SLIDE 1 Decentering the enterprise, recentering the social Katherine Gibson
Social Enterprise for Sustainable Societies 6th EMES International Conference Belgium Please cite but do not reproduce without permission of the author k.gibson@westernsydney.edu.au
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- 1. The Diverse Economies Research Program
- Inspirations
- Approaches
- 2. Situating EMES Research
- 3. Social enterprise and sustainability
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Decentering the economy, recentering the ethical Decentering the enterprise, recentering the social
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The Great Acceleration
SLIDE 5 The Great Acceleration
In little over two generations – or a single lifetime – humanity (or until very recently a small fraction
- f it) has become a planetary-scale geological
force. Hitherto human activities were insignificant compared with the biophysical Earth System, and the two could operate independently. However, it is now impossible to view one as separate from the other. .
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The Great Acceleration trends provide a dynamic view of the emergent, planetary-scale coupling, via globalisation, between the socio-economic system and the biophysical Earth System.
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OECD countries = 74% global GDP = 18% global population
SLIDE 11 Val Plumwood
If our species does not survive the ecological crisis, it will probably be due to our failure to imagine and work out new ways to live with the earth, to rework
- urselves and our high energy, high consumption,
and hyper-instrumental societies adaptively….. We will go onwards in a different mode of humanity,
SLIDE 12 Making Other Worlds Possible: Performing Diverse Economies
Edited by Gerda Roelvink, Kevin St Martin and J.K. Gibson-Graham
2015 University of Minnesota Press
SLIDE 13 2013 University of Minnesota Press
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1 The Diverse Economies Research Program
SLIDE 16 1996 Original Blackwell edition 2011 Turkish translation
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SLIDE 19 The Phillips National Economy Machine
Monetary National Income Analogue Computer, MONIAC
What we are up against…..
SLIDE 20 “extending the range of entities at work in the world and actively participating in transforming some of them into faithful and stable intermediaries”
Bruno Latour, Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory 2007: 257
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Thus economists, for instance, are not simply describing some economic infrastructure which has always been there from the beginning of time. They are revealing calculative abilities in actors who did not know before [that] they had them and making sure that some of these new competences are sunk into common sense through the many practical tools of bank accounts, property rights, cash register slips, and other plug-ins. Bruno Latour 2007: 257
SLIDE 22 Capitalocentrism
a system of knowledge that enrols all economic identity into capitalism—positioning a wide range
- f practices as
- the opposite of capitalism,
- subordinate to capitalism,
- a complement of capitalism or
- existing within capitalism’s orbit
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EXPLANATION Ethical, political vs Structural KNOWLEDGE Performative vs Realist / reflective
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SLIDE 26 …roles and motivations …
EMPLOYEE higher and higher wages BUSINESS OWNER more and more private profit CONSUMER cheaper and cheaper goods PROPERTY OWNER higher and higher private returns INVESTOR more and more private returns
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Company drinks
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Transactions Labour Enterprise Diverse Economies MARKET WAGE CAPITALIST
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Transactions Labour Enterprise Diverse Economies MARKET WAGE CAPITALIST ‘ALTERNATIVE’ MARKET ‘ALTERNATIVE’ PAID ‘ALTERNATIVE’ CAPITALIST NON-MARKET UNPAID NON- CAPITALIST
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- capitalist
- communal or collective
- independent or self-employed
- feudal
- slave
Class Relations
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HOUSEHOLD SECTOR VOLUNTARY SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR GIFTS INDIGENOUS KIN-BASED ECONOMIES SOCIAL ECONOMY CULTURALLY EMBEDDED ECONOMIES ECONOMIES OF SURPLUS ALTERNATIVE MARKETS ALTERNATIVE FINANCE COMMUNITY ENTERPRISES PRODUCER- CONSUMER RELATIONS COOPERATIVES LOCAL CURRENCIES
SLIDE 38 Labour WAGE ALTERNATIVE PAID
Self-employed Reciprocal labour In kind Work-for-welfare
UNPAID
Housework Volunteer Self-provisioning Slave labour
Transactions MARKET ALTERNATIVE MARKET
Fair trade Alternative currencies Underground market Barter
Enterprise CAPITALIST ALTERNATIVE CAPITALIST
State-owned Socially responsible Non-profit
NON-CAPITALIST
Worker co-operative Sole proprietorship Community enterprise Feudal Slave
DIVERSE ECONOMIES NON-MARKET
Household sharing Gift giving Hunting, fishing Gleaning Theft, poaching
SLIDE 39 Property Finance DIVERSE ECONOMIES PRIVATE MAINSTREAM ALTERNATIVE PRIVATE
State managed assets Customary (clan) Community land trusts
ALTERNATIVE MARKET
State banks Credit Unions Micro-finance Community financial institutions
OPEN ACCESS
Atmosphere International waters Open source IP
NON-MARKET
Sweat equity Family lending Donations Interest free loans
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SLIDE 42 Red Women’s Workshop 1983
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Feminist Economics 1996
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SLIDE 47 An experiment is “a crucible in which theories, discourses, practices, interests and materials can be gathered together and elaborated”
Fabian Muniesa and Michel Callon 2007
