential Non-Residential LFL 42% -> 42% CFL 31% -> 42% HL 8% -> 11% HID 2% -> 2% GLS 16% -> 2% LED 0% -> 0% 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 59

  49. End of presentation on MELISA sales/stock Any questions or remarks on this ? To follow: Sales data from Eurostat (one of the bases for MELISA) Comparison of MELISA sales data with GfK / IEA 4E (2014) data Comparison of MELISA sales data with McKinsey (2012) data Later, Task 3 presentation: other data from MELISA and comparison with literature data. 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 60

  50. Eurostat trade data (1) - Eurostat data = one of the sources for the MELISA model - Sales = Apparent Consumption = Production + Import – Export - Details on coding systems (Task 1 report) - Comments on reliability of data and interpretation difficulties (Task 2 report) - Extensive reporting of Eurostat data (tables, graphs) in Annex C of the Task 2 report - Only some examples are presented here, as an illustration of the available data 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 61

  51. Eurostat (2), example of data per lamp type GLS MV <200W EU-15 EU-28 year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Production Quantity (mln units) 1040 1085 969 1263 1171 939 867 806 1067 1192 1610 1303 1500 1130 1051 1012 751 407 352 Import Quantity (mln units) 426 502 607 738 725 788 799 784 186 212 248 295 344 313 301 367 311 343 350 Export Quantity (mln units) 193 272 256 267 237 348 350 291 542 525 568 516 576 423 391 522 534 439 509 Apparent Sales (mln units) 1272 1316 1320 1734 1659 1379 1316 1299 711 878 1290 1082 1269 1020 961 857 528 311 192 Production Value (mln euro) 354 340 357 380 365 320 325 313 289 314 377 293 331 346 342 325 221 210 200 Import Value (mln euro) 100 123 142 169 185 204 201 193 49.7 47.7 53.6 61.1 65.7 60.3 62.1 88.4 79.9 83.8 75.3 Export Value (mln euro) 71.1 89.4 99.0 97.9 93.2 117 129 99.1 134 134 116 112 113 95.0 83.8 101 99.3 94.1 104 Apparent Sales (mln euro) 383 374 400 451 457 407 398 407 204 227 315 243 284 311 320 312 202 199 172 Production Value (euro/unit) 0.34 0.31 0.37 0.30 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.39 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.31 0.33 0.32 0.29 0.51 0.57 Import Value (euro/unit) 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.24 0.26 0.24 0.22 Export Value (euro/unit) 0.37 0.33 0.39 0.37 0.39 0.34 0.37 0.34 0.25 0.26 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.20 Apparent Value (euro/unit) 0.30 0.28 0.30 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.22 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.64 0.89 Incandescent MV lamps < 200W: - clear downward trend from 2007 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 62

  52. Eurostat (3), example of data per lamp type Halogen MV lamps : - clear upward trend from 2009 Compact Fluorescent Lamps : - Peak around 2008-2009 - Decrease in sales in recent years 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 63

  53. Eurostat (4), example of cumulative totals - Data available in: - units - euros - Same graphs available for: - production - import - export - ‘Difficult’ groups for modelling: - Filament Other (GLS LV, GLS MV > 200W) - Discharge Other (HID, but also many CCFL’s) - Sealed Beam (PAR) - no group for LEDs 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 64

  54. Eurostat (5), example of distributions From 2003 (first year with EU-28 data) to 2013 (last year with EU-28 data): - Total apparent sales decrease from 3.5 to 2.8 billion units (includes all Eurostat lamp types) - Strong decrease in share of incandescent lamps (GLS MV < 200W + Filament other) - Strong increase in share for Halogen MV, CFL, LFL - Share of Halogen LV lamps more or less stable 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 65

  55. IEA 4E / GfK data (1) - Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung (GfK), research on domestic lamp sales - Countries covered (average coverage estimated 70%): Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands (2007-2013), Poland, Spain (2011-2013). - Data reported by IEA in “4E Mapping Document, European Union, Domestic Lighting” (2014) - Data extrapolated by study team to EU-28 - Outcome compared with data in the MELISA residential model - GfK/IEA 4E data also include: Distribution of the sales over various wattage ranges -> estimate of average lamp powers. Sales-weighted average efficacies (lm/W) These aspects are further explored in the Task 3 report. Here: focus on sales - See Annex D of Task 2 report for results extrapolated to EU-28 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 66

  56. IEA 4E / GfK data (2) GfK/IEA 4E data confirm MELISA trends : - A strong decrease in the sales of incandescent lamps (GLS) - An increase in the sales of mains voltage halogen lamps (MV-HL) - An initial increase and following decrease of CFLi sales with a peak around the year 2010. - A general decrease in the overall quantity of lamp sales. Lamp sales per lamp type, estimate for EU28 based on GfK 2014 data (millions of units) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 TOTAL all lamp types 1125 1068 1149 1031 959 916 873 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 67

