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Introduction to Bus Electro-Mobility Development in Germany Hinrich Helms, Fabian Bergk and Nicolas Legner Beijing, November 20th 2015 The ifeu In 1971, professors and students founded the AGU: Working Group on Environmental Protection at

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SLIDE 1

Introduction to Bus Electro-Mobility Development in Germany

Hinrich Helms, Fabian Bergk and Nicolas Legner Beijing, November 20th 2015

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 2 12.01.2016

The ifeu

  • In 1971, professors and students founded the AGU:

Working Group on Environmental Protection at the University of Heidelberg

  • The need for independent environmental

research led to the foundation of ifeu as a non-profit organisation in 1978.

  • In 1992, ifeu was incorporated been a

GmbH (limited liability company) with non-profit status as of 1999.

20 Jahre ifeu-Institut, M. Schmidt, U. Höpfner (Hrsg.), 1998, Heidelberg

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 3 12.01.2016

The ifeu

  • At present, ifeu has a staff of about 60 scientists who work as an

interdisplinary team with a broad variety of expertise on current environmental topics.

  • The institute is committed to the goal of a sustainable society.
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Helms, Bergk & Legner 4 12.01.2016

Financing

  • Financing solely through project-related funds

to allow a politically and economically independent ecological

research.

– Approximately two-third of the research projects and assessments

are commissioned by federal and state ministries, local authorities, the Environmental Protection Agency and other public bodies.

– A third of the orders come from the private sector.

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 5 12.01.2016

Clients (selection)

World Bank, UNEP, FAO, etc. European Union Departments of Federal, State and Local Governments Federal Ministry Department (Environment, Economy, Transport) State Departments Non-governmental Organisations Transport and Logistic Service Providers

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 6 12.01.2016

Organisations of Development cooperation Schools, Public Services, ASEW, Consumer Advice Centre Foundations Companies Industrial Associations

Clients (selection)

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 7 12.01.2016

Department Head of Department Nutrition and Biomass Industry and Products Transport Energy Guido Reinhardt, PhD, biologist, chemist, mathematician Jürgen Giegrich MSc, physicist Bernd Franke MSc, biologist Udo Lambrecht MSc, physicist Lothar Eisenmann MSc, physicist Martin Pehnt

  • Dr. Ing.

PhD, physicist

Departments

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SLIDE 8

Helms, Bergk & Legner 8 12.01.2016

Areas of Work

  • Waste Management and Resource Conservation
  • Environmental Education
  • Energy (and Renewable Energies)
  • Industry and Products
  • Nutrition and Biomass
  • Sustainability
  • Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
  • Risk Assessment
  • Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA)
  • Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
  • Traffic and Transport
  • …. and many others
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Helms, Bergk & Legner 9 12.01.2016

Agenda.

❶ National strategy on electric mobility ❷ Overview on Electric/Hybrid Bus Programme ❸ Evaluation Results of Electric Buses in Germany ❹ Comparison of different drive train options

„Einfügen“ „Symbol“ „Normaler Text“

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 10 12.01.2016

Timeline of Electric Mobility Policy in Germany

  • National Strategy Conference Electric Mobility (2008)
  • Economic Stimulus Package II (2009)
  • National Electromobility Development Plan (2009)
  • Joint Agency for Electric Mobility – GGEMO (2010)
  • National Electric Mobility Platform (2010)
  • Government Program Electromobility (2011)
  • Electric Mobility Act (2014)
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Helms, Bergk & Legner 11 12.01.2016

Model Regions Electromobility 2009 - 2011

  • Part of the Economic Stimulus Package II
  • Funding of electric mobility projects in 8 regions by the

Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI)

  • Coordination and management by

NOW GmbH (National Organisation Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology)

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 12 12.01.2016

National Electromobility Development Plan

  • Electromobility as part of a national strategy to become …

 a lead market for electromobility  a leading supplier of electromobility

  • National Development Plan Electromobility (2009)

