Depth Breadth 1 1/30/2014 Foundational Outcomes Hydrology - PDF document

1/30/2014 SR-BOK Outcomes Sue Niezgoda, Gonzaga University January 28, 2014 Depth Breadth 1

1/30/2014 Foundational Outcomes • Hydrology • Stream Ecology • Hydraulics • Habitat Structure and Function • Fluvial geomorphology • Fish Biology • Sediment Transport • Plant Ecology and Riparian Dynamics Hydrology (L4 - Analysis) • Solve physics problems related to hydrologic processes. • Analyze runoff generation, plant ‐ soil water relations, and coevolution of fluvial geomorphology and hydrologic response. • Hydrologic Parameters of Interest in Stream Restoration: • Magnitude and Frequency • Duration of Daily Discharge • Timing of Annual Extreme Discharge Conditions • Rates of Change in Hydrographs 2

1/30/2014 Converting Rainfall to Runoff Precipitation Drainage Area Q = Flow Rate P or I q = Runoff Volume C or CN Rainfall Hyetograph Q = f (A, P, CN) Peak Flow (cfs) Q = f (A, I, C) Runoff Hydrograph Time (hours) Hydraulics (L4 - Analysis) • Solve natural channel flow problems using mass, momentum, energy • Analyze uniform, gradually- and rapidly-varied flow, flow resistance, flood routing. 3

1/30/2014 The Open Channel Flow Toolbox! Q = VA • Continuity: • Shear Stress Equation: • Energy Equation: • Manning Resistance Equation: Fluvial Geomorphology (L4 – Analysis) • Analyze fluvial processes and morphological responses in dynamic rivers including channel response to change. • Apply geomorphological approach to channel restoration. • system-oriented, works with, rather than against, the natural processes that shape and maintain stream channels. • Restoring stable, self-maintaining form; establishing interactions between stream and riparian; restoring natural floodplain function. 4

1/30/2014 Understand the geomorphic context? Deep Run Creek, photos courtesy of Conor Shea Sediment Transport (L4 – Analysis) • Understand sediment transport principles • Apply strategies of estimating sediment transport in rivers, including incipient motion, mixed size, and alluvial transport. Condit Dam Removal • • Calculate sediment transport for channel design alternatives, and determine when transport rates are not important. 5

1/30/2014 Alluvial Threshold Stream Ecology (L3 – Application) • Understand basic concepts of river ecology (hydrologic, biogeochemical, biological) to determine structure and function of freshwater lotic ecosystems • Solve problems involving stream/habitat/hyporheic restoration of water resources to maintain environmental flows. 6

1/30/2014 Habitat Structure and Function (L3 – Application) • Apply methods to assess stream physical habitat characteristics (e.g., mesohabitat types, velocity, depth, substrate type, riparian vegetation) as they apply to in-stream flow, monitoring, habitat quality, and fish-habitat studies. Many factors determine habitat quality Water Habitat Energy Flow Biotic Chemistry Structure Sources Regime Interactions Temperature Substrate Nutrient availability Velocity Disease Dissolved O 2 Channel Morphology Sunlight Runoff Reproduction Turbidity Riparian vegetation Organic inputs Volume Feeding pH Gradient Primary production Ground water Competition Hardness In ‐ stream cover Seasonal patterns Precipitation Predation Metals Sinuosity Watershed Parasitism Nutrients Bank stability characteristics Exotics Organics Canopy Channel width/depth 7

1/30/2014 Fish Biology (L3 – Application) • Understand the comparative biology of fishes, species traits, and habitat preferences • Identify common/economically important species • Apply knowledge to examine the effect of restoration actions on concerned species (i.e., increased in-stream flows, dam removal, and in-channel restoration). 8

1/30/2014 Plant Ecology and Riparian Dynamics (L3 – Application) • Understand plant community dynamics. • Apply ecological techniques (e.g., riparian habitat mapping, riparian dynamics modeling, plant surveys/monitoring) to examine different restoration scenarios, predict riparian vegetation recruitment, and develop effective revegetation designs. 9