  57. IEA 4E / GfK data (3) GfK/IEA 4E extrapolated EU-28 lamp sales Relative values: GfK-derived data / MELISA residential data (%) compared to MELISA (residential): 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 MV incandescent lamps 65% 65% 88% 86% 112% 117% 87% - Good match for GLS MV halogens (single ended) 65% 49% 48% 60% 69% 89% 109% - Good match for MV-HL (single-ended) MV halogens (double ended) 57% 71% 70% 57% 60% 61% 68% LV (12V) halogens 44% 47% 45% 46% 42% 44% 42% - Good match for CFLi MV pin based CFLs (CFLni) 9% 9% 10% 9% 13% 15% 17% - Good match for LED MV self-ballasted CFLs (CFLi) 54% 58% 67% 81% 71% 71% 82% - Good match for total lamp sales MV LFL tubes (all types) 64% 62% 64% 61% 57% 63% 69% LED total 262% 193% 152% 110% 108% 89% - No good match for HL-LV: GfK sales TOTAL all lamp types 61% 60% 71% 72% 78% 83% 86% are lower than LightingEurope sales and LE has only a share of the market, but LE sales are for all sectors; GfK sales only for residential. Conclusions: - MELISA residential sales are compatible with GfK/IEA 4E data - Moderate match for MV-HL (double- - MELISA HL-LV residential sales may be too high: consider ended, R7s), but low sales quantities moving a part of HL-LV sales to non-residential sector - CFLni and LFL: are not typical lamps for residential use; low quantities. 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 68

  58. Data derived from McKinsey (1) - McKinsey’s report “Lighting the Way ….” (2012) (update of similar 2011 report) - annual sales volumes (quantities) and market values - for new installations (fixtures, containing light sources) and for replacement of light sources - subdivided per sector (residential, office, industrial, shop/retail, hospitality, outdoor, architectural) - subdivided per light source technology type (incandescent, halogen, HID, LFL, CFL, LED retrofit, LED full) - data provided for years 2011 and 2012 with forecasts for 2016 and 2020 - most data are provided on a global level , i.e. for the entire world. - Regional breakdown only in terms of market value (not in quantities) - McKinsey’s ‘Europe’ not exactly defined, but larger than EU-28 -> data elaboration performed to convert to EU-28 market value (assumptions) - Light sources value: part is explicit (retrofit), part hidden (light sources sold with luminaires) -> market value conversion from ‘general lighting’ to ‘light sources only’ (assumptions) - McKinsey’s ASP’s (global average €/unit) not exactly defined and not representative for EU-28 -> assumed €/unit for EU-28 to convert market value to quantities (assumptions) - Details in Task 2 report Annex E 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 69

  59. Data derived from McKinsey (2), Entire lighting market Estimate for EU-28 2011 2012 2016 2020 2011 2012 2016 2020 Share of market value per total general lighting market m € 12964 13730 15696 16308 lamp type, excl. lighting control systems m € 12434 13102 14508 14141 incandescent m € 1914 1533 303 0 15% 12% 2% 0% comparison 2012->2020 halogen m € 2039 2148 1952 893 16% 16% 13% 6% HID m € 1859 1958 1608 669 15% 15% 11% 5% - LED 15% -> 73% LFL m € 3053 3026 2559 1787 25% 23% 18% 13% CFL m € 2421 2420 1292 521 19% 18% 9% 4% - Retrofit 18% -> 9% LED m € 1149 2017 6793 10272 9% 15% 47% 73% - Controls 4% -> 13% Luminaire market m € 10107 10655 12246 12637 78% 78% 78% 77% Light Source replacement market m € 2327 2447 2263 1504 18% 18% 14% 9% Control system market m € 530 629 1188 2166 4% 5% 8% 13% Share of market value per Estimate for EU-28 2011 2012 2016 2020 2011 2012 2016 2020 sector, m € 12964 13730 15696 16308 comparison 2012->2020 Residential m € 6360 6547 7135 7225 49% 48% 45% 44% Hospitality m € 878 941 1035 1078 7% 7% 7% 7% Outdoor m € 1242 1354 2008 2080 10% 10% 13% 13% - Residential 49% -> 44% Office m € 1686 1872 2219 2582 13% 14% 14% 16% - Outdoor 10% -> 13% Architectural m € 556 594 654 729 4% 4% 4% 4% Shop/retail m € 1123 1243 1380 1303 9% 9% 9% 8% - Office 13% -> 16% Industrial m € 1122 1179 1264 1309 9% 9% 8% 8% 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 70

  60. Data derived from McKinsey (3), Light sources, value EU-28 market for light sources/lamps/modules, as derived by the study team from McKinsey data. Sum of all sectors. Values in million euros Industry revenue 2012 from light sources EU-28 Light Sources Market 2011 2012 2016 2020 Based on McKinsey, All Sectors m € 3237 3576 3940 3439 (million euros): incandescent m € 502 420 82 0 - McKinsey (derived) 3576 halogen m € 536 591 531 204 - Eurostat 2415 - 2865 HID m € 461 507 423 181 LFL m € 820 859 736 493 - MELISA 5439 CFL m € 643 675 357 123 LED m € 275 523 1809 2439 Only residential (not in table): Light source NEW m € 909 1128 1678 1935 - McKinsey (derived) 1769 Light source REPLACEMENT m € 2328 2447 2262 1504 - MELISA 2268 Industry revenue conclusion: - MELISA value (5439 mln euros) is much higher than value derived from McKinsey data (3576 mln euros) - This is mainly due to differences in the non-residential sector - Value reported by LightingEurope is less than the other sources because LE covers only part of market, but their value could be compatible with value derived from McKinsey. - For MELISA, consider reducing the part of consumer price that is industry revenue ( stakeholders ? ) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 71