 Goal of 1 Million vehicles until 2020  Goal of 6 Million vehicles until 2030

(For comparison: Currently 44 Million passenger cars registered in Germany)

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 13 12.01.2016

National Platform for Electric Mobility

  • Founded May 2010 and reports to the Federal Government
  • Brings together stakeholders from industry, science, politics, trade

unions and associations for a strategic dialogue

  • Observes and analyses the development in the field of electro

mobility

  • Seven Working Groups with about 20 representatives develop

measures and recommendations for electro mobility:

 Drive train technology  Battery technology  Charging infrastructure and grid integration  Standardisation and certification  Materials and recycling  Education and training  Framework conditions

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 14 12.01.2016

National Platform for Electric Mobility

  • Supported by the Joint Agency for Electric Mobility

(Gemeinsamen Geschäftsstelle Elektromobilität (GGEMO))

  • Collaboration of four ministries:

 Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy  Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure  Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety  Federal Ministry of Education and Research

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 15 12.01.2016

National Platform: The approach

  • Systemic from the users’ point of view
  • Open technology, covering battery electric vehicles (BEV)

but also plug-in hybrids (PHEV) and range extenders (REEV)

  • Market oriented
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Helms, Bergk & Legner 16 12.01.2016

Discussed measures

  • Introducing a special depreciation of 50% in the first year for

commercial users because fleets and company cars are seen as a gateway to electric mobility

  • Strengthening investment partnerships between the public and

private sectors to develop publicly accessible charging infrastructure

  • Implementing the EU directive on alternative fuels including the

expansion of the charging infrastructure

  • Implementing public and private initiatives to integrate electric

vehicles in fleets

  • Continuing research and development with Federal Government

support

  • Promoting the establishment of a long-term cell manufacturing

facility in Germany

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 17 12.01.2016

Showcase Program 2012-2015

  • Living Lab BW E-Mobil

(Baden-Württemberg)

  • International Showcase of Electromobility

(Berlin / Brandenburg)

  • Our horse powers becomes electric

(Lower Saxony)

  • Electromobility connects

(Bavaria / Saxony)

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 18 12.01.2016

German E-Mobility Law (EmoG)

Effective from June 2015 Enables municipality for privilege electric vehicles

  • Definition of privileged vehicles
  • Implements Labelling on licence plate
  • Enables privileges for parking
  • Enables use of bus lanes
  • Enables access to restricted areas
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Helms, Bergk & Legner 19 12.01.2016

New registrations of alternative drive trains

  • New registrations rising, but still limited

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Electric Hybrid LPG CNG

Total: 3 Mio per year

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 20 12.01.2016

Agenda.

❶ National strategy on electric mobility ❷ Overview on Electric/Hybrid Bus Programme ❸ Evaluation Results of Electric Buses in Germany ❹ Comparison of different drive train options

„Einfügen“ „Symbol“ „Normaler Text“

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 21 12.01.2016

Drivers for Electrification of Buses

  • Reduction of (fossil) energy consumption
  • Reduction of GHG-Emissions
  • Integration of renewable energy
  • Integration of new technologies (Batteries, Ultra-Caps,

Fast-Chargers)

  • Rising oil prices
  • Emissions of air pollutants
  • Noise
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Helms, Bergk & Legner 22 12.01.2016

Overview of electric bus program

  • Funding by

 Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy  Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure  Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety

  • Subsidies for market penetration of hybrid (diesel-electric)

buses

  • Pilot projects for electric buses
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Helms, Bergk & Legner 23 12.01.2016

Funding for Hybrid Bus

  • Since 2012 as part of the National Climate Protection

Initative (NKI) of the Ministry for the Environment (BMUB)

  • 60 Hybrid buses funded in 6 transport companies over the

last two years

  • Extended until 2017

 Up 35% of additional costs for Plug-In Hybrids  For conventional hybrid limited for vehicle costs at 100.000 € for solo and 200.000 € for articulated buses

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 24 12.01.2016

Pilot projects with alternative buses in Germany

Source: [AG Innovative Antriebe Bus 2015]

