Marine Biodiversity Yoshihisa Shirayama Contents Contents - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Marine Biodiversity

Yoshihisa Shirayama

Contents Contents

• Characteristics of Marine Biodiversity
• Current status of knowledge
• Challenge to census all marine organisms
• Census of Marine Life Project

Characteristics of Marine Animal Biodiversity Characteristics of Marine Animal Biodiversity

Terrestrial Marine Phyla Only limited groups Almost all phyla Known species 1.5 Million 0.25 Million Estimated total species 40 M 10-100 M

Mostly new species！ Mostly new species！

taxon place n.sp./ total authority Gastropod New guinea 310/ 564 Gosliner Polychaetes George Bank 124/ 372 Blake Polychaetes Hawaii 112/ 158 Dutch Flat worms Great B. Reef 123/ 134 Newman Copepods Gulf of Mexico 27/ 29 Thistle

Nematodes Nematodes

Diversity of nematodes Diversity of nematodes

Estimated no. nematode species Estimated no. nematode species

• Know species: 15,000
• From Japan free-living: 70
• Estimated total species
• 100 Million?
• 70 Million
• 15 Million
• 1 Million
• Even 1 million, we know only 1.5 % of total

Even new phyla have been found Even new phyla have been found

Cycliophora Loricifera Micrognathozoa

2 4 6 8 10 12 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 Year Extant Known

When we know all marine species?

Discovery rate = 17 k/year Extinction rate = 25 K/year

Sources:Heywood and Watson 1996 Levin and Levin 2002 BIOSYS (http://www.biosis.org/triton/taxstats/ranks.htm)

2180

Census of Marine Life Census of Marine Life

 Long term International project

• Decadal 2000-2010
• 80 nations, more than 2,700 scientists

 Continuous support by Sloan Foundation

Why census now? Why census now?

• Recent development of marine science

technologies

• Recent development of Information

technologies

• International collaboration may cover all

marine areas

Large multiple plankton net Large multiple plankton net

CMarZ

4 HID lights Sonar Wide angle & Zoom Video, 3Mp still camera Pan & tilt (2 quartz lights) Manipulator 12 bucket sampler with suction head

Remotely Operated Vehicle ROV

2

AUV

CoML and its application

• Sustainable fisheries
• Marine Protected Area
• Invasive species
• Climate change
• Ocean Acidification

Ocean Acidification Ocean Acidification

• Higher concentration of CO2 causes lower

pH of surface sea water.

• Maybe impact on shelled animals
• 20
• 10

10 20 30 40 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 Weeks from start Cumulative percentage wet weight change

• 20

20 40 60 80 100 120 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 Weeks from start Cumulative percentage wet weight increase

2065 2004 1880

Future environment for corals

www.iobis.org １８８０ ２００８ ２０６５

Framework of CoML

History of Marine Animal Populations (HMAP) Ocean Realm Field Projects Future of Marine Animal Populations (FMAP) Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS)

Past human impacts on marine life Past human impacts on marine life

Key West （Florida） 1 day fishing result in 1958 Large predators were abundant

Source: HMAP - McClenachan

Fishing result of the same area in 2008 Fishing result of the same area in 2008

Many new species Many new species

new species of the rare ea sponge crab genus

• dormia. Photo: Tin-Yam Chan,

aiwan Ocean University, Keelung

A new species of the spider-like squat lobster of the genus Chirostylus which generally associated with deep- water corals. Photo: Tin-Yam Chan, National

Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung

new & undescribed species…

This previously undescribed species of

海山の調査

• re than 100
• usands sea mounts.

ry little known any new species t sustainable heries.

Unique area e.g. sea mount Unique area e.g. sea mount

Chemosynthetic ecosystem Chemosynthetic ecosystem

Kiwa hirsuta, a crab from around Easter Island (nicknamed the Yeti Crab). Photo:

courtesy of Ifremer / A. Fifis.

Another source of new species

Venstimentifera

uble-tagged bluefin tuna, Gulf of St. Lawrence

Sound 10 years Satellite 1 year Listens for fish Talks to satellite

ging technologies

Pacific high way Pacific high way

Loggerhead turtle tracks Loggerhead turtle tracks

erhead turtle tracks remapped to a single calendar year atological SST field, contour at 18.5°C for reference

Jeffery Polovina, NOAA, CoML USNC IOOS Workshop

Giant bacteria Giant bacteria

• ts from a video of Thioploca

a) mats found off the coast of Chile.

rola Espinoza, Universidad de Concepcion.

Giant bacteria

B

20 cm

Biomass: 1 Kg m-2

Ocean Biogeography Information System (OBIS) Ocean Biogeography Information System (OBIS)

30 Million data For 108 thousand spp.

Global Scale Biodiversity Global Scale Biodiversity

Application of OBIS Application of OBIS

786 fish species records 276 non-fish species records

Marine biodiversity outlook of each nations

rom 256 records, average reduction rate is

Serious reduction of large marine species Serious reduction of large marine species

Recovery of some species Recovery of some species

Whales and Pinnipeds recovered dramatically.

Reducing ship-whale interactions

Impacts on policies

urce: OBIS SEAMAP

Public outreach Public outreach

Photo: Diagaonal- banded sweetlips with cleaner wrasse, Pascal Kobeh, Oceans crew Photo: Albacore tuna predating on horse mackerels, from frame of the Galatée Oceans film Photo: sea nettle, Richard Herrmann, Oceans crew

Still many to find

Rate of new species discovery for fishes 1950s 166 1960s 179 1970s 196 1980s 269 1990s 253 2000-08 399 At least 4,000 more species

Data from http://www.marinespecies.org

Midwater deep sea is poorly known

Japan is large marine nation Japan is large marine nation

• 6th largest EEZ
• 9th largest EEZ + Territorial

water + Territory

• According to CoML,

2nd largest marine biodiversity

Many potential mineral resources in Japanese water

Abyssal Plain

Trench Sea Bed Spreading Land Sea Mount 800- 2,400m 4,000- 6,000m Subduction 1,500- 3,000m

今後の技術の進歩が、 海の生物多様性の解明に 貢献すると期待 今後の技術の進歩が、 海の生物多様性の解明に 貢献すると期待

Thank you for your attention