  61. Data derived from McKinsey (4), Light sources, units EU-28 sales quantities for light sources/lamps/modules, as derived by the study Sales quantities 2012 of light sources team from McKinsey market value data and for two sets of assumed unit prices. (million units): Sum of all sectors, in million units. - McKinsey (derived) 3211 - 4248 Light Source unit price - Eurostat 2883 - 2937 High price set Low price set (€/unit) - MELISA 1889 2011 2012 2016 2020 2011 2012 2016 2020 incandescent 0.28 0.28 0.31 0.33 0.21 0.21 0.24 0.25 halogen 1.00 1.03 0.98 0.83 0.88 0.91 0.86 0.73 Sales quantity conclusion (2012): HID 9.67 9.44 8.27 7.10 7.31 7.14 6.25 5.37 - The MELISA total sales quantity is far LFL 1.30 1.27 1.16 1.07 0.87 0.85 0.78 0.72 CFL 2.01 1.92 1.57 1.28 1.60 1.53 1.25 1.02 less than the quantity derived from LED 11.67 9.06 5.53 4.79 7.85 6.10 3.72 3.22 McKinsey data. - The difference derives for a large part Light Sources sold in EU-28 3351 3211 2045 1336 4431 4248 2749 1875 (million units / year) from GLS sales: incandescent 1789 1497 261 0 2377 1989 347 0 - McKinsey (derived) 1497 - 1989 halogen 538 573 544 245 612 651 618 279 - MELISA & Eurostat ≈300 HID 48 54 51 25 63 71 68 34 - LightingEurope data for GLS are in line LFL 633 678 634 460 943 1010 944 685 CFL 320 351 228 96 402 441 286 121 with MELISA and Eurostat data. LED 24 58 327 510 35 86 486 757 → McKinsey (derived) sales quantities for Light sources NEW 926 997 853 733 1223 1318 1144 1022 GLS are much too high. Light sources REPLACEMENT 2426 2214 1192 603 3208 2930 1605 853 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 72

  62. End of presentation of Task 2 report Any questions or remarks on sales/stock ? Task 3 presentation will follow: Other data from MELISA and comparison with literature data Compatibility between light sources and dimmers 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 73

  63. Ecodesign Preparatory Study Lot 8/9/19 Light Sources 1 st Stakeholder Meeting 5 February 2015 USERS (Task 3 report) Leo Wierda Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek Van Holsteijn en Kemna Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, 1 st Stakeholder Meeting - VHK/VITO for EC 5 February 2015 74

  64. Task 3 report (Users), survey 1 st part MELISA continued: At each step: EU-28 installed stock MELISA inputs → EU-28 total installed power ↔ Average lamp power Literature data EU-28 installed stock → EU-28 total installed lumen Average lamp lumen MELISA outcomes Average lamp efficacy ↔ Literature data EU-28 installed stock → EU-28 total operating hours Average lamp hours Quantities/household Quantities/m 2 EU-28 total hours → EU-28 total lighting energy Average lamp power Task 3, 2 nd part: EU-28 lighting energy Heat aspects of Lighting → EU-28 total energy cost Health aspects Electricity costs End-of-Life aspects Stakeholders are invited to provide constructive comments on this model. Dimming 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 75

  65. MELISA Power (1), Average lamp power MELISA assumptions on average lamp powers, compared with CLASP 2013, VITO 2009, GfK/IEA 4E (2013) Average lamp LFL CFL HL GLS HID power (W) candles, coloured & decorative) Mains halogen (substitute for All mercury lamps (including types 4 - 13w and special FL) Single ended, mirrored (low T5 new (14 - 80w) including GLS and reflector)[E14, E27] All others (including T5 old Other mains halogen - PAR GLS (including clear/pearl, Linear (high voltage) [R7s] voltage) [M16, M25 etc.] HV Halogen capsule [G9] LV halogen Capsule [G4, 16/20/ 25/30 hard glass reflectors, GU10 etc. Non-retrofit - CFLni Metal halide lamps For LEDs see later T8 halophosphor All sodium lamps T8 tri-phosphor presentation sheet Retrofit - CFLi Reflector GY6.35] circular mixed) T12 MELISA 35 32 30 25 12 9.5 12 35 250 35 35 36 35 54 54 250 140 160 9.5- 120- 150- CLASP 2013 35 32 28-30 25 12 13 35 100 35 52 52 52 60 60 250 11.5 140 225 VITO 2009 13 30 300 30 40 40 40 54 54 200- GfK/IEA 4E 2013 33-35 ≈14 ≈35 ≈35 38-40 40-45 240 Main conclusions: - MELISA CFLi power seems on the low side (Swedish measurements: 9.5W; implications for lumen!) - MELISA HL R7s power seems slightly high (small influence) - MELISA MV-HL power seems slightly low - MELISA GLS power seems too high (phase out: (1) high powers phased out first (2) less relevant for future) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 76