29 projects 34 companies 171 diesel hybrid buses 86 solo buses 85 articulated buses 25 electric buses 12 Fuel cell buses Supporting ministries: BMVI BMUB BMWi

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 25 12.01.2016

A closer look at selected bus projects …

Source: [AG Innovative Antriebe Bus 2015]

29 projects 34 companies 171 diesel hybrid buses 86 solo buses 85 articulated buses 25 electric buses 12 Fuel cell buses Supporting ministries: BMVI BMUB BMWi

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 26 12.01.2016

Berlin: E-Bus Berlin

  • Four vehicles on Line 204
  • Urbino 12 Electric from Solaris

 90 kWh Li-Ion-Battery  Battery weight 1,1 Tonne  70 passenger capacity  160 kW electric engine

Source: http://e-bus.berlin/

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 27 12.01.2016

Berlin: E-Bus Berlin

  • Inductive fast charging with 200 kW (4-7 Minutes)
  • Charging system Primove of Bombardier
  • Concept opportunity charging at terminal stops

Source: http://e-bus.berlin/

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 28 12.01.2016

A closer look at selected bus projects …

Source: [AG Innovative Antriebe Bus 2015]

29 projects 34 companies 171 diesel hybrid buses 86 solo buses 85 articulated buses 25 electric buses 12 Fuel cell buses Supporting ministries: BMVI BMUB BMWi

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 29 12.01.2016

Hannover: Emission free local traffic Hannover

  • Test of 3 Electric buses (Solo)
  • 140-160 kWh Battery pack
  • Circular Line 100/200 (only 1 terminal stop)
  • 16 km total length, 10 Minute daytime frequency
  • Recharging from tram catenary lines (6 Min. for 25 kWh)

Source: http://www.erneuerbar-mobil.de/

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 30 12.01.2016

A closer look at selected bus projects …

Source: [AG Innovative Antriebe Bus 2015]

29 projects 34 companies 171 diesel hybrid buses 86 solo buses 85 articulated buses 25 electric buses 12 Fuel cell buses Supporting ministries: BMVI BMUB BMWi

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 31 12.01.2016

Hamburg: HELD

HELD: Hamburg Electric Bus Demonstration

  • 3 PlugIn Hybrids and 3 Electric Buses until 2017
  • Line 109 over 10 km in inner city
  • Opportunity charging at terminal stops
  • Fast charging with up 300 kW
  • Pantograph connection

Source: http://www.erneuerbar-mobil.de/

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 32 12.01.2016

Hamburg: Blankenese

  • Rampini Solo-Bus with Siemens Engine (12 m)
  • 180 kWh LFP-Battery (100 km Range)
  • 5,2 km route on Line 48 in HH-Blankenese (18 Minutes = as

for Diesel)

  • Steep road up to 16% grad
  • Conductive nighttime charging in

depot and short recharging periods at terminal stop (20 Minutes)

Source: http://griin.de/mobilitaetskonzepte/erster-elektro-bus-in-hamburg-blankenes e

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 33 12.01.2016

A closer look at selected bus projects …

Source: [AG Innovative Antriebe Bus 2015]

29 projects 34 companies 171 diesel hybrid buses 86 solo buses 85 articulated buses 25 electric buses 12 Fuel cell buses Supporting ministries: BMVI BMUB BMWi

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 34 12.01.2016

Braunschweig: emil (Showcase project)

  • Test of 4 Solaris Electric Buses since 2014 on Line M19

 1 x 12 m Solo Bus (60 kWh Primove Battery)  4 x 18 m Articulated Bus (90 kWh Primove Battery)

  • Primove Inductive Charging System (> 90 % Efficiency)
  • Fast charging with 200 kW

source: http://www.verkehr-bs.de/unternehmen/forschungsprojekt-emil/elektrobus.html

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 35 12.01.2016

Agenda.

