DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A MARINE CURRENT ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

“ DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A MARINE CURRENT ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM USING HYBRID VERTICAL AXIS TURBINE ”

• MD. JAHANGIR ALAM

MASTER OF ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND (MUN) ST.JOHN’S, NL, A1B3X5, CANADA.

Agenda

• Ocean Currents
• Marine Current Energy Conversion System
• Thesis Objective
• Prototype Design
• Flume Tank Test and Test Results
• Experimental Energy Conversion System
• Conclusions
• 1

Ocean/Marine Currents

Horizontal movement of the Ocean water known as Ocean currents. Mainly three types- I. Tidal Currents II. Wind driven Currents III. Gradient (Density) Currents Estimated total power = 5,000 GW Power density may be up to 15kW/m2

Fig: Labrador Current

• 2

Tidal Currents

Vertical rise and fall of the water known as Tides Due to the gravitational attraction

• f the moon and sun

Tidal Cycle of 12.5 Hours

Fig: Tides (due to Gravitational Attraction)

• 3

Gulf Stream +THC or Great Conveyor Belt

• 4

North Atlantic current (Near St. John’s)

0.07 Near Bottom 0.112 80 0.132 45 0.146 20 Average Water Flow (m/s) Water Depth (m) Table: Ocean Current Speeds (for different depths) at different areas of St. John’s, NL

• 5

Marine Current Energy Conversion System

Electrical Conversion

Figure: Marine Current Energy Conversion System (MCECS)

Turbine Gearbox Generator Power Electronic Converter Battery Mechanical Conversion

6

Design and Development of a low cut-in speed turbine for SEAformatics pods. System testing in a deep sea condition. Design and Development of Signal Condition circuits for the generated power. Maximum Power Point Tracker development for the designed conversion system.

Thesis Objective

(As a part of ONSFI Project) 7

Ocean Current Turbines

Types of Turbine: (According to OREG) I. Vertical Axis Turbines II. Horizontal Axis Turbines III. Reciprocating Hydrofoils

• Fig. I: Vertical Axis
• Fig. II: Horizontal Axis
• Fig. III: Reciprocating Hydrofoils
• 8

Commercial Application

Fig: Vertical axis (Blue Energy) Fig: Horizontal axis (MCT Ltd.) Fig: Reciprocating Hydrofoil (Engineering Business Ltd.)

• ** High cut-in speed

9

** Turbine Rotation

Vertical Axis Turbines

Vertical-axis turbines are a type of turbine where the main rotor shaft runs vertically.

Types:

• 1. Savonius Type (Drag Type)
• 2. Darrieus Type (Lift Type)
• I. Egg Beater Type
• II. H-Type

Gorlov, Squirrel cage etc.

[ Turbine rotation is irrespective to the direction

• f fluid flow]

(1) Savonius type (2) Darrieus type

• i. H-Type
• i. Egg Beater Type
• 10

Comparison

Savonius Type:

Adv.: High Starting Torque Dis.: Low Tip Speed Ratio (TSR ≈<1), Low Efficiency

Darrieus Type:

Adv.: High TSR (>1), High Efficiency Dis.: Low start-up characteristics

TSR (λ) = (Blade Tip Speed/ Water Speed)= (ωR/V)

• 11

Advantages of a Hybrid Turbine Design

Flexibility to meet specific design criteria Knowledge of conventional rotors Simple in structure Easy to build

• 12

Prototype Design

Possible Combinations

Fig: Type A Fig: Type B 14

Selected Prototype

Fig: Hybrid Model (CAD View) Fig: Hybrid Model (Final product)

• 15

Solidity Ratio: ((No. of Blades * Chord Length)/Rotor dia.)

Design Equations & Parameters

( )

d P s d Ps s 3

)C A

• A

( C A V ρ 0.5 P + × × × =

Mechanical Power Output

• f Hybrid Turbine,

V ωRd = λ

Tip Speed Ratio (TSR),

(I) (II)

• NACA 0015

4 0.40 1m 1m 1m2 100mm Airfoil Section Number of Blades Solidity Ratio [3] Rotor diameter (Dd) Rotor Height (Hd) Swept area (Ad) Chord length (C)

Darrieus Rotor

400mm 130mm 20mm 200mm 0.298 0.08m2 Rotor Height (Hs) Nominal diameter of the paddles (di) Diameter of the shaft (a) Rotor diameter (Ds) Overlap ratio (β) Swept area (As)

Savonius Rotor

Solidity Ratio: ((No. of Blades * Chord Length)/Rotor dia.)