  66. MELISA, Power (2), Total installed in EU-28 - Power 2007: peak of 354 GW - Power 2013: down to 304 GW In 2013: - 63% of power installed in residential - average 966 W/household (of which 521 W for halogen lamps) - Residential power (2008 -> 2013): HL 30% -> 54% GLS 60% -> 28% CFL 7% -> 13% LED 0% -> 1% LFL 4% -> 5% - Non-residential power (2008 -> 2013): LFL 37% -> 47% HL 14% -> 20% CFL 10% -> 17% Residential Non-Residential HID 12% -> 12% GLS 27% -> 5% LED 0% -> 0% 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 77

  67. MELISA Power (3), Residential Number of Average installed Lighting power Comparison of installed powers for Source lamps per lighting power per density for household household (W) households (W/m 2 ) lighting in residential buildings MELISA 2013 33 966 11 between the MELISA model and MELISA 2007 28 1198 MELISA 2000 23 1184 various literature sources. MELISA 1990 21 1062 United Kingdom 2012 34 1362 24 Sweden 2009, houses 55 1618 13 apartments 31 829 11 REMODECE 2008 (12 countries) 26 1060 IA 2009, data for 2007 19 MELISA Residential 2013: JRC, Bertoldi, 2006 22 - 33 lamps / household IEA, 2006 (7 countries) 10 - 40 6 - 16 - 966 W installed / household France 2003 28 1578 15 EURECO 2002 (4 countries) 10 - 24 675 - 883 6 – 9 Average 11 W/m 2 - Delight, 1994-1997 24 GPP Indoor Residential 9 - 11 Values seem reasonable considering Residential communal spaces 5 - 6 comparison with literature sources prEN15193, standard (15 lm/W) 920 - 1380 15 - 17 optimised (60 lm/W) 330 - 535 ≈ 6 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 78

  68. MELISA Power (4), Non-Residential Comparison of installed power densities Lighting power density for non- Source Room/zone type residential buildings (W/m 2 ) (W/m 2 ) for lighting in non-residential MELISA 2013 Average of all buildings 8.7 buildings between the MELISA model Offices (82) 6 – 13 – 21 Conference rooms (20) 12 – 14 – 18 and various literature sources. EL-Tertiary project 2008 Classrooms (40) 5 – 8 – 12 Toilets, sanitary (40) 7 – 12 – 18 (3 values are 25%, 50%, Circulation areas (108) 4 – 7 – 13 75% quartiles) MELISA Non-Residential 2013 (exclusive Service, tech, archives (42) 6 – 8 – 12 Gymnasium, sports (14) 6 – 7 – 12 outdoor lighting): Office buildings (FR,2005) Entire building, original 19 - Average 8.7 W/m 2 installed power (average of 49 buildings) After proposed improvements 10 (on entire EU-28 heated building area) Corridors 15 Offices (ceiling lamps) 13 Office building (FR,2005) Entrance hall 7 Value seems reasonable considering (1 large building) Conference rooms 32 comparison with literature sources Offices (desk lamps) 5 IEA, 2006 commercial buildings 15-16 GPP Indoor Various building types 7 - 14 Large variability in data due to different Circulation areas 29 (existing), 8 (standard) building types, to different uses of the Personal offices 35-43 (existing), 12-14 (efficient) spaces, and to different degrees of Conference room 12 (efficient) prEN15193-2 Open floor office 27 (existing), 11 (efficient) lighting optimisation. Kitchen in non-residential building 33 (existing), 12 (efficient) Further research in Lot37 study. Manufacturing hall 34 (existing), 7-13 (efficient) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 79

  69. MELISA Lumen (1), Average lamp lumen MELISA assumptions on average lamp lumens, compared with CLASP 2013, VITO 2009, GfK/IEA 4E (2013) Average Flux (lm) LFL CFL HL GLS HID Mains halogen (substitute for GLS Other mains halogen - PAR 16/20/ 25/30 hard glass reflectors, GU10 All others (including T5 old types LV halogen Capsule [G4, GY6.35] candles, coloured & decorative) All mercury lamps (including Single ended, mirrored (low T5 new (14 - 80w) including Linear (high voltage) [R7s] GLS (including clear/pearl, voltage) [M16, M25 etc.] HV Halogen capsule [G9] and reflector)[E14, E27] 4 - 13w and special FL) For LEDs see later Non-retrofit - CFLni Metal halide lamps presentation sheet T8 halophosphor All sodium lamps T8 tri-phosphor Retrofit - CFLi Reflector circular mixed) T12 etc. MELISA 2450 2400 2400 2275 1032 523 633 490 3000 490 420 432 420 513 513 10000 13300 13120 2352- 617- 13500- CLASP 2013 2450 2400 2275 1032 10000 13300 2400 632 14625 572- VITO 2009 559 392 5177 435 480 (DLS:315) 258 594 2200- 790- 430- 3800- 430- GfK/IEA 2013 min-max 530-600 380-490 3600 860 630 4500 630 Main conclusions: - MELISA CFLi lumen seems on the low side (power was also low; are 500 lm GLS replaced by 800 lm CFLi ?) - MELISA HL R7s lumen seems low (power was slightly high -> efficacy difference, small impact) - MELISA MV-HL lumen seems low (power was also slightly low; lower lumen lamps replaced by LEDs ?) - MELISA GLS lumen seems slightly high (power was also slightly high) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 80

