Cookstove Performance & Emissions 2 BACKGROUND [1] 3 TWO - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Cookstove Performance & Emissions 2 BACKGROUND [1] 3 TWO - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Feb 21, 2024 368 likes β€’624 views

1 Cookstove Performance & Emissions 2 BACKGROUND [1] 3 TWO STOVES Three stones stove[2] Jiko Stove [3] 4 TWO FUELS WOOD CHARCOAL Enclosed Container Low Oxygen Exothermic Hard Wood (Maple) Higher Energy More heat 5 THE PLAN

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SLIDE 1

Cookstove Performance & Emissions

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SLIDE 2

[1]

BACKGROUND

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SLIDE 3

Three stones stove[2] Jiko Stove [3]

TWO STOVES

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SLIDE 4

TWO FUELS WOOD CHARCOAL

Low Oxygen Enclosed Container Exothermic Hard Wood (Maple) Higher Energy More heat

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SLIDE 5

THE PLAN

Environmental Engineers Particulate Matter (PM) Testing & Analysis Mechanical Engineers Performance Testing & Analysis Predictions

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SLIDE 6

HEAT TRANSFER

[7]

CONVECTION RADIATION CONDUCTION

  • π‘…π‘‘π‘π‘œπ‘€ = β„Ž βˆ— 𝐡𝑠𝑓𝑏 βˆ— (π‘ˆπ‘“π‘›π‘žβ„Žπ‘π‘’ βˆ’ π‘ˆπ‘“π‘›π‘žπ‘‘π‘π‘šπ‘’)
  • π‘…π‘ π‘π‘’π‘—π‘π‘’π‘—π‘π‘œ = Ξ΅ βˆ— 𝜏 βˆ— 𝐡𝑠𝑓𝑏 βˆ— (π‘ˆπ‘“π‘›π‘žβ„Žπ‘π‘’

4 βˆ’ π‘ˆπ‘“π‘›π‘žπ‘‘π‘π‘šπ‘’ 4)

  • π‘…π·π‘π‘œπ‘’π‘£π‘‘π‘’π‘—π‘π‘œ =

π‘™βˆ—π΅π‘ π‘“π‘βˆ—(π‘ˆπ‘“π‘›π‘žβ„Žπ‘π‘’βˆ’π‘ˆπ‘“π‘›π‘žπ‘‘π‘π‘šπ‘’) π‘€π‘“π‘œπ‘•π‘’β„Ž

  • π‘…πΈπ‘“π‘šπ‘—π‘€π‘“π‘ π‘“π‘’ = π‘…π‘‘π‘π‘œπ‘€,π‘’π‘π‘’π‘π‘š + 𝑅𝑠𝑏𝑒,π‘’π‘π‘’π‘π‘š + π‘…π‘‘π‘π‘œπ‘’,π‘’π‘π‘’π‘π‘š
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SLIDE 7

TESTING MATERIALS

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SLIDE 8

WATER BOILING TEST PROTOCOL VERSION 4.2.3*

Flagstaff

ALT=7100ft

Phoenix

ALT=1159ft

Weigh the fuel, lighter fluid, and water Set up the stove Place the pot & digital thermometer Record temperature at 3 minute intervals Weigh fuel and water

[5]

*By U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Partnership for Clean Indoor Air (PCIA), with updates coordinated by PCIA and the Global Alliance for Clean Cook stoves (Alliance).

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SLIDE 9

TESTING DATA ANALYSIS

[5], [6]

  • Efficiency Ξ·π‘’β„Ž =

π‘…πΈπ‘“π‘šπ‘—π‘€π‘“π‘ π‘“π‘’ π‘…πΊπ‘£π‘“π‘š

𝑭𝒓. 𝟐

  • π‘…πΈπ‘“π‘šπ‘—π‘€π‘“π‘ π‘“π‘’ = Ξ”E𝐼20 + Ξ”Eπ‘€π‘π‘ž + Ξ”E𝑀𝑔 𝑭𝒓. πŸ‘
  • Ξ”E

H20 = 𝑑𝐼20 βˆ— T final – T initial βˆ— 𝑁𝑏𝑑𝑑𝐼20 𝑭𝒓. πŸ’

  • π‘…πΊπ‘£π‘“π‘š= π‘π‘π‘‘π‘‘πΊπ‘£π‘“π‘š βˆ— πΌπ‘“π‘π‘’π‘—π‘œπ‘•π‘Šπ‘π‘šπ‘£π‘“πΊπ‘£π‘“π‘š 𝑭𝒓. πŸ“
  • 𝑄𝑝π‘₯𝑓𝑠 =

π‘…π‘’π‘“π‘šπ‘—π‘€π‘“π‘ π‘“π‘’ 𝑒𝑗𝑛𝑓

𝑭𝒓. πŸ”

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SLIDE 10

RESULTS EFFICIENCY AND POWER

WOOD CHARCOAL WOOD ,WINDY WOOD CHARCOAL WOOD ,WINDY

  • Wood produced more power than charcoal.
  • Charcoal was more efficient in the Jiko.
  • The Jiko was more efficient and produced more power than the 3-stone.

