Distance Education Technologies: Distance Education Technologies: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Distance Education Technologies: Standards and Software Systems Distance Education Technologies: Distance Education Technologies: Standards and Software Systems Standards and Software Systems

Presented by Presented by

Timothy K. Shih Timothy K. Shih MINE Lab MINE Lab Department of Computer Science and Information Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Engineering Tamkang University, Taiwan Tamkang University, Taiwan

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Standards and Software Systems Standards and Software Systems

IEEE P1484.1 (LTSA) IEEE P1484.1 (LTSA)

ULF ULF SCORM SCORM Courseware System Courseware System Software Systems Software Systems XML XML SMI L SMI L SOAP SOAP HTML HTML Presentation System Presentation System QT&I QT&I

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Sharable Content Object Sharable Content Object Reference Model 1.3 Reference Model 1.3

The Department of The Department of Defense of USA Defense of USA established the established the Advanced Advanced Distributed Learning Distributed Learning (ADL) (ADL) initiative in 1997. initiative in 1997. The The Sharable Content Sharable Content Object Reference Model Object Reference Model (SCORM) includes (SCORM) includes

– – Content Aggregation Model Content Aggregation Model

Simple Sequencing Simple Sequencing Specification (in 1.3 Draft) Specification (in 1.3 Draft)

– – Run Run-

• time Environment

time Environment SCORM

BOOK 2: The SCORM Content Aggregation Model BOOK 3: The SCORM Run Time Environment

Launch, Communication API (from AICC) Data Model (from AICC)

BOOK 1: The SCORM Overview

Meta-data Dictionary (from IEEE) (Meta-data XML Binding and Best Practice (from IMS) Content Structure (derived from AICC) Content Packaging (from IMS)

SCORM 1.2

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High High-

• Level Requirements of SCORM

Level Requirements of SCORM

Accessibility Accessibility: the ability to locate and access instructional : the ability to locate and access instructional components from components from one

• ne remote location and deliver them

remote location and deliver them to to many other many other locations. locations. Interoperability Interoperability: the ability to take instructional : the ability to take instructional components developed in components developed in one

• ne location with one set of

location with one set of tools or platform and use them in tools or platform and use them in another another location with a location with a different set of tools or platform. different set of tools or platform. Durability Durability: the ability to withstand technology changes : the ability to withstand technology changes without redesign without redesign, reconfiguration or recoding. , reconfiguration or recoding. Reusability Reusability: the flexibility to incorporate instructional : the flexibility to incorporate instructional components in components in multiple multiple applications and contexts. applications and contexts.

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Content Aggregation Model Content Aggregation Model

The SCORM Content Aggregation Model represents a The SCORM Content Aggregation Model represents a pedagogically neutral means for designers and implementers of pedagogically neutral means for designers and implementers of instruction to instruction to aggregate learning resources aggregate learning resources for the purpose of for the purpose of delivering a desired learning experience. delivering a desired learning experience. The SCORM Content Aggregation Model is made up of the following: The SCORM Content Aggregation Model is made up of the following:

– – Content Model: Content Model: Nomenclature Nomenclature defining defining the content the content components components of a

• f a

learning experience. learning experience. – – Meta Meta-

• data:

data: A mechanism for A mechanism for describing describing specific instances of the specific instances of the components components of the content model.

• f the content model.

– – Content Packaging: Content Packaging: Defines how to represent the intended behavior Defines how to represent the intended behavior

• f a learning experience (Content
• f a learning experience (Content Structure

Structure) and how to package ) and how to package learning resources for movement between different environments learning resources for movement between different environments (Content (Content Packaging Packaging). ). – – Simple Sequencing Specification (SCORM 1.3): Simple Sequencing Specification (SCORM 1.3): A learning designer A learning designer

• r content developer declares the
• r content developer declares the relative order

relative order in which elements of in which elements of content ( content (SCOs SCOs or

• r SCAs

SCAs) are to be presented to the learner and the ) are to be presented to the learner and the conditions conditions under which a piece of content is selected and delivered or under which a piece of content is selected and delivered or skipped during presentation. skipped during presentation.