  70. MELISA, Lumen (2), Total in EU-28 - 1990: 5.6 Tlm; 2013: 10.8 Tlm (sun, zenith, clear, on same area: 3200 Tlm) In 2013: - 37% of lumen installed in residential - average 20200 lm/household (7000 lm CFL, 6700 lm HL) - Residential lumen (2008 -> 2013): CFL 24% -> 34% HL 23% -> 33% LFL 18% -> 18% GLS 35% -> 13% LED 0% -> 2% - Non-residential lumen (2008 -> 2013): LFL 61% -> 63% HID 19% -> 16% CFL 11% -> 15% HL 4% -> 4% Residential Non-Residential GLS 5% -> 1% LED 0% -> 0% Residential 190 lm/m 2 Non-Residential 500 lm/m 2 see Lot37 (light source level, not task level) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 81

  71. MELISA Efficacy MELISA assumptions on average lamp efficacy, compared with CLASP 2013, VITO 2009, GfK/IEA 4E (2013) Average LFL CFL HL GLS HID Efficacy (lm/W) 5/30 hard glass reflectors, GU10 candles, coloured & decorative) Mains halogen (substitute for All mercury lamps (including types 4 - 13w and special FL) Single ended, mirrored (low T5 new (14 - 80w) including GLS and reflector)[E14, E27] All others (including T5 old Other mains halogen - PAR GLS (including clear/pearl, Linear (high voltage) [R7s] voltage) [M16, M25 etc.] HV Halogen capsule [G9] LV halogen Capsule [G4, For LEDs see later Non-retrofit - CFLni Metal halide lamps T8 halophosphor All sodium lamps presentation sheet T8 tri-phosphor Retrofit - CFLi Reflector 16/20/ 2 GY6.35] circular mixed) T12 etc. MELISA 70 75 80 91 86 55 55 14 12 14 12 12 12 9.5 9.5 40 95 82 CLASP 2013 70 75 80-84 91 86 55-65 40 95-110 65-90 VITO 2009 43 10 17 14 12 5 11 GfK/IEA 4E 2013 77-80 89-91 60 70-76 17.8 18.9 17.8 14.2 10.7-11.5 Main conclusions: - MELISA CFLi efficacy seems on the low side - MELISA HL R7s efficacy seems too low - MELISA LV-HL efficacy seems too low; MV-HL seem slightly low - MELISA GLS efficacy seems slightly low (less important for future scenarios) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 82

  72. MELISA, Power, Lumen, Efficacy of LEDs (1) LEDs in MELISA for 2013: Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 lm/W (for sales in year) 25 30 40 60 80 LED General - General for LEDs: 80 lm/W Watt @ 500 Lm 20.00 16.67 12.50 8.33 6.25 Lumen to Fit (NDLS) 500 550 600 600 600 implies: 6.25 W for 500 lm lamp LED-NDLS Residential Use lm/W (average for stock) 25 28 35 49 68 Watt to Fit (avg. NDLS stock) 20.00 19.37 17.03 12.13 8.83 - Basic principle: lumens of LED lamps Lumen to Fit (NDLS) 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 should match the lumens of the lamps that LED-NDLS Non-Residential Use lm/W (average for stock) 25 30 40 49 76 they replace + some rebound (‘Lumen-to- (incl. LFL replacement) Watt to Fit (avg. NDLS stock) 72.00 60.00 45.00 36.38 23.58 Fit’). Lumen to Fit (DLS) 600 600 600 600 600 This gives different values for Residential LED- DLS Residential Use lm/W (average for stock) 25 28 35 47 63 and Non-Residential, for NDLS and DLS. Watt to Fit (avg. DLS stock) 24.00 21.15 17.34 12.83 9.55 Lumen to Fit (DLS) 600 600 600 600 600 - Lumen-to-Fit / (80 lm/W) -> Watt-to-Fit LED- DLS Non-Residential Use lm/W (average for stock) 25 30 40 53 74 Watt to Fit (avg. DLS stock) 24.00 20.00 15.00 11.33 8.08 - Efficacy changes with years -> in a given year the average efficacy of the installed stock is smaller than the average efficacy of the lamps sold in the same year 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 83

  73. MELISA, Power, Lumen, Efficacy of LEDs (2) Derived by study team from GfK/IEA 4E data ( RESIDENTIAL ) Retrofit LED Lamps average estimated average estimated - Average LED power, efficacy, and thus Efficacy wattage (W) lumen (lm/W) lumen, are rapidly increasing each year Countries AT, BE, FR, DE, UK, IT, NL MAX MIN MAX MIN 2007 1.7 1.2 37.2 62 45 2008 1.6 1.2 40.9 67 48 - Dedicated LED lamps (integrated LED 2009 1.8 1.3 45.5 82 58 luminaires) are more efficient than LED 2010 2.2 1.7 50.9 114 85 retrofit lamps. In 2013: 2011 3.2 2.5 57.4 184 141 2012 5.0 3.9 64.9 324 254 - retrofit LED 73 lm/W 2013 6.5 5.2 72.6 473 381 - dedicated LED 88 lm/W Countries ES, PL 2011 3.6 2.7 57.4 206 158 2012 4.3 3.3 63.7 274 212 In MELISA Residential for 2013: 2013 5.8 4.6 71.7 419 333 Dedicated LED Lamps average estimated average estimated - 80 lm/W Efficacy wattage (W) lumen (lm/W) -> in agreement with GfK/IEA 4E Countries AT, BE, FR, DE, UK, IT, NL MAX MIN MAX MIN - 600 lm, 7.5 W (2013 sales) 2007 1.6 1.1 46.3 73 52 2008 1.6 1.2 51.0 83 60 -> high compared to GfK/IEA 4E 2009 1.8 1.3 56.9 105 76 2010 2.4 1.8 63.2 150 112 -> LEDs are currently replacing the lower 2011 2.9 2.2 70.6 207 156 2012 4.1 3.1 79.5 327 249 lumen HL and GLS, while for higher 2013 4.9 3.7 88.4 430 330 lumen people still buy HL ? Could Countries ES, PL explain why average lumen for sold HL 2011 3.7 2.8 71.5 262 199 2012 3.9 3.0 78.9 311 238 is higher than expected. 2013 4.8 3.7 88.0 419 322 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 84

