E x e m p l a r - b a s e d m o d e l s f o r - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

E x e m p l a r

• b

a s e d m

• d

e l s f

• r

w

• r

d m e a n i n g i n c

• n

t e x t

K a t r i n E r k , S e b a s t i a n P a d ó

A n d r e a s v a n C r a n e n b u r g h

K . E r k a n d S . P a d

• (

2 1 ) E x e m p l a r

• B

a s e d Mo d e l s f

• r

Wo r d Me a n i n g I n C

• n

t e x t , P r

• c

e e d i n g s

• f

A C L 2 1

S u m m a r y

• U

s u a l a p p r

• a

c h :

• n

e v e c t

• r

p e r w

• r

d , t r a n s f

• r

m e d b a s e d

• n

c

• n

t e x t

• T

h i s p a p e r : s e t

• f

e x e m p l a r s w h i c h a r e a c t i v a t e d b a s e d

• n

c

• n

t e x t

• H

y p

• t

h e s i s : e x e m p l a r s r e t a i n m

• r

e i n f

• r

m a t i

• n

, s

• a

n e x e m p l a r m

• d

e l w i l l

• u

t p e r f

• r

m p r e v i

• u

s , p r

• t
• t

y p e

• b

a s e d m

• d

e l s

e x e m p l a r s s i n g l e p r

• t
• t

y p e

T h e t a s k

• G

i v e n a w

• r

d i n a c

• n

t e x t ( s e n t e n c e ) , r a n k t h e p a r a p h r a s e s f

• r

t h a t w

• r

d f r

• m

a l i s t

• f

p

• s

s i b i l i t i e s f r

• m

b e s t t

• w
• r

s t

• Wo

r d + c

• n

t e x t m e a n i n g ; s i m i l a r t

• c
• n

c e p t → c

• m

b i n a t i

• n

( V

• r

s p

• e

l s e t a l 2 9 )

After a fire extinguisher is used, it must always be returned for recharging and its use recorded Bring back (3), take back (2), send back (1), give back (1) We return to the young woman who is reading the Wrigley's wrapping paper. Come back (3), revert (1), revisit (1), go (1)

T h e Mo d e l

• s

– t h e t a r g e t s e n t e n c e T – t h e e x e m p l a r s f

• r

t h e t a r g e t l e m m a P – e x e m p l a r s w i t h p

• s

s i b l e p a r a p h r a s e s

• E

x e m p l a r s a r e b a g s

• f
• w
• r

d s ( B O W) w i t h c

• u

n t s e . g . , “ t h e d

• g

w i l l g n u r g e t h e

• t

h e r d

• g

” g n u r g e : → [ d

• g
• n

: 2 ,

• t

h e r

• a

: 1 ]

• B

O W r e p r e s e n t a t i

• n

s a r e n

• i

s i e r , b u t a r e l e s s s p a r s e t h a n s y n t a c t i c d e p e n d e n c i e s .

T h e m

• d

e l

• A

c t i v a t i

• n
• f

r e l e v a n t e x e m p l a r s : a c t ( E , s ) = { e € E | s i m ( e , s ) > θ( E , s ) }

• T

w

• m

e t h

• d

s f

• r

s e t t i n g t h e t h r e s h

• l

d θ:

– k

N N a c t i v a t i

• n

( k n e a r e s t n e i g h b

• r

s ) , s e l e c t s a c

• n

s t a n t n u m b e r

• f

e x e m p l a r s

– q

• p

e r c e n t a g e a c t i v a t i

• n

( q % m

• s

t s i m i l a r ) , s e l e c t s a v a r i a b l e n u m b e r

• f

e x e m p l a r s ( p r

• p
• r

t i

• n

a l t

• f

r e q u e n c y )

T h e m

• d

e l

• P

r e v i

• u

s a p p r

• a

c h e s t r a n s f

• r

m t h e t a r g e t v e c t

• r

T u s i n g t h e c

• n

t e x t s i n t

• a

n e w v e c t

• r

T ' , t h i s a p p r

• a

c h s e l e c t s e x e m p l a r s t

• a

c t i v a t e

• A

c t i v a t i

• n

c a n b e a p p l i e d t

• t

h e t a r g e t T : T ' = a c t ( T , s )

• A

s w e l l a s t

• t

h e s e t

• f

p a r a p h r a s e s P P ' = a c t ( P , s )

• A

c t i v a t i

• n

s e l e c t s e x e m p l a r s t h a t e x c e e d a s i m i l a r i t y t h r e s h

• l

d . S i m i l a r i t y i s d e f i n e d a s c

• s

i n e s i m i l a r i t y

The data

• T

a r g e t s e n t e n c e s f r

• m

L e x i c a l S u b s t i t u t i

• n

( L e x S u b ) d a t a s e t : 2 i n s t a n c e s

• f

2 t a r g e t w

• r

d s

• E

x e m p l a r s a r e f r

• m

B N C , w

• r

d s l e m m a t i z e d a n d P O S

• t

a g g e d .

R e s u l t s

• G

A P = G e n e r a l i z e d A v e r a g e P r e c i s i

• n

, a m e t h

• d
• f

s c

• r

i n g r a n k e d l i s t s

• S

t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e :

a c t P / p e r c > a c t P / k N N ~ a c t T / k N N > a c t T / p e r c ( > m e a n s s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r t h a n , ~ m e a n s n

• t

s i g n i f i c a n t )

R e s u l t s

• A

t h i r d m

• d

e l , c

• m

b i n e s t h e t w

• m
• d

e l s :

• a

c t T P a c t i v a t e s T b y k N N , a n d P b y p e r c U n f

• r

t u n a t e l y , d

• e

s n

• t

i m p r

• v

e

• n

p r e v i

• u

s r e s u l t s

I n f l u e n c e

• f

P O S

• a

c t T , k = 2 v e r b s : 3 5 . 3 , n

• u

n s : 3 8 . 2 , a d j e c t i v e s : 3 5 . 1

• a

c t P , 1 % , v e r b s : 3 6 . 9 , n

• u

n s : 4 1 . 4 , a d j e c t i v e s : 3 7 . 5

• I

n t e r e s t i n g l y , a c t T P h a s a b e t t e r s c

• r

e f

• r

v e r b s

C

• m

p a r i s

• n
• T

h e a u t h

• r

s p r e v i

• u

s l y p u b l i s h e d a p r

• t
• t

y p e

• m
• d

e l f

• r

t h i s t a s k

C

• n

c l u s i

• n
• T

h e e x e m p l a r

• m
• d

e l s a r e i n d e e d b e t t e r t h a n p r e v i

• u

s p r

• t
• t

y p e m

• d

e l s

• L
• w

c

• m

p u t a t i

• n

a l

• v

e r h e a d , b e c a u s e

• n

l y s m a l l n u m b e r

• f

e x e m p l a r s n e e d t

• b

e a c t i v a t e d

• E

x e m p l a r s a r e b e s t a c t i v a t e d w i t h a l

• w

a b s

• l

u t e n u m b e r ; p a r a p h r a s e s w i t h a p e r c e n t a g e .

• A

c t i v a t i n g p a r a p h r a s e s i s m

• r

e e f f e c t i v e