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Content Model Content Model

The SCORM Content Model is made up of the following components The SCORM Content Model is made up of the following components

– – Assets Assets: : basic forms basic forms, such as text, images, sound, web pages, , such as text, images, sound, web pages, assessment objects or other pieces of data that can be delivered assessment objects or other pieces of data that can be delivered to a to a Web client. Web client. – – Sharable Content Assets ( Sharable Content Assets (SCAs SCAs) (1.3 Draft): ) (1.3 Draft): a a collection collection of one or

• f one or

more Assets packaged as a single more Assets packaged as a single launchable launchable resource . SCA does not resource . SCA does not communicate with an LMS via the SCORM Communications API communicate with an LMS via the SCORM Communications API Adapter. Adapter. – – Sharable Content Objects ( Sharable Content Objects (SCOs SCOs): ): a a collection collection of one or more Assets.

• f one or more Assets.

A SCO represents the lowest level of granularity of learning res A SCO represents the lowest level of granularity of learning resources

• urces

that can be tracked by an LMS using the SCORM Run that can be tracked by an LMS using the SCORM Run-

• Time

Time Environment Data Model. Environment Data Model. – – Learning Activities (Activities) (1.3 Draft): Learning Activities (Activities) (1.3 Draft): an instructional an instructional event or event or events events embedded in a content resource or as an aggregation of embedded in a content resource or as an aggregation of activities that eventually resolve to discrete content resources activities that eventually resolve to discrete content resources with their with their contained instructional events. contained instructional events. – – Content Aggregations Content Aggregations: : a map ( a map (content structure content structure) that can be used to ) that can be used to aggregate learning resources into a cohesive unit of instruction aggregate learning resources into a cohesive unit of instruction (e.g. (e.g. course, chapter, module, etc.) course, chapter, module, etc.)

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Components of Content Model Components of Content Model

C ontent S tructure C ontent A ggregation T he S C O R M contains specialized instances of resources: A ssets, S C A s and S C O s. A ssets are learning content in its m ost basic form . A ssets are electronic representations of m edia, text, im ages, sound, w eb pages, chat sessions, assessm ent

• bjects or other pieces of data that can be delivered to a W eb client.

S C A s represent a collection of one or m ore A ssets packaged as a single launchable

• resource. S C A s do not com m unicate w ith an LM S system .

S C O s represent a collection of one or m ore A ssets packaged as a single launchable resource that utilizes the S C O R M R un-T im e E nvironm ent to com m unicate w ith LM S s. A S C O represents the low est level of granularity of content that is able to be tracked by an LM S using the S C O R M R un-T im e E nvironm ent D ata M odel. C o n ten t A g g reg atio n is the process of pooling resources (A ssets/S C A s/S C O s) into a defined structure (content structure) to build a particular learning experience.

R esource

(S C A ) O rganization Item Item Item Item Item Item

R esource

(A sset)

R esource

(A sset)

R esource

(S C A )

R esource

(A sset)

R esource

(S C O )

R esource

(S C A )

R esource

(S C O )

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Meta Meta-

• Data

Data

Meta Meta-

• data provide a common nomenclature

data provide a common nomenclature enabling learning resources to be enabling learning resources to be described in described in a common way a common way. . Learning resources that are described with Learning resources that are described with meta meta-

• data can be systematically

data can be systematically searched searched for for and and retrieved retrieved for use and for use and reuse reuse. . Meta Meta-

• Data

Data

– – Asset Asset Meta Meta-

• data

data – – Sharable Content Asset ( Sharable Content Asset (SCA SCA) Meta ) Meta-

• data

data – – Sharable Content Object ( Sharable Content Object (SCO SCO) Meta ) Meta-