  74. MELISA, Operating Hours (1) Residential Reference information from literature: MELISA: Residential Operating hours per year Measurement campaign - HL and GLS: 450 h/a United Kingdom 2012 394 - LFL and CFLi: 700 h/a Sweden 2009 houses 515 - LED: 500 h/a apartments 567 REMODECE 2008 average 12 countries 459 - Average all types: 492 h/a (2013) nordern countries 637-752 southern countries 209-529 MELISA residential annual operating hours France 295 seem reasonable considering literature France 2003 224 reference data. EURECO 2002 3 countries (excl. PT) 425 – 576 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 85

  75. MELISA, Operating Hours (2) Non-Residential Reference information from literature: Non-Residential Type of building or Operating hours Non-Residential Type of building or Operating hours Measurement campaign room/zone type per year Measurement campaign room/zone type per year Single offices 1155 Offices (60) 750 – 850 – 1080 Open offices 2513 Conference rooms (16) 150 – 200 – 250 Floor lamps near desks 767 EL-Tertiary project 2008 Classrooms (20) 480 – 870 – 2000 Desk lamps 489 Toilets, sanitary (32) 150 – 280 - 600 Corridors 2740 (3 values are 25%, 50%, Circulation areas (80) 180 – 800 - 1370 Stairs 1125 75% quartiles) Service, tech, archives (42) 50 -80 -100 Archives 1053 Office buildings (FR, 2005) Printing/copying rooms 1970 Gymnasium, sports (11) 650 – 1350 - 1550 (average of 49 buildings) Service rooms 1443 Supermarket (FR, 2001) Entire building 3984 Canteens/restaurants 1653 High-school (FR, 2003) Entire building 1018 Kitchen zones 538 Conference rooms 530 Office building (FR, 2005) Entire building 2226 Sanitary, toilets 669-711 IEA 2006 (data 2000) Commercial buildings 1781 Sanitary, washbasins 1084 Entire building (average) 1383 MELISA: MELISA (2013): Difficult to judge if MELISA non-residential HID: 4000 h/a LED NDLS: 1500 h/a average annual operating hours (1360) are LFL: 2200 h/a LED DLS: 984 h/a reasonable, but corresponds well to FR,2005 CFLni: 1600 h/a average of 49 office buildings (1383). CFLi: 500 h/a Average all types (2013): HL, GLS: 450 h/a 1360 h/a 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 86

  76. MELISA, Operating Hours (3), EU-28 totals - 1990: 4.7 Th; 2013: 9.3 Th (9.3 TeraHours ≈ 1 billion years) In 2013: - 34% of hours made in residential - average 44 lamp-hours/household/day - average 1.3 hours/household lamp/day - Residential hours (2008 -> 2013): CFL 31% -> 42% HL 20% -> 35% LFL 8% -> 7% GLS 41% -> 14% LED 0% -> 2% - Non-residential hours (2008 -> 2013): LFL 68% -> 68% CFL 17% -> 22% Residential Non-Residential HID 7% -> 6% HL 3% -> 4% GLS 5% -> 1% LED 0% -> 0% MELISA hours are Full-Power Equivalent Hours 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 87

  77. End of MELISA, Power, Lumen, Efficacy, Hours Any questions or remarks on this part ? Next topics of 1 st part of Task3: MELISA, Lighting energy consumption Lighting energy cost 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 88

  78. MELISA, Energy Consumption (1) For non-special lamps (as presented so far): Energy of Special Purpose Lamps: - as presented in Task 1 report (Scope) ∗ Energy = - without automotive and backlighting + - estimated 56 TWh in 2013 Control gear efficiency: Energy of Controls and Standby: - 80% (T12, T8 halophosphor) - preliminary rough estimate - 83% (T5old, other LFL, HID) - to be detailed in Lot 37 study - 91% (T8 triphosphor, T5, CFLni, LED) - estimated 16 TWh in 2013 - 94% (HL-LV) - 100% (HL-MV, GLS, CFLi) Note: average lamp power does NOT include control gear power, unless integrated in lamp (CFLi) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 89