1/30/2014 Technical Outcomes • Surveying/Hydrometry • Alternatives Analysis • Watershed Analysis • Analytical Techniques • Geomorphic and Habitat • Restoration Design Assessment • Uncertainty and Risk • Biomonitoring/Bioassessment Surveying/Hydrometry (L3 – Application) • Understand river field measurement techniques. • Apply techniques and utilize equipment to survey stream morphology and collect water quality and quantity and sediment transport data as it relates to stream stability assessment. 10

1/30/2014 Watershed Analysis (L4 – Analysis) • Characterize connections between natural landscape properties, human activities, and ecosystem services related to soil, sediment, water resources, and aquatic ecosystems. • Analyze the main processes that control water quantity, water quality, sediment transport, and aquatic habitat. 11

1/30/2014 Point Sources Nonpoint Sources Hydrologic Processes Nutrient Delivery Sediment Processes Kayaker Landslide Geomorphic and Habitat Assessment (L3 – Application) • Apply rapid geomorphic assessment and habitat assessment to assess stream condition using multiple data types across scales. • Use the results to identify how channel, floodplain and watershed scale stressors effect hydrological processes and alter the physical and ecological structure and habitat values of streams. 12

1/30/2014 Habitat Assessment Rapid Geomorphic Assessment Biomonitoring/Bioassessment (L3 – Application) • Understand rationale for biomonitoring and the use of benthic invertebrates as indicators of water quality and overall stream health. • Apply bioassessment methods to identify benthic invertebrates using the visual description of diagnostic characters for sensitive groups (i.e., EPT index). 13

1/30/2014 Stonefly Push-ups Alternatives Analysis (L4 – Analysis) • Analyze scientific information to place restoration alternatives in context of fluvial geomorphology, hydrology, and sediment transport in light of stream processes overlain with biologic goals and human values. 14

1/30/2014 Analytical Techniques • Apply analytical tools to characterize flood discharge and stage, sediment budgets and transport conditions, bank mechanics and erosion, and fish habitat and passage (e.g., HEC-HMS, HEC-RAS, BSTEM, BAGGS, River2D, FishXing). 15

1/30/2014 http://stream.fs.fed.us/fishxing/yalljump.html Restoration Design (L4 – Analysis) • Analyze stream restoration design approaches that integrate geology, soils, and hydrology with hydraulics, sediment transport, and fluvial geomorphology. • Select an appropriate design approach. • Understand the basics of standards, specifications, design notes, and drawings of design features. 16

1/30/2014 Hybrid Approach Analog (Reference Reach) Analytical (Fundamental Equations) Empirical (Regime Equations) Uncertainty and Risk (L3 – Application) • Understand design types and modes of failure, probability of failures, expected failure costs, and uncertainty types. • Apply methods to reduce uncertainty. 17

1/30/2014 Do you understand your project risks? failure modes • likelihood of failure modes • consequences of failure • means to detect failure modes • Professional Outcomes • Project Development • Restoration Policy (Codes and Regulations) • Communication and Information Management • Construction Inspection • Professional and Ethical Responsibility 18

1/30/2014 Project Development (L3 – Application) • Apply project and goals management principles to build multi-agency and interdisciplinary teams, set up administrative systems, and create internal and public communication plans. Restoration Policy (L3 – Application) • Understand major laws relevant to stream restoration projects, including federal, state, and county laws, and recognize variable regulatory timeframes and show impacts on project implementation. 19

1/30/2014 Communication and Information Management (L3 – Application) • Prepare and apply a plan that incorporates information distribution, performance reporting and administrative closure and defines how effective communication of information with involved parties will be accomplished. • Manage and facilitate a process to ensure timely and appropriate generation, collection, dissemination, storage and disposition of information. Construction Inspection (L3 – Application) • Apply quality assurance testing and engineering surveys and document construction activities to assure that goals of the planned project are realized during construction. • Coordinate with the contractor’s quality control personnel and maintain the as-built plans. 20

1/30/2014 Professional and Ethical Responsibility (L6 – Evaluation) • Critically evaluate ethical issues that arise in stream restoration, including relationships between ethics and professional life and the particular consequences of ethical considerations within the practitioner’s own profession and the professions of others involved with the project. 21