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Designing for Designing for Designing for Designing for Greenspace Greenspace Greenspace Greenspace and Food and Food and Food and Food

Siting Siting Urban Agriculture in the Urban Agriculture in the City of Nanaimo, BC City of Nanaimo, BC

Kelsey Cramer Karen Landman

University of Guelph University of Guelph HB Lanarc Consultants

2009 BC Land Summit

Presentation Outline Presentation Outline Presentation Outline Presentation Outline

• Background & Relevance

Background & Relevance

• Planning Efforts

Planning Efforts

• City of Nanaimo

City of Nanaimo Case Study Case Study

• Summary Points

Summary Points

• Gaps / Future

Gaps / Future Research Research

Background & Relevance Background & Relevance Background & Relevance Background & Relevance

• Urban agriculture is growing as both hobby and

Urban agriculture is growing as both hobby and business in North America business in North America

Source: Spin Farming LLC, 2009

• Support for urban

Support for urban agriculture is growing agriculture is growing

Source: 100milediet.org

Defining Urban Agriculture Defining Urban Agriculture Defining Urban Agriculture Defining Urban Agriculture

Industrial Industrial

• An industry that uses inputs from in and around an

An industry that uses inputs from in and around an urban area, and supplies outputs back to that urban area, and supplies outputs back to that urban area urban area (

(Mougeot Mougeot, 1999) , 1999)

Ecological Ecological

• Opportunity for converting the

Opportunity for converting the “ “consume consume-

• dispose

dispose

• pen loops into consume
• pen loops into consume-
• process

process-

• reuse closed

reuse closed loops loops” ” (

(Smit Smit & Nasr, 1992) & Nasr, 1992)

Social Social

• Promotes recreation, leisure, business

Promotes recreation, leisure, business entrepreneurial opportunities, and individual and entrepreneurial opportunities, and individual and community health community health (Brown & Carter, 2003)

(Brown & Carter, 2003)

Why Urban Agriculture? Why Urban Agriculture? Why Urban Agriculture? Why Urban Agriculture? Numerous Community Benefits Numerous Community Benefits

• Social

Social

• Environmental

Environmental

• Economic

Economic

Source: urbangardencasual.com 2008

Why Urban Agriculture? Why Urban Agriculture? Why Urban Agriculture? Why Urban Agriculture? Numerous Community Benefits Numerous Community Benefits

• Social

Social

• Environmental

Environmental

• Economic

Economic

Source: bcfarmersmarket.org, 2009

Why Urban Agriculture? Why Urban Agriculture? Why Urban Agriculture? Why Urban Agriculture? Numerous Community Benefits Numerous Community Benefits

• Social

Social

• Environmental

Environmental

• Economic

Economic

Source: Becluv, 2008

Planning Efforts Planning Efforts Planning Efforts Planning Efforts

• General lack of planning for urban

General lack of planning for urban agriculture in North American cities agriculture in North American cities

• Two precedent studies:

Two precedent studies:

• Growing Space: The Potential for Urban Agriculture in

Growing Space: The Potential for Urban Agriculture in the City of Vancouver the City of Vancouver (

(Kaethler Kaethler, 2006) , 2006) http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/socialplanning/initiatives/food policy/projects/gardenresource.htm

• The

The diggable diggable city: Making urban agriculture a planning city: Making urban agriculture a planning priority priority (

(Balmer Balmer et al., 2005) et al., 2005) http://www.diggablecity.org/

Planning Efforts Planning Efforts Planning Efforts Planning Efforts

• Opportunity for local food to be integrated into

Opportunity for local food to be integrated into greenspace greenspace planning & design planning & design

Greenspace Greenspace Greenspace Greenspace Planning & Design Planning & Design Planning & Design Planning & Design

• Landscape

Landscape-

• scale or multi

scale or multi-

• scale approaches

scale approaches

( (Tscharntke Tscharntke et al., 2005; Miller, 2008) et al., 2005; Miller, 2008)

• Multi

Multi-

• use design approach

use design approach

(Johnson, 1995) (Johnson, 1995)

• Green Infrastructure

Green Infrastructure

(Benedict & McMahon, 2006) (Benedict & McMahon, 2006)

Source: San Francisco State University, 2008

Case Study: City of Nanaimo Case Study: City of Nanaimo Case Study: City of Nanaimo Case Study: City of Nanaimo

Source: www.vancouverisland.com

Application in Nanaimo Application in Nanaimo Application in Nanaimo Application in Nanaimo

Steps Steps Steps Steps

1. 1. Identify biophysical and urban Identify biophysical and urban-

• context criteria.

context criteria. 2. 2. Identify existing Identify existing greenspace greenspace and and urban agriculture. urban agriculture. 3. 3. Identify potential sites for urban Identify potential sites for urban agriculture based on the established agriculture based on the established criteria. criteria. 4. 4. Explore the contribution of the urban agriculture Explore the contribution of the urban agriculture sites to the overall sites to the overall greenspace greenspace network. network.

Inventory Research & Set Goals Site Suitability Analysis

Application in Nanaimo Application in Nanaimo Application in Nanaimo Application in Nanaimo General Criteria General Criteria

• Parcels not to be contained by protected

Parcels not to be contained by protected greenspace greenspace. .

• Parcels to be contained by suitable zoning.

Parcels to be contained by suitable zoning.

• Parcels not to be contained by slopes greater

Parcels not to be contained by slopes greater than 30%. than 30%.

• Parcels not to be smaller than 600 m

Parcels not to be smaller than 600 m2

2, unless they

, unless they are vacant land in which case, they are not to be are vacant land in which case, they are not to be smaller than 300 m smaller than 300 m2

2.

