[PDF] - Designing for differences Dan Smith 2 Designing for Differences - PDF Document

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Designing for differences

Dan Smith

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Designing for Differences - Goals

Be familiar with the issues that affect

usability and interaction for different individual and groups of people

Know the basic tools for designing

interactive interfaces to be suitable for people with specific backgrounds, cultures, and abilities

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Differences

Demographics

– Gender, age, education, socio-economic status, …

Culture

– Language, religion, ethnic background…

Cognitive Style

– Personality type

Disability

– Visual, motor, cognitive,…

Experience

– Subject domain, systems, …

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How much do you tailor design?

Design for the “average” user

– Keeping the range broad

Specialised audience design

– Economics of markets – Empathy with the users

Universal design

– The kerb cut metaphor

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ERGONOMICS

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Ergonomics

ERGONOMICS: The study of people and their

relationship with the environment around them

ANTHROPOMETRICS: The study of the human body

and its movements

If a number of people are

going to use it – design for the AVERAGE

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Ergonomic measurement

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Ergonomic mice

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Ergonomic keyboards

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Computer screen ergonomics

http://www.riyaz.net/tech/desktop-ergonomics/3126/

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COMPUTERS FOR OLDER PEOPLE

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Computers for older people

Over 60s were 21%
f UK population

(2001)

EU estimate that
ver 60s will be

40% of the population by 2050

Low usage of all

digital technologies (Internet, digital TV, mobile phone)

(Ofcom, Digital Lifestyles, 2009)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 All adults

ver 60s

60-69 70+

UK Internet access 2009 (%)

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Usage related to socio-economic group

– ABC1 groups access is 50% – C2DE groups 21%

Disability is important

– 42% of all over 60s have some disability – 29% of 60-69 year olds – 60% of over 70s

Computers for older people

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Computers for older people

Use the internet for longer than most

– but there are relatively few of them

What they do:

– email (but less than younger users) – blogging – e-commerce (banking, shopping) – read news

Less likely to

– visit new websites – check before giving personal details – check information quality, timeliness – trust what they read on the web

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Accessibility for older people

Sensory

– Visual: reduction in the width of field, light sensitivity, color perceptions, resistance to glare, dynamic and static acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual search and processing, pattern recognition – Audio: high frequency hearing loss

Motor

– Slower motor task response times – Loss of fine motor control

Cognitive

– Decline in linguistic and reasoning ability – Impairment of spatial and working memory

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Age differences

Alan Kay’s Dynabook or

KiddiComp "a portable, interactive, personal computer, as accessible as a book."

Simple enough for a

child to use and yet powerful enough for creative use by anyone.

Smalltalk (1970s OO!)

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COMPUTERS FOR CHILDREN

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Computers for children

Bold colours
Large buttons and text
Limited range of options

– reduces the scope for errors and hence frustration

Emphasis on visual interaction

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Computers for kids

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Computers for kids

Different ergonomics

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GENDER DIFFERENCES

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Differences in perception

Survey of 300 UK secondary school pupils

– Self-perception of competence shows little difference, boys rate themselves very slightly better – Teachers’ perceptions are that boys are a lot better than girls – Common perceptions are not necessarily well founded! – No evidence that much has changed in the last 10 years

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Games: US statistics

US computer and video game software sales

– 2006 $7.4 billion – 2011 $24.75 billion – 2013 $21 billion

2015 average game player is 35 years old

(31 in 2013)

2014 48% of all game players are women

(38% in 2006)

53% of gamers play on their smartphones

(33% in 2009)

In 2014, 29% of Americans over the age of 50

played video games, (9% in 1999)

Caveat – these are from the games manufacturers

http:/ /www.theesa.com 24

Games: UK statistics

69% of population play video games
52% of games players are female
Mobile puzzle games most popular

IAB UK survey 2014, based on 4000 interviews

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Game popularity

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/17/women-video-games-iab 26

Gender differences: boys

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Gender differences: girls

Mattel Interactive and Electronic Arts' workshop:

"What do software companies believe girls want from computer games, and are their views accurate?"

Girls like software with strong characters, such as

Amelia and the Purple Moon characters. Also SIMS

Girls like creating rather than destroying in games,

and like to print out their products

Girls like to win, but in more cooperative ways than

their male counterparts

Girls like problem solving, puzzles, learning in

depth, and working with rich-textured games.