SLIDE 48 Making unpaid labour visible Standardized measurement Impact modelling Public budget calculations Institutions of management
Social movement struggles
Socio-technical achievements
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SLIDE 50 Capitalist growth machine
Development =
LABOUR higher and higher wages ENTERPRISE more and more private profit MARKETS cheaper and cheaper goods PROPERTY more and more privatizing FINANCE unregulated gambling
SLIDE 51 Encountering
Surviving well KEY CONCERNS OF COMMUNITY ECONOMIES MARKET WAGE ALTERNATIVE MARKET
Fair trade Alternative currencies Underground market Barter
ALTERNATIVE PAID
Self-employed Reciprocal labor In kind Work-for-welfare
NON-MARKET
Household sharing Gift giving Hunting, fishing Gleaning Theft, poaching
UNPAID
Housework Volunteer Self-provisioning Slave labor
Distributing surplus CAPITALIST ALTERNATIVE CAPITALIST
State-owned Socially responsible Non-profit
NON-CAPITALIST
Worker co-operative Sole proprietorship Community enterprise Feudal Slave
SLIDE 52 Investing in a future MAINSTREAM ALTERNATIVE MARKET
State banks Credit Unions Micro-finance Community financial institutions
NON-MARKET
Sweat equity Family lending Donations Interest free loans
Commoning PRIVATE ALTERNATIVE PRIVATE
State managed assets Customary (clan) Community managed resources eg land trusts
OPEN ACCESS
Atmosphere International waters Open source IP
KEY CONCERNS OF COMMUNITY ECONOMIES
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Community economy concerns
surviving well together and with the earth distributing surplus ethical encounters with others commoning investing in futures consuming sustainably
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the community economy is an acknowledged space of social interdependency and self-formation. Anything but a blueprint, it is an unmapped and uncertain terrain that calls forth exploratory conversation and political/ethical acts of decision.
Gibson-Graham, 2006: 166
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SLIDE 57 Distributing surplus CAPITALIST ‘ALTERNATIVE’ CAPITALIST
State-owned Socially responsible Non-profit
NON-CAPITALIST
Worker co-operative Sole proprietorship Community enterprise Feudal Slave
how do we generate and distribute society’s surplus so as to enhance: Surviving well Encountering others Commoning Investing in a future
ENTERPRISE
SLIDE 58 Survival Surplus
An ethical audit sheet
Survival Surplus Interest Insurance Rent Taxes Retained earnings R&D Shareholder dividends CEO salaries Executive bonuses Speculation Social or environmental ends?
- 1. survival/surplus decisions
- 2. surplus distribution decisions
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A People’s Account of Cooperative Enterprise
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The IYC celebrates a different way of doing business, one focused on human need not human greed, where members who own and govern the business, collectively enjoy the benefits instead of all profits going just to shareholders.
SLIDE 61 CheckSpring Bank 69 East 167th Street Hull Street Community Garden 196 Hull Street CAMBA Economic Development Corp. 1720 Church Ave. Anthology Film Archives 32 Second Avenue
http://www.mapsforamerica.com/solidarityeconomy
Solidarity economy enterprises New York City
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Social enterprise
SLIDE 64 CAPITALIST ‘ALTERNATIVE’ CAPITALIST
State-owned Socially responsible Non-profit
NON-CAPITALIST
Worker co-operative Community enterprise Sole proprietorship Feudal Slave
Debates around social enterprise identity and what constitutes the ‘social economy’ Isomorphism Privatisation State subsidies Earned income Work Integration Social mission
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- 3. Social enterprises and sustainability
What kinds of connections will build sustainability?
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SLIDE 72 Mapo People’s House:
- Ulimdure food consumer co-op
7,000 households as members
- Healthcare and Solidarity labour Union Co-op
1,300 members
- Our Younger Siblings Vet hospital Co-op
1,500 members
- Good Buy Community Interest Corporation
- OK Co-op—financial counselling
- Mangwon Café Co-op
- Under the Tree Café Co-op
- Childcare cooperative
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hospital Co-op 1,500 members
- Good Buy Community Interest
Corporation
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SLIDE 76 The interconnections relate to key aspects of surviving well
- Food via MOA and the Mangwon Market
- Food via consumer co-op
- Food and sociality via the Community Cafés
- Housing via co-housing networks
- Housing for people with disabilities
- Pet care via Our Younger Siblings Vet Co-op
- Education via children’s study group
- Jobs in all of the above
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Thus economists, for instance, are not simply describing some economic infrastructure which has always been there from the beginning of time. They are revealing calculative abilities in actors who did not know before [that] they had them and making sure that some of these new competences are sunk into common sense through the many practical tools of bank accounts, property rights, cash register slips, and other plug-ins. Bruno Latour 2007: 257 CONCLUSION
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Community economies activism: an experiment where theories discourses practices interests materials can be gathered together and elaborated
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Thus economists, for instance, are not simply describing some economic infrastructure which has always been there from the beginning of time. They are revealing ethical abilities in actors who did not know before [that] they had them and making sure that some of these new competences are sunk into common sense through the many practical tools of ...........
SLIDE 80 www.communityeconomies.org
Thankyou