  79. MELISA, Energy Consumption (2) 1990: 276 TWh (225 excl. SPL, Control & SB) 2010: 403 TWh (328 excl. SPL, Control & SB) 2013: 383 TWh (322 excl. SPL, Control & SB) In 2013: - 24% of energy used in residential - average 467 kWh/household/year (240 kWh for HL; 120 kWh for GLS) - Residential energy (2008 -> 2013): HL 29% -> 51% GLS 57% -> 26% CFL 8% -> 14% LFL 7% -> 8% LED 0% -> 1% - Non-residential energy (excl. SPL, Control & SB) (2008 -> 2013): Residential Non-Residential LFL 54% -> 58% HID 31% -> 29% CFL 5% -> 7% HL 4% -> 5% GLS 7% -> 1% LED 0% -> 0% 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 90

  80. MELISA, Energy Consumption (3), Residential Reference information from literature: Comparison of energy consumption Annual energy Lighting energy consumption for lighting for lighting in residential buildings Source density for per household households (kWh/m 2 ) between the MELISA model and (kWh/hh/year) various literature sources. MELISA 2013 467 4.3 MELISA 2007 565 MELISA 2000 553 MELISA 1990 494 MELISA Residential 2013: United Kingdom 2012 537 10 - 467 kWh/household/year The Netherlands 2011 464 Sweden 2009, houses - 966 W installed / household 646-937 6.7 apartments 240-691 Average 4.3 kWh/m 2 - REMODECE 2008 (12 countries) 487 (on entire EU-28 heated residential area) JRC, Bertoldi, 2006 (EU-28) 498 IEA, 2006 (7 countries) 375-775 3.3-9.3 Values seem reasonable considering France 2003 354 3.7 comparison with literature sources EURECO 2002 (4 countries) 375-426 3.3-4.0 France 2000, CIEL 500 Delight, 1994-1997 (19 countries) 569 3.4-12.1 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 91

  81. MELISA, Energy Consumption (4), Non-Residential Reference information from literature: Lighting energy Building type or Lighting energy density Building type or Source Source density Room/zone type (kWh/m 2 /year) Room/zone type (kWh/m 2 /year) 93 non-residential buildings 23 (average), 15 (median) Office buildings (10) 21 - 25 10 public buildings 13 (average), 7 – 24 (range) EL-Tertiary project 2008 School buildings (11) 5 - 10 IWU (Germany 140 offices (single & open) 19 Hotel buildings (4) 28 2014) 50 class rooms 15 (buildings: Offices (82) 7 – 20 – 30 13 hotel rooms 12 2 values are median – average) Conference rooms (20) 3 – 6 – 9 128 circulation areas 11 Classrooms (40) 0 – 4 – 12 Circulation areas 26 (existing), 4.3-6.8 (standard) (rooms: Toilets, sanitary (40) 1 – 5 – 25 Personal offices 31-39 (existing), 6-13 (efficient) 3 values are 25%, 50%, 75% Circulation areas (108) 4 – 13 – 22 Conference room 10-15 (efficient) quartiles) Service, tech, archives (42) 1 – 2 – 7 Open floor office 58 (existing), 19-23 (efficient) Gymnasium, sports (14) 1 – 5 – 15 prEN15193-2 Kitchen in non-residential 68 (existing), 19-24 (efficient) Average of 49 buildings building Office buildings (49) (FR, 2005) 26.7 -> 17.6 Original -> Optimised Manufacturing hall, with roof lights 8.5 (existing), 1.8-3.3 (efficient) Entire building (1) Office building (1) (FR,2005) 28.1 -> 6 Original -> Optimised without roof lights 132 (existing), 27-51 (efficient) IEA, 2006 commercial buildings 27.7 Entire building (1) Recent office building (FR,2009) 6.2 -> 3.9 Original -> Optimised Comparison of energy consumption for MELISA Non-Residential 2013: Large variability in reference Average 13.4 kWh/m 2 (LENI) lighting in non-residential buildings values: difficult to judge if between the MELISA model and various (on entire EU-28 heated non-residential area) MELISA values are reasonable literature sources. (not considering Outdoor, SPL, Controls, SB) 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 92

  82. MELISA, Lighting Energy Cost (1) Cost of electricity: Residential prices of electricity (fixed euros 2010), in euros/kWh, incl. VAT 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 For residential these prices are based on 0.178 0.188 0.195 0.188 0.188 0.181 0.176 0.173 0.168 0.163 Eurostat tariff group Dc: “annual consumption 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 of 3 500 kWh among which 1 300 kWh 0.162 0.158 0.156 0.155 0.153 0.153 0.158 0.167 0.169 0.167 overnight (standard dwelling of 90m²)”. 2010 2011 2012 2013 0.170 0.177 0.184 0.191 Non-residential prices of electricity (fixed euros 2010), in euros/kWh, excl. VAT For non-residential the reference was tariff 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 group Ie: “annual consumption of 2 000 0.119 0.119 0.118 0.112 0.110 0.103 0.095 0.092 0.088 0.085 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 MWh, maximum demand of 500kW and 0.084 0.083 0.079 0.083 0.082 0.087 0.097 0.099 0.105 0.107 annual load of 4 000 hours”. 2010 2011 2012 2013 0.106 0.110 0.115 0.119 These tariff group definitions are according to the old (2007) methodology. 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 93