❶ National strategy on electric mobility ❷ Overview on Electric/Hybrid Bus Programme ❸ Evaluation Results of Electric Buses in Germany ❹ Comparison of different drive train options

„Einfügen“ „Symbol“ „Normaler Text“

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 36 12.01.2016

Evaluation by Working Group Innovative Powertrains Bus Composition of the Working Group:

  • 25 Transport Companies
  • Industry representatives (10 manufacturer and supplier of

innovative city buses)

  • Association of German Transport Companies (VDV)
  • Representatives of Transport Associations
  • 8 Organisations from science and consulting
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Helms, Bergk & Legner 37 12.01.2016

Evaluation data and categories

Source: own representation based on [AG innovative Antriebe Bus 2015]

  • f gear technology and length

Evaluation based on

a.

Continous web based data collection

b.

Single emission measurements

Evaluation categories

  • Road capability
  • Energy efficiency
  • Emission/GHG Reduction
  • Cost effectiveness
  • Acceptance
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Helms, Bergk & Legner 38 12.01.2016

Total mileage evaluated so far …

Source: own representation based on [AG innovative Antriebe Bus 2015]

  • Mio. [km]

10 425 479 km 7 811 032 km 2 547 889 km 66 557 km 2 4 6 8 10 12

Jan 2013 Feb 2013 Mar 2013 Apr 2013 May 2013 Jun 2013 Jul 2013 Aug 2013 Sep 2013 Oct 2013 Nov 2013 Dec 2013 Jan 2014 Feb 2014 Mar 2014 Apr 2014 May 2014 Jun 2014 Jul 2014 Aug 2014 Sep 2014

AG Bus total Hybrid bus Diesel bus Electric Bus

Number of buses: 123 diesel hybrid buses 4 battery buses 39 diesel buses Time frame: Jan 2013 – Sep 2014

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 39 12.01.2016

Total mileage evaluated so far …

  • Daily operation data of more than 10 Million km have been

collected since 2013

  • Good data base for hybrid and diesel buses
  • Fewer data for electric buses included so far, because…
  • … only 4 electric buses have been evaluated so far
  • … electric buses have a lower monthly performance

(daily range of electric buses limits the monthly mileage)

  • But more electric buses are currently being operated …

… more data to be expected

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 40 12.01.2016

Monthly performance of hybrid buses …

Source: own representation based on [AG innovative Antriebe Bus 2015]

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

km per month

Average: 4.400 km

Number of hybrid buses: 123 Timeframe: Jan 2013 – Sep 2014

Monthly performance of hybrid buses ranges from 2200 km to 7900 km depending on the company

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 41 12.01.2016

… and monthly performance of battery buses

Source: own representation based on [AG innovative Antriebe Bus 2015

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 SW Osnabrück (2 buses) Nahbus - Grevenmühlen (MeVoP) KVG - Kassel

km per month

Average

Number of electric buses: 4 Time frame: Jan 2013 – Sep 2014

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 42 12.01.2016

Hybrid buses: availability and defects

Source: own representation based on [AG innovative Antriebe Bus 2015

82,0% 5,7% 9,0% 3,3%

Hybrid buses

Operation Hybrid defect Other defect Maintenance

total: 533.637 h

Number of hybrid buses: 111 Space of time: Jan 2013 – Sep 2014

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 43 12.01.2016

66,7% 12,5% 1,3% 18,3% 1,3%

Electric buses

Operation Other defect Maintenance EV Defect Charging station defect

Electric buses: availability and defects

Source: own representation based on [AG innovative Antriebe Bus 2015

total: 8.492 h

Number of electric buses: 4 Space of time: Jan 2013 – Sep 2014

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 44 12.01.2016

Availability Overview

Hybrid buses:

  • Availability of 82 %
  • Hybrid specific defects caused

failures of 6 % of operating hours (other defects 9 %)

  • The percentage of maintenance is

comparable to conventional buses Electric buses:

  • Availability of 67 %
  • The small quantity (only 4 buses)

stresses one-time incidents

  • Two of the four buses have an

availability of about 80 %

  • Development of availability shows

an increasing learning curve during the survey

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 45 12.01.2016

  • 18%
  • 25%
  • 7%
  • 13%
  • 30%
  • 25%
  • 20%
  • 15%
  • 10%
  • 5%

0% Serial Parallel Solo Articulated

Fuel savings of hybrid buses compared to diesel

Source: own representation based on [AG innovative Antriebe Bus 2015

Number of buses: 123 Timeframe: Jan 2013 – Sep 2014

Parallel buses have higher savings compared to serial buses

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 46 12.01.2016

Hybrid buses has heating and cooling!