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Gender differences: girls vs. boys

Things are changing...
Gender of game developers:

male 88.5% female 11.5%

Gender of players:

male 53% female 47% BUT … 44% of women in an online media survey said that they owned a games console right now (2007), compared to only 39% of men. A lot of this is being put down to the Nintendo Wii.

Half of There.com’s members are women

Girls play games. Girls like pink. Microsoft likes money. You do the maths.

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Gender differences: girls v boys

Although people generally conclude that girls don't like

computers, it turns out that they actually just don't like certain aspects of the current use of computers.

While boys are often aggressive and competitive,

making the shoot-em-up games perfectly appropriate, girls tend to be more cooperative and communication- based.

Girls see computers as a tool with which to accomplish

a goal or serve a purpose, while the process was more important to boys because it allowed them to work with hardware and make things happen

Media depicts men as experts in technology - societal

expectations of different goals for boys and girls

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Gender differences: girls

56% of SIMS audience are teenage girls

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CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

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Cultural differences

Internationalization

– Language – Script – Icons – formats,…

Design style (colours, icons, cuteness ,…)

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International icons

How many of these icons are universally recognisable?

https://developer.apple.com/fonts/tools/tooldir/TrueEdit/Documentation/TE/TE3expression.html

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Cultural differences

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Designing for cultural differences

What assumptions are you making?
What are the stereotypes?

– Housewife - pink computers? – Grandparent - email machine? – Teenage boys - violent games?

How can you know whether they are

accurate?

Who can do the design?
What is the measure of success?

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Geert Hofstede: Cultural Dimensions

Framework describing 5 dimensions of differences or

value perspectives between national cultures: 1. Power distance

– the degree of inequality among people which the population

f a country considers as normal
2. Individualism vs. collectivism

– the extent to which people feel they are supposed to take care for or to be cared for by themselves, their families or

rganizations they belong to

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Geert Hofstede: Cultural Dimensions

3. Masculinity vs. femininity

– the extent to which a culture is conducive to dominance, assertiveness and acquisition of things, versus a culture which is more conducive to people, feelings and quality of life

4. Uncertainty avoidance

– the degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations

5. Long-term versus short-term orientation

– long-term: values orientated towards the future, like saving and persistence - short-term: values orientated towards the past and present, like respect for tradition and fulfilling social obligations

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Web page guidelines

Do the research

– Local sites offering similar goods and services – What are the common design values and characteristics?

Use any local knowledge you can get

– add specifically local elements if possible

Which elements of a global design can be

customised?

– button colours, alignments, fonts, types and content of images, …

Test the design before deployment!

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WEB CONTENT ACCESSIBILITY

W3C accessibility initiative WCAG

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Web Content Accessibility Guidelines

Aims to provide:

– A single accessibility standard for individuals,

rganisations and governments

– A set of guidelines for evaluating the accessibility of web content – Documents explaining how to make web content more accessible

Has a set of accessibility principles

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WCAG principles: Perceivable

1. Provide text alternatives for any non-text content so that it can be changed into other forms people need, such as large print, Braille, speech, symbols or simpler language.

2. Provide alternatives for time-based media.
3. Create content that can be presented in different

ways (for example simpler layout) without losing information or structure.

4. Make it easier for users to see and hear content

including separating foreground from background.

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WCAG principles: Operable

5. Make all functionality available from a

keyboard.

6. Provide users enough time to read and use

content.

7. Do not design content in a way that is

known to cause seizures.

8. Provide ways to help users navigate, find

content, and determine where they are.

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WCAG principles: Understandable and Robust

9. Make text content readable and

understandable.

10. Make Web pages appear and operate in

predictable ways.

11. Help users avoid and correct mistakes.
12. Maximize compatibility with current and

future user agents, including assistive technologies.

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Deafness

Can’t they read?

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Deafness

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Interfaces for quadriplegics

The ERICA System
Uses eye tracking technology.

Synthesised and digitised communication

Computer controlled by eye

movement

IntegraMouse controlled by lip movements and sip/puff clicking

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Accessibility

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Resources

Office ergonomics http://www.office-ergo.com/setting.htm
Brewer J. (2005) How people with disabilities use the web,

http://www.w3.org/WAI/EO/Drafts/PWD-Use-Web/

Arch A. (2008) Web Accessibility for older users: a literature

review, http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-age-literature/

W3C Web Accessibility Initiative: “strategies, guidelines, and

resources to help make the Web accessible to people with disabilities” http://www.w3.org/WAI/gettingstarted/Overview.html

AChecker