  83. MELISA, Lighting Energy Cost (2) 1990: 32 billion euros 2013: 44 billion euros (0.33% of EU-28 GDP) (excl. SPL, Control & SB) In 2013: - 40% of expenses made for residential - average 89.3 euros/household/year - Residential energy cost (2008 -> 2013): HL 29% -> 51% GLS 57% -> 26% CFL 8% -> 14% LFL 7% -> 8% LED 0% -> 1% - Non-residential energy cost (excl. SPL, Control & SB) (2008 -> 2013): LFL 54% -> 58% Residential Non-Residential HID 31% -> 29% CFL 5% -> 7% HL 4% -> 5% GLS 7% -> 1% LED 0% -> 0% Residential: almost constant since 1992 Non-residential: increase after 2004 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 94

  84. MELISA, Total Consumer Expense Light source Acquisition + Energy cost 1990: 36 billion euros ( 5 acq + 32 nrg) 2013: 55 billion euros (11 acq + 44 nrg) (excl. SPL, Control & SB) In 2013: - 43% of expenses made for residential - average 117.6 euros/household/year - Residential expense (2008 -> 2013): HL 33% -> 53% GLS 48% -> 20% CFL 13% -> 15% LFL 6% -> 7% LED 0% -> 5% - Non-residential expense (excl. SPL, Control Residential Non-Residential & SB) (2008 -> 2013): LFL 54% -> 57% HID 28% -> 27% CFL 7% -> 8% HL 5% -> 6% GLS 6% -> 1% LED 0% -> 1% 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 95

  85. MELISA, Additional verification Non-residential buildings: different method to estimate Power, Lumen, Hours and Energy (work performed in the context of the Lot37 study; NOT in Task 3 report) - Report Building Heat Demand (VHK,2014) -> EU-28 heated floor area per type of non-residential building - Building areas further subdivided per room/activity types (circulation areas, offices, toilets, ….) - Multiplied these areas with corresponding lighting requirement (lux) from EN-12464-1 (indoor lighting) -> 3648 Glm at task level MELISA: 5660 Glm at lamp level (implied average utilization factor of 64% could be reasonable ) - Multiplied Glm at task level with Pjlx (W/task-lm) values from prEN-15193 (lighting in buildings) (assumptions on average room index, upward flux fraction, mix of lamp types, MF=0.8, reflections) -> 111 GW installed power MELISA: 106 GW installed power (surprisingly close match ) - From prEN-15193: Default Potential Operating Hours + estimate of daylight factors + occupancy dependent factors -> 2200 - 2500 hours (full-power equivalent) MELISA: 1467 hours ( are EN-15193 hours too high or MELISA hours too low ?? ) Main uncertainty: non-residential operating hours 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 96

  86. MELISA, Conclusions - MELISA input parameters have been verified against data from literature. In general the input parameters seem reasonable, even if adjustments could be made on some points. - MELISA outcomes for the residential sector are compatible with data from literature. - MELISA outcomes for the non-residential sector seem reasonable as regards installed power and installed lighting capacity (lumen). - Largest uncertainty are operating hours for the non-residential sector (and consequently energy). - The study team explicitly invites the stakeholders to comment on the MELISA model. - Following the presented data and the comments from stakeholders the MELISA model will be adjusted before its use in the scenario analyses of MEErP Task 7. Any questions or remarks on this part ? 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 97

  87. Task 3 report (Users), survey 2 nd part Heat aspects of lighting Health aspects End-of-Life aspects Dimming 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 98

  88. Heat aspects of Lighting products - Light sources emit heat as a by-product → energy-related products for HVAC equipment (heat produced by lighting must be taken into account when dimensioning such equipment). - Energy efficient light sources use less power → emit less heat → impact on HVAC dimensioning. - “ Internal gain is the space heating contribution of people, pets and energy-using products in the household ”. Internal gain in heating season EU 2010 In kWh per residential dwelling, total 2500 kWh - Total internal heat gain → +2.3 °C on household temperature. - Lighting contributes for ≈20% to the ‘internal heat gain’ (2010) - If for example 50% decrease in lighting energy use → ≈10% on ‘internal heat gain’ → ≈ 0.23˚ C deficit in temperature, to compensate by hea ng Source: Building Heat Demand report, VHK 2014 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 99

  89. Health aspects - Statements of Stage 6 review report (SCENHIR and SCHER reports) still valid. - September 2014, IEA 4E report on health aspects of Solid State Lighting (i.e. LEDs): - Electrical safety appropriately addressed by existing safety standards. - Human exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by SSL products is not a critical issue. - Glare can be a critical issue; recommended to report maximum luminance for finished SSL products. - Recommendation: perform a photobiological safety assessment for all SSL devices according to the existing standards. - Manufacturers to report the risk group for their product. - Use warning labels in certain cases (make general public iaware of potential risks). - IEC 62471 to take into account the sensitivity of certain specific population groups. - Particular attention asked for white LEDs based on violet and UV chips: potential for blue light/UV hazard. - Unacceptable that there are no clear requirements to limit light flickering. - SSL products do not have more negative non-visual effects than other light sources. However, LED technology → more lighting points → increase in exposure to artificial light. 5 February 2015 Lot 8/9/19 Ecodesign Light Sources, VHK/VITO for EC 100

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