16

Working Principle (Hydrodynamics)

Counter clock VR

α

ωRd

V= Water Speed

X Y 900 00 2700 1800

α

ө

V 2 cos 2 1 V R V λ θ λ + + =

      + =

−

λ θ θ α cos sin tan

1

17

Flume Tank

Fig: Flume Tank (MI) 8m wide x 4m deep x 22.25m long

• 18

Fig: Turbine With Frame

Test Setup

• 19

Gear-tooth Sensor Gear-tooth Load Cell Magnetic Particle Brake Torque Arm Submerged Turbine

Fig: Submerged Turbine Fig: Torque and Speed Measurement Fig: DAQ board and Data Collection Terminal

Test results

Savonius Test Results

Fig: Two-Stage Savonius

• 21

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2

Water Speed,V (m/s) Power output, P (W)

Fig: Power (P) vs. Water Speed (V)

H-Darrieus Test Results

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Water Speed,V (m/s) Power output, P (Watt)

Fig: Power (P) vs. Water Speed (V)

• 22

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14

TSR Power Coefficient (Cp)

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

V ( m / s )

H-Darrieus Test Results

Fig: Power Coefficient vs. TSR (λ) for H-Darrieus

Maximum Cp = 0.1248 @ 0.6m/s, when, TSR = 2.67 Maximum TSR = 3.09 @0.4m/s, when Cp = 0.012

• 23

Hybrid Test Results (P vs. V)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Water Speed,V (m/s) Power output, P (Watt)

Hybrid Savonius Darrieus

Fig: Power (P) vs. Water Speed (V) for Hybrid Turbine

• 24

VIDEO

Hybrid Test Results (P vs. ω)

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Turbine Speed (rad/s) Power (Watt)

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

V ( m / s)

Fig: Power vs. Turbine Speed (ω) for Hybrid Turbine

• 25

Hybrid Test Results (CP vs. λ)

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16

TSR Power Coefficient (Cp)

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

V ( m / s )

Fig: Power Coefficient vs. TSR (λ) for Hybrid Turbine

Maximum Cp = 0.1484 @ 0.6m/s, when, TSR = 2.6794 Maximum TSR = 3.1114 @0.5m/s, when Cp = 0.0539

• 26

Experimental Energy Conversion System

Experimental Energy Conversion System

28

Fig: Experimental Energy Conversion System (MPPT based)

Dummy Load Hybrid Turbine PM Generator Rectifier DC/DC Converter Battery Battery Charger User Interface RS232 Communication Microcontroller

Power and Voltage Calculation & PWM Duty Cycle Calculation

Current and Voltage Sensing PWM Control Signal

LCD Display

Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT)

v P MPP 1 2 4 3

+ >0 >0 0→4

• <0

>0 3→0

• >0

<0 2→0 + <0 <0 0→1 Action dv dP Case

MPPT Control Source Switch Mode Power Supply MPPT Algorithm Load PIN POUT

• Fig. Basic MPPT control blocks
• Fig. MPPT Actions (Graphical View of P & O)
• Fig. MPPT Actions

29

MPPT Algorithm (Perturbation & Observation)

Fig: MPPT Flow Chart

30

Detailed Circuit Diagram

31

Low cost microcontroller based Less complexity Easily extendable Minimize the size due to less components

Main features

32

Boost Converter

Microcontroller with RS232 and LCD Display

Current Sensor LOAD Dummy Load

Battery 12 V

DC Supply

Laboratory Setup

33

Test Result (Boost Converter)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

Input Voltage, Vin (V) Output Voltage, Vout (V)

Theoretical Experimental

Fig: Vout vs. Vin

222 µH MUR815 Diode IRL 520 MOSFET (Logic level) 1300 µF

Fig: Boost Converter 34

Test Result (MPPT)

** 5 Volt/Div

Vout PWM Signal

Fig: Oscilloscope shots of PWM Signal and Vout

D)

• (1

V V

in

• ut =

) ( D

• 1

I I

in

• ut =

& 35

Conclusions

• Thesis Contribution

A simple, low cut-in speed, high TSR, lift type hybrid turbine has been designed. Designed turbine has been built, tested and analyzed in a real world situation. A low cost microcontroller based experimental energy conversion system has been built and tested. A MPPT control algorithm has been tested for the design conversion system.

37

Future Work and Suggestions

More water speed data should be collected at other areas of St.John’s. A CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis should be done before

the actual design and test.

To get a higher torque at a comparatively low TSR, cambered airfoil (for

example, NACA 4415) can be used.

A low speed DC PMG can be used to avoid gearbox and rectifier losses. More sophisticated MPPT algorithm and digital filtering can be

introduced in the control system.

• 38

Acknowledgements

Supervisor:

• Dr. M. Tariq Iqbal

SEAformatics Group:

• Dr. Vlastimil Masek
• Dr. Michael Hinchey

Andrew Cook Paul Bishop Brian Pretty Nahidul Islam Khan Sanjida Moury

39

Publications

“Design and Development of Hybrid Vertical Axis Turbine” presented at 22nd CCECE’09, St.John’s, NL, Canada, 03-06 May, 2009, pp.1178-1183. “A Low Cut-in Speed Marine Current Turbine” submitted to Journal of Ocean Technology, 2009.

40

T h a n k s