.

Results Results Results Results – – General Criteria

General Criteria

6,852 (24.9%) 6,852 (24.9%) TOTAL UNSUITABLE PARCELS TOTAL UNSUITABLE PARCELS 20,656 20,656 Parcels larger than 600 m Parcels larger than 600 m2

2 unless

unless vacant, then parcel greater than 300 vacant, then parcel greater than 300 m m2

2.

. 24,721 24,721 Parcels not contained by slopes greater Parcels not contained by slopes greater than 30%. than 30%. 24,733 24,733 Parcels within suitable zoning. Parcels within suitable zoning. 27,144 27,144 Parcels not contained by protected Parcels not contained by protected greenspace greenspace. . 27,508 27,508 TOTAL CITY PARCELS TOTAL CITY PARCELS

Newcastle Island Gabriola Island

G e

• r

g i a S t r a i t Vancouver Island

Westwood Lake Long Lake Diver Lake Brannen Lake

Primary Criteria Parcel Suitability Analysis for Urban Agriculture in the City of Nanaimo

1 2 3 0.5 kilometres

LEGEND City Parcels

Contains Suitable Land >600 sqm Contains Suitable Land >1000 sqm Contains Suitable Land >4000 sqm Unsuitable Parcel Major Road Highway City Boundary

Application in Nanaimo Application in Nanaimo Application in Nanaimo Application in Nanaimo Accessibility Criteria Accessibility Criteria

• Parcels within 400m (5 minute walk) of multi

Parcels within 400m (5 minute walk) of multi-

• family residential.

family residential.

• Parcels within 400m (5 minute walk) of bus stops.

Parcels within 400m (5 minute walk) of bus stops.

• Parcels within 5 m of sidewalks (accessibility,

Parcels within 5 m of sidewalks (accessibility, visibility, safety). visibility, safety).

Parcel Suitability Analysis for Urban Agriculture in the Townsite Planning Area LEGEND

0.25 0.5 kilometres

Townsite Urban Agriculture Suitability

Unsuitable Parcels Backyard Sharing Suitability Community Garden Suitability General Suitability 600 to 1000 sqm General Suitability 1000 sqm or more E&N Rail Corridor Townsite Boundary

Newcastle Island

A B

LEGEND

Townsite Urban Agriculture Suitability

Unsuitable Parcels Backyard Sharing Suitability Community Garden Suitability General Suitability 600 to 1000 sqm General Suitability 1000 sqm or more E&N Rail Corridor Townsite Boundary

N.T.S.

Aerial Perspective - Secondary Criteria Analysis for Urban Agriculture in the Townsite Area

Application in Nanaimo Application in Nanaimo Application in Nanaimo Application in Nanaimo Greenspace Greenspace Connectivity Criteria Connectivity Criteria

• Parcels are adjacent to park.

Parcels are adjacent to park.

• Parcels intersect protected

Parcels intersect protected greenspace greenspace. .

• Parcels fill a park planning gap (outside a 5

Parcels fill a park planning gap (outside a 5 minute walk of an existing park). minute walk of an existing park).

0.1 0.2 0.3 kilometres

LEGEND Urban Agriculture as Greenspace in Townsite

Unsuitable Parcel Parcel Contains Suitable Area Parcel is adjacent to park Parcel intersects protected greenspace Parcel is outside 400m of existing park Park Watercourse Townsite Boundary Protected Greenspace E&N Rail Corridor

Potential Contribution of Urban Agriculture to Townsite's Greenspace Network

Beaufort Park Mansfield Park Bowen Park Gyro Park

• St. George Ravine Park

Buttertubs Marsh

Summary Points Summary Points Summary Points Summary Points

• Suitability analyses (with GIS) can serve as a first

Suitability analyses (with GIS) can serve as a first step to locating land for urban agriculture in a step to locating land for urban agriculture in a community community

• Multi

Multi-

• scale and multi

scale and multi-

• use approaches will be more

use approaches will be more effective for integrating with urban effective for integrating with urban greenspace greenspace

• Open communication and consultation about urban

Open communication and consultation about urban agriculture planning initiatives will facilitate its agriculture planning initiatives will facilitate its inclusion in the community inclusion in the community

Gaps / Future Research Gaps / Future Research Gaps / Future Research Gaps / Future Research

• Explore criteria to better distinguish sites for

Explore criteria to better distinguish sites for economic types of urban agriculture economic types of urban agriculture

• Identify effective incentives for developers to

Identify effective incentives for developers to include urban agriculture areas include urban agriculture areas

• Examine planning, design and management

Examine planning, design and management

• ptions for integrating urban agriculture and
• ptions for integrating urban agriculture and

greenspace greenspace at multiple scales at multiple scales

THANK YOU! THANK YOU! THANK YOU! THANK YOU!

Questions? Questions?

Source: www.cityfarmer.org

Limitations Limitations

• Data

Data – – availability and reliability availability and reliability

• Analysis (capability versus suitability)

Analysis (capability versus suitability)

• Time

Time

Newcastle Island Gabriola Island

G e

• r

g i a S t r a i t Vancouver Island

Westwood Lake Long Lake Diver Lake Brannen Lake

ISLAND HIGHWAY NORTH NANAIMO PARKWAY

''Protected Greenspace'' and Parks in the City of Nanaimo

1 2 3 0.5 kilometres

LEGEND Parks

Community Park Regional Park Provincial Park Protected Greenspace Watercourses Major Road Highway City Boundary