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SLIDE 11

FLAGSTAFF VS. PHOENIX

20 40 60 80 100 120 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Temperature (Celsius) Time (Minutes)

Jiko Cold Start and Wood

Flagstaff

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Temperature (Celsius) Time (Minutes)

Jiko Hot Start and Charcoal

Phoenix

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SLIDE 12

WHAT IS PARTICULATE MATTER?

  • The sum of all solid and liquid particles suspended in air

many of which are hazardous

  • Organic and inorganic
  • Dust and smoke

[7]

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SLIDE 13

WHY IT IS HARMFUL?

[8], [9]

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WHAT IS PARTICULATE COUNTER?

In General

  • Used in detecting and sizing physical particles emitted.
  • Used in counting the particles emitted.

Met One Instrument Model 212

  • Laser diode based optical sensor.
  • Uses light scatter technology.
  • Measure 0.3 ΞΌm to 10 ΞΌm (eight selectable sizes).

Met one Model 212

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[10]

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SLIDE 15

PM TESTING METHOD

Set up the device 2 feet from the emissions source Attach it to the computer Start recording the data from the device profiler software Analyze the data in a spreadsheet

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SLIDE 16

ANALYSIS METHOD

[11]

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PM Emissions Rate

PM counted/time

Density*Volume οƒ  Mass Density = 704.1 Kg/m3

Spheres οƒ  Volume

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SLIDE 17

PM EMISSIONS RATE

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5E-12 1E-11 1.5E-11 2E-11 2.5E-11 3E-11

Kg/min 3-stones stove with charcoal & wood

Charcoal PM <=2.5 Charcoal PM <=10 Wood PM <=10 Wood PM <=2.5

0.00E+00 5.00E-12 1.00E-11 1.50E-11 2.00E-11 2.50E-11 3.00E-11

Kg/min Jiko stove with charcoal & wood

Charcoal PM <=2.5 Charcoal PM <=10 Wood PM <=10 Wood PM <=2.5

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SLIDE 18

PM TESTING RESULTS

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100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Counts Time (minutes)

Charcoal

Jiko PM<=2.5 3-sotnes PM<=2.5 Jiko PM<=10 3-stones PM<=10

100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Counts Time (minutes)

Wood

Jiko PM<=2.5 3-stones PM<=2.5 Jiko PM<=10 3-stones PM<=10

  • Wood produced significant amounts of PM <= 2.5 microns
  • Charcoal produced far less PM <=2.5 microns
  • The Jiko with charcoal produced the fewest emissions of any combination
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SLIDE 19

Wood Charcoal

PM TESTNG RESULTS

  • Jiko with charcoal produces fewest PM<=2.5 to boil 3 liters of water.
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SLIDE 20

EFFICIENCY AND PM RESULTS

WOOD CHARCOAL PM SIZES (microns) Jiko 3-Stones Jiko 3-Stones PMο€Όο€½2.5

*10^3 1546 1790 151 186

PM<=10

*10^3 1.02 1.98 1.2 1.12

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FUEL TYPE Jiko 3-Stones WOOD

23.9% 12.4% 20.3% 8.2%

CHARCOAL

28.3% 8.9% 24.8% 9.0%

EFFICIENCY EMISSIONS

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SLIDE 21

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RECOMMENDATIONS

Next Stove Capstone Group

  • Mechanical Engineering Students

I. More Cookstoves

  • II. Proper scale
  • III. More testing trials

IV.Isolated facility

  • V. Continual feed testing

VI.Simmer testing VII.Animal waste testing

Women in Rural Areas of Africa

  • The Best Option in Terms of Efficiency:

οƒΌ Jiko with charcoal

  • The Best Option in Terms of Power:

οƒΌ Jiko with wood

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SLIDE 22

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RECOMMENDATIONS

Next Stove Capstone Group

  • Environmental Engineering Students

I. Carbon Monoxide (CO)

  • II. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
  • III. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Women in Rural Areas of Africa

  • The Best Option in Terms of PM

Emissions: οƒΌ Jiko with charcoal

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SLIDE 23

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Instructor Gary Slim

  • Dr. Terry Baxter
  • Dr. Fethiye Ozis
  • Dr. Sagnik Mazumdar

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SLIDE 24
  • [1] R. Muthiah, clean cookstove drive gender quality. 2015.
  • [2]"Well-Tended Fires Outperform Modern Cooking Stoves", LOW-TECH MAGAZINE, 2016. [Online]. Available:

http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2014/06/thermal-efficiency-cooking-stoves.html. [Accessed: 01- Dec- 2016].

  • [3]"KENYA: Energy saving stoves to save forest cover", Charcoalproject.org, 2016. [Online]. Available:

http://www.charcoalproject.org/2010/07/kenya-energy-saving-stoves-to-save-forest-cover. [Accessed: 01- Dec