• data

data – – Learning Activities Learning Activities Meta Meta-

• data

data – – Content Aggregation Content Aggregation Meta Meta-

• data

data

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SCORM Meta SCORM Meta-

• data Includes

data Includes

Information Model Information Model: : defines the meta defines the meta-

• data

data elements elements ( (“ “dictionary dictionary” ” of meta

• f meta-
• data tags),

data tags), the the same as the same as the IEEE IEEE LOM specification. LOM specification. The SCORM Meta The SCORM Meta-

• data XML Binding

data XML Binding: : defines defines how to encode, or how to encode, or bind bind, the , the “ “dictionary dictionary” ” elements in elements in XML XML, based directly on the , based directly on the IMS IMS Learning Resource Meta Learning Resource Meta-

• data XML specification.

data XML specification. The SCORM Meta The SCORM Meta-

• data Application Profiles

data Application Profiles: : provides specific guidance for provides specific guidance for how to implement how to implement meta meta-

• data in the SCORM environment.

data in the SCORM environment.

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Meta Meta-

• data Information Model

data Information Model

The SCORM Meta The SCORM Meta-

• data Information Model has nine categories

data Information Model has nine categories

– – The The General General category groups the category groups the general information general information that describes the that describes the resource as a whole. resource as a whole. – – The The Lifecycle Lifecycle category groups the features related to the category groups the features related to the history history and and current state of this resource and those current state of this resource and those who have affected who have affected this resource this resource during its evolution. during its evolution. – – The The Meta Meta-

• metadata

metadata category groups information about the category groups information about the meta meta-

• data

data record itself record itself (rather than the resource that the record describes). (rather than the resource that the record describes). – – The The Technical Technical category groups the category groups the technical requirements technical requirements and and characteristics of the resource. characteristics of the resource. – – The The Educational Educational category groups the category groups the educational and pedagogic educational and pedagogic characteristics characteristics of the resource.

• f the resource.

– – The The Rights Rights category groups the category groups the intellectual property rights intellectual property rights and and conditions of use for the resource. conditions of use for the resource. – – The The Relation Relation category groups features that define the category groups features that define the relationship relationship between this resource and between this resource and other

• ther targeted resources.

targeted resources. – – The The Annotation Annotation category provides category provides comments comments on the educational use of

• n the educational use of

the resource and information on when and by whom the comments we the resource and information on when and by whom the comments were re created. created. – – The The Classification Classification category describes category describes where this resource falls within a where this resource falls within a particular classification system. particular classification system.

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IMS Package Description IMS Package Description

An IMS Content Package contains two An IMS Content Package contains two major components: major components:

– – A (required) A (required) special XML document special XML document describing the content organization and describing the content organization and resources of the package. The special file is resources of the package. The special file is called the called the Manifest file Manifest file ( (imsmanifest.xml imsmanifest.xml) ) because package content and organization is because package content and organization is described in the described in the context of manifests. context of manifests. – – The The physical files physical files referenced in the Manifest. referenced in the Manifest.

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Content Packaging Conceptual Content Packaging Conceptual Diagram Diagram

Physical Files (The actual C

• ntent,

M edia, A ssessm ent, C

• llaboration and other

files) Package M anifest M eta-data O rganizations R esources (sub)M anifests O rganizations O rganization O rganization O rganization O rganization Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Sequencing inform ation can be associated w ith the O rganization and/or each Item in the O rganization

SCORM 1.2 SCORM 1.3 (with Sequencing)

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A learning designer or content developer declares the A learning designer or content developer declares the relative relative

• rder
• rder in which elements of content (

in which elements of content (SCOs SCOs or

• r SCAs

SCAs) are to be ) are to be presented to the learner and the presented to the learner and the conditions conditions under which a piece under which a piece