Source: own representation based on [AG innovative Antriebe Bus 2015

5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25

Apr 2013 May 2013 Jun 2013 Jul 2013 Aug 2013 Sep 2013 Oct 2013 Nov 2013 Dec 2013 Jan 2014 Feb 2014 Mar 2014 Apr 2014 May 2014 Jun 2014 Jul 2014 Aug 2014 Sep 2014 Hybrid Solo Diesel Solo Temperature

l / 100 km °C

Correlation of fuel consumption to temperature

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 47 12.01.2016

Diesel bus only with heating, but no air conditioning!

Source: own representation based on [AG innovative Antriebe Bus 2015

Correlation of fuel consumption to temperature

5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25

Apr 2013 May 2013 Jun 2013 Jul 2013 Aug 2013 Sep 2013 Oct 2013 Nov 2013 Dec 2013 Jan 2014 Feb 2014 Mar 2014 Apr 2014 May 2014 Jun 2014 Jul 2014 Aug 2014 Sep 2014 Hybrid Solo Diesel Solo Temperature

l / 100 km °C

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 48 12.01.2016

Electric bus consumption for heating

Source: own representation based on [AG innovative Antriebe Bus 2015

5 10 15 20 25 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Aug 13 Sep 13 Oct 13 Nov 13 Dec 13 Jan 14 Feb 15 Mar 14 Apr 14 May 14 Jun 14 Jul 14 Aug 14 Sep 14 power use/mileage energy use auxiliary heating average temperature

kWh / 100 km °C

Heating consumption can be as propulsion consumption

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 49 12.01.2016

  • 13%
  • 51%

21%

  • 38%
  • 60%
  • 96%
  • 2%
  • 56%
  • 29%
  • 18%
  • 10%
  • 58%
  • 100%
  • 80%
  • 60%
  • 40%
  • 20%

0% 20% 40% CO2 NOx NO2 EFBEL, Hybrid (Serial) EFBEL, Hybrid (Parallel) EFBEL, Diesel (Euro VI) EFBEL, Diesel (light-weight)

Emission behaviour of hybrid solo buses

compared to conventional diesel bus – Euro V EEV

Source: own representation based on [AG innovative Antriebe Bus 2015 0

Solo buses of all cities and lines Reference: Solaris + MAN, EEV

EGR SCR

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 50 12.01.2016

Running time of the diesel engine

Source: own representation based on [AG innovative Antriebe Bus 2015

Total time

54% 46%

Driving time (65%)

40% 60%

Downtime (35%)

81% 19%

Diesel engine running Diesel engine off

Space of time: 01.01.2013 – 01.12.2013 Vehicles: 5 articulated serial-hybrid SSB

LFP-Battery with 27 kWh

In Stuttgart regenerative breaking 80 kWh/100km (36% of total energy)

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 51 12.01.2016

Running time of the diesel engine

Source: own representation based on [AG innovative Antriebe Bus 2015

Total time

83% 17%

Driving time (55%)

94% 6%

Downtime (45%)

70% 30%*

Diesel engine running Diesel engine off

Space of time: 01.03.2014 – 31.10.2014 Vehicles: 7 Solo parallel-hybrid VHH * estimated

LFP-Battery with 4,8 kWh

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 52 12.01.2016

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 total Articulated Hybrid (Serial) Solo Hybrid (Serial) Solo Hybrid (Parallel) km/h % of operation time