• f content is
• f content is selected

selected and delivered or skipped during and delivered or skipped during presentation. presentation. It incorporates It incorporates rules rules that describe the branching or flow of that describe the branching or flow of learning activities through content according to the outcomes of learning activities through content according to the outcomes of a learner a learner’ ’s s interactions interactions with content. with content. The components of an The components of an LMS LMS used to execute the specified rules used to execute the specified rules and behaviors are referred to as a and behaviors are referred to as a ‘ ‘sequencing engine sequencing engine’ ’. . Sequencing Sequencing does not does not define the following: define the following:

– – sequencing capabilities that utilize or are dependent on sequencing capabilities that utilize or are dependent on other actors,

• ther actors,

such as instructors, mentors, or peers. such as instructors, mentors, or peers. – – content content look and feel look and feel and presentation style and presentation style – – other sequencing techniques

• ther sequencing techniques (i.e., AI

(i.e., AI-

• based, simulation, customized

based, simulation, customized learning, etc.), learning, etc.), but does not necessarily preclude but does not necessarily preclude

Simple Sequencing Specification Simple Sequencing Specification

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Sequencing Definition Model Sequencing Definition Model

Sequencing Control Modes Sequencing Control Modes – – control the control the sequencing behavior for a cluster sequencing behavior for a cluster (i.e., (i.e., Choice, Choice Exit, Flow, and Forward Only) Choice, Choice Exit, Flow, and Forward Only) Sequencing Rules Sequencing Rules – – a set of a set of if [ if [condition_set condition_set] then [action/behavior]. ] then [action/behavior]. Limit Conditions Limit Conditions – – based on the based on the Tracking Model Tracking Model, override Sequencing Rules (e.g., , override Sequencing Rules (e.g., max number of attempt, max duration, etc). max number of attempt, max duration, etc). Auxiliary Resource Auxiliary Resource – – additional additional services or resources associated with an services or resources associated with an activity. activity. Rollup Rules Rollup Rules – – the process of evaluating the Objective and Attempt Progress da the process of evaluating the Objective and Attempt Progress data for ta for a set of a set of child activities child activities for a for a parent activity. parent activity. Objectives Objectives – – to associate learning to associate learning objective(s

• bjective(s) with an

) with an activity activity. . Objective Map Objective Map – – defines a mapping of an activity defines a mapping of an activity’ ’s local objective information to and s local objective information to and from a shared global objective ( from a shared global objective (sharing objective information sharing objective information). ). Rollup Controls Rollup Controls – – three types of tracking status model information for rollup pro three types of tracking status model information for rollup process cess (i.e., (i.e., Objective Satisfaction, Objective Measure, and Activity Completi Objective Satisfaction, Objective Measure, and Activity Completion Status

• n Status).

). Selection Controls Selection Controls – – include descriptions of include descriptions of how the children of an activity should be how the children of an activity should be selected selected during the sequencing process. during the sequencing process. Randomization Controls Randomization Controls – – decide whether or not a sequencer shall decide whether or not a sequencer shall randomly select randomly select activities activities for delivery. for delivery. Delivery Controls Delivery Controls – – shall be used by shall be used by LMSs LMSs to aid in the to aid in the tracking of data associated tracking of data associated with activities. with activities.

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Conceptual Model of the Overall Conceptual Model of the Overall Sequencing Process Sequencing Process

W A IT for Navigation Request Runtime

N a vig a tio n Eve n t (e .g . C o n tin u e , Pre vio u s, C h o o se , Exit, e tc… ) D e live r C o n te n t R e so u rce In te ra ct with Sta te M o d e l R u n tim e D a ta C o m m u n ica tio n

S tate Model Navigation B ehavior E xit B ehavior S equenc ing B ehavior D elivery Request B ehavior Rollup B ehavior

O verall S eq uen cing P ro cess

S equenc ing R eques t E xit R eques t D elivery R eques t

S elec tion and Randomization B ehavior

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Run Run-

• Time Environment

Time Environment

SCORM has a SCORM has a common way to common way to start start learning learning resources, a resources, a common common mechanism for mechanism for learning resources learning resources to to communicate communicate with an LMS and a with an LMS and a predefined predefined language or language or vocabulary vocabulary forming forming the basis of the the basis of the communication. communication. These three These three aspects of the Run aspects of the Run-

• Time Environment

Time Environment are are Launch Launch, , Application Application Program Interface Program Interface (API) and (API) and Data Data Model Model. .

Learning Management System (LMS)

Server Side Client Side Data Model

Actual data sent back and forth between SCO and LMS

API (Communications

Link between SCO and LMS)

Launch JavaScript JavaScript Browser SCO API Adapter API Adapter

LMS Server LMS Server

Asset

Sequence Engine

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Launch, API and Data Model Launch, API and Data Model

The The Launch Launch mechanism defines a common way for mechanism defines a common way for LMSs LMSs to start Web to start Web-

• based learning resources

based learning resources. This . This mechanism defines the procedures and responsibilities mechanism defines the procedures and responsibilities for the establishment of communication between the for the establishment of communication between the delivered learning resource and the LMS. delivered learning resource and the LMS. The The API API is the is the communication mechanism for informing communication mechanism for informing the LMS of the state of the learning resource the LMS of the state of the learning resource (e.g., (e.g., initialized, finished or in an error condition), and is used initialized, finished or in an error condition), and is used for getting and setting data (e.g., score, time limits, etc.) for getting and setting data (e.g., score, time limits, etc.) between the LMS and the Sharable Content Object between the LMS and the Sharable Content Object (SCO). (SCO). A A Data Model Data Model is a is a standard set of data elements standard set of data elements used to used to define the information being communicated, such as, the define the information being communicated, such as, the status of the learning resource. status of the learning resource.

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For More Information For More Information

http://www.adlnet.org/

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The MINE SCORM Authoring Tool The MINE SCORM Authoring Tool

Based on the Draft of ADL Based on the Draft of ADL SCORM SCORM Version Version 1.3 1.3 Beta 2, 11/27/02 Beta 2, 11/27/02 SCORM Simple Sequencing SCORM Simple Sequencing Templates Templates & Models, 1st Ed., & Models, 1st Ed., CMU CMU, 2/7/03 , 2/7/03 Drag Drag-

• and

and-

• Drop Courseware Design

Drop Courseware Design

– – Define Define sequence rules sequence rules – – Define Define metadata metadata – – Define Define reusable sequence templates

reusable sequence templates A A CSCW CSCW-

• like Course Development Tool

like Course Development Tool http:// http://www.mine.tku.edu.tw/scorm www.mine.tku.edu.tw/scorm/ /

Timothy K. Shih, Wen-Chih Chang, and Wen-Chieh Ko, MINE Lab, Tamkang University, Taiwan

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Specification for Aggregation Specification for Aggregation

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Specification for SCOs Specification for SCOs

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Icon Used in Our Tool Icon Used in Our Tool

Private Lecture Component Private Lecture Component Public Lecture Component Public Lecture Component Extracted Lecture Component Extracted Lecture Component Private Lecture Private Lecture Public Public Lecture Lecture

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The Single User Model The Single User Model

Lecture Components Lectures

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The CSCW Model The CSCW Model

A CSCW Discussion Space Final Courseware

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Authoring SCORM Components Authoring SCORM Components

Demo Demo

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ASF Records

Timothy K. Shih, Y. R. Liu and Sheng-En Yeh, MINE Lab, Tamkang University, Taiwan

Automatic Recording Automatic Recording Use Commercial Codec and the Use Commercial Codec and the Advanced Streaming Advanced Streaming Format Format (ASF) from Microsoft (ASF) from Microsoft Video and Slide Video and Slide Synchronization Synchronization Text and Drawing Annotation Text and Drawing Annotation Synchronization Synchronization Slide Slide Selection Selection Presentation Editing Presentation Editing Automatic Loading Automatic Loading