Share of electric driving (hybrid buses)

Decrease with speed

Source: own representation based on [AG innovative Antriebe Bus 2015

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 total Articulated Hybrid (Serial) Solo Hybrid (Serial) Solo Hybrid (Parallel) km/h % of operation time

All cities and lines, EFBEL

  • incl. downtime
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Helms, Bergk & Legner 53 12.01.2016

Cost situation: Conventional Diesel Bus

Source: own representation based on [AG innovative Antriebe Bus 2015

Total costs today dominated by fuel consumption, invest and maintenance

5% 27% 29% 4% 35% supply maintenance debt service

  • thers

fuel consuption

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 54 12.01.2016

Total costs of hybrid and reference bus

0,47 0,35 0,46 0,36 0,6 0,49 0,36 0,39 0,37 0,38 0,48 0,56 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,3 0,59 0,33 0,56 0,48 0,79 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,04

1,23 € 1,43 € 1,25 € 1,40 € 1,70 € 1,98 € 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 diesel hybrid diesel hybrid diesel hybrid [€/km]

  • thers

debt service/battery rent vehicle supply maintenance fuel consumption Solo 1 Solo 2 Articulated

Hybrid Buses decrease energy costs, but still increase invest and maintenance => Future perspective?

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 55 12.01.2016

Agenda.

❶ National strategy on electric mobility ❷ Overview on Electric/Hybrid Bus Programme ❸ Evaluation Results of Electric Buses in Germany ❹ Comparison of different drive train options

„Einfügen“ „Symbol“ „Normaler Text“

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 56 12.01.2016

Mobility and Fuels Strategy (MFS)

Soruce picture: BMVI

What is the MFS?

  • Initiated by the German Ministry of Transport (BMVI) in

2011

  • Development of a „learning strategy“ including all

modes

  • Technology-open
  • Focusing on mid and long-term solutions
  • Participation of stakeholders from politics, economy,

science

  • Publication of scientific studies on different topics

Goals:

  • Reduction of (fossil) energy consumption
  • Reduction of GHG-Emissions
  • Integration of renewable energy
  • Integration of new technologies and mobility concepts
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Helms, Bergk & Legner 57 12.01.2016

Comparative Study on Bus Power trains

  • Bus power trains in public transport compared

 Overview on use worldwide and in Germany  Energy and environmental assessment compared to diesel  Cost situation in Germany compared to diesel

  • Comparison of the situation today and the future

perspective

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 58 12.01.2016

Comparison of different fuel concepts

Object of comparison

  • Articulated Buses
  • Concepts:

 Diesel-Euro VI (Hybrid assumed from 2020)  Overnight-Charger  Opportunity-Charger  Trolley-Hybrid  Fuel-Cell-Hybrid

Criteria:

  • Emissions (GHG, criteria)
  • Costs

 Vehicles  Operation (Energy)  Infrastructure

  • Operational Requirements

(minimal constraints for the schedule, flexibility)

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 59 12.01.2016

Comparison of different fuel concepts – technical specifications

Source: Prof. Dr. Ralph Pütz

Variante Infrastructure Vehicle Energy supply Energy storage Energy converter Power train Dieselbus EURO VI (Hybrid assumed from 2020) Gas station Tank ICE Automatic transmission + Drive axle Trolley-Hybrid Catenary Battery (70 kWh) Electric engine + power electronics Drive axle Overnight eBus Conventional charging (conductive) Battery (400 kWh) Electric engine + power electronics Drive axle Opportunity eBus Fast charging (conductive, inductive) Battery (180 kWh) Electric engine + power electronics Drive axle Brennstoffzellen- Hybrid Compressed hydrogen station Compressed hydrogen tank + Battery (30 kWh) Fuel cell stack + Electric engine + power electronics Drive axle

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 60 12.01.2016

Comparison of different fuel concepts – GHG-Emissions (well-to-wheel + battery)

Source: Prof. Pütz (energy consumption), TREMOD/ Leitstudie 2011 (emissions

  • peration), elCar (upstream emissions battery)