Multimedia Synchronization Using ASF Multimedia Synchronization Using ASF Multimedia Synchronization Using ASF

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Event markers Event markers are embedded in a ASF file are embedded in a ASF file Arbitrary Arbitrary activation activation of markers

• f markers

Do not record the entire screen as one video clip Do not record the entire screen as one video clip Video streaming depends on Codec Video streaming depends on Codec

Video Stream

Text User Interrupt User Interrupt User Interrupt Slide Slide Slide

Event-based Synchronization Event-based Synchronization

MS Office XP – Presentation Broadcast provides video and slide synchronization (PowerPoint and I E)

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Choose Device Choose Codec

User Interface of Recording Tool User Interface of Recording Tool

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Select Output Slide Selection Presentation Playback

User Interface of Recording Tool User Interface of Recording Tool

Control Functions

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Hard to record the entire lecture without Hard to record the entire lecture without making a mistake making a mistake Different presentation needs Different presentation needs different level of different level of details details Lecture summarization and editing Lecture summarization and editing Atomic presentation object Atomic presentation object – – a PowerPoint a PowerPoint Slide (with its video and annotation events) Slide (with its video and annotation events)

Text

Atomic Object

Adaptive Presentation Adaptive Presentation

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Layered Presentation Hierarchy Layered Presentation Hierarchy Layered Presentation Hierarchy

Three Levels

• f Details

Automatic Loading Presentation Editing

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Automatic Recording and Editing Automatic Recording and Editing

Demo Demo

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Presentation Uploading via SCORM PIF Presentation Uploading via SCORM PIF Presentation Uploading via SCORM PIF

LOM Generated Uploading Control Content Packaging

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SCORM PIF Viewer SCORM PIF Viewer SCORM PIF Viewer

PowerPoint Slides Video Window Content Aggregation

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SCORM-Based Video Presentations SCORM-Based Video Presentations

Demo Demo

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Pocket SCORM Pocket SCORM Pocket SCORM

Capacity Limitations Capacity Limitations

• n
• n PDAs

PDAs

– – Memory Memory – – Screen Screen – – Network Network

User Profiles User Profiles and and Learning Progress Learning Progress

– – Database Database on PDA

• n PDA

– – Sync Sync with database with database

• f SCORM LMS
• f SCORM LMS

Timothy K. Shih, Nigel H. Lin, and Hsuan-Pu Chang, MINE Lab, Tamkang University, Taiwan

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Logon Interface and Course List Logon Interface and Course List

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Knowledge Knowledge-

• based and Linear

based and Linear-

• based

based Structure Structures s

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SCORM PDA Reader and SCORM PDA SCORM PDA Reader and SCORM PDA Database Database

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SCORM Reader on PDA SCORM Reader on PDA

Demo Demo

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Bring Outdoors to Indoors Bring Outdoors to Indoors – – Virtual Reality Virtual Reality-

• based

based communication and communication and situated learning situated learning Bring Indoors to Outdoors Bring Indoors to Outdoors – – wireless communication wireless communication for for encyclopedia and E encyclopedia and E-

• books

books Edutainment Edutainment – – makes learning makes learning easier easier and and more more interesting interesting E E-

• Commerce

Commerce – – learning as a learning as a commercial activity commercial activity (i.e., (i.e., knowledge is for sale) knowledge is for sale) E E-

• Inequality

Inequality – – each virtual university has its own each virtual university has its own uniqueness uniqueness E E-

• Problem?

Problem? – – less people less people-

• centric

centric natural of learning natural of learning Yet another Yet another ‘ ‘dotcom dotcom’ ’ issue? issue? (i.e., not so optimistic?) (i.e., not so optimistic?)

Distance Learning in the Future Distance Learning in the Future Distance Learning in the Future

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http://www.mine.tku.edu.tw