200 400 600 800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600 1.800 Diesel (Euro VI) Trolley Opportunity Overnight FC Diesel (Euro VI) Trolley Opportunity Overnight FC 2015 2025 g CO2eq/bus-km

New buses in 2015/2025 [g CO2eq/bus-km]

Operation Tail pipe emission Operation Upstream emission Production battery

  • 29 %
  • 28 %
  • 18 %
  • 12 %
  • 66 %
  • 65 %
  • 58 %
  • 48 %

German electricity split German electricity split

Gas Hard coal Lignite Nuclear Water Wind Solar Bio

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 61 12.01.2016

Comparison of different fuel concepts – air pollutants

Source: Prof. Pütz (energy consumption), TREMOD/ Leitstudie 2011 (emissions

  • peration), elCar (upstream emissions battery)

0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 Diesel (Euro VI) Trolley Opportunity Overnight FC Diesel (Euro VI) Trolley Opportunity Overnight FC 2015 2025

NOx-Emissions [g/Bus-km]

Production battery Upstream emission Operation Upstream emission Operation Tail pipe emission 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 Diesel (Euro VI) Trolley Opportunity Overnight FC Diesel (Euro VI) Trolley Opportunity Overnight FC 2015 2025

PM-Emissions [g/Bus-km]

Production battery Upstream emission Operation Upstream emission Operation Tail pipe emission

No tailpipe emissions for electric busses → important for urban air quality

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 62 12.01.2016

Total Costs of ownership per articulated bus (2015) – preliminary results!

Source: Prof. Dr. Ralph Pütz 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Diesel Trolley-hybrid E-Bus Opportunity E-Bus Overnight FC-Hybrid Trolley-hybrid E-Bus Opportunity E-Bus Overnight FC-Hybrid Life expectancy 12 years Life expectancy 20 years €/ Bus-km Possible reduction of investment costs bus Annuity Investment Bus Energy costs Maintenaince and repair Annuity Investment Infrastructure

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 63 12.01.2016

Total Costs of ownership per articulated bus (outlook 2025) – preliminary results!

Source: Prof. Dr. Ralph Pütz 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Diesel Trolley-hybrid E-Bus Opportunity E-Bus Overnight FC-Hybrid Trolley-hybrid E-Bus Opportunity E-Bus Overnight FC-Hybrid Life expectancy 12 years Life expectancy 20 years €/ Bus-km Energy costs Maintenaince and repair Annuity Investment Bus Annuity Investment Infrastructure

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Helms, Bergk & Legner 64 12.01.2016

First conclusions of the project

  • Electric buses can reduce GHG-emissions through increased

efficiency and the use of renewable energy

  • All electric bus systems are subject to cost reductions in the

next years…. the economic gap between conventional buses will significantly narrow in the next decade

  • All electric bus technologies have specific opportunities and

risks, depending on individual conditions (acceptance,

  • perating strategy, etc.)…

… therefore it is necessary to evaluate all alternative technologies regarding the implementation to specific cases (line/ net) 

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SLIDE 65

Helms, Bergk & Legner 65 12.01.2016

First conclusions of the project

  • The Hybrid-Trolleybus is one feasible technology of electric

buses

  • The economical differences between the electric bus

technologies depend  on the cost development and life expectancy of batteries and fuel cell stacks  the costs and utilisation of charging infrastructure

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SLIDE 66

Helms, Bergk & Legner 66 12.01.2016

First conclusions of the project

  • The Hybrid-Trolleybus is one feasible technology of electric

buses … … and maybe the Trolley bus has a comeback in Germany!

Source: based on [Spousta et al., 2013], [Müller, 1995], http://www.trolleymotion.eu/ (accessed 13.10.15) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 1900 1910 1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014 Anzahl Systeme Jahr Welt davon Deutschland

World Germany Number of systems Year

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SLIDE 67

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Thank you for your attention!

Hinrich Helms, Fabian Bergk and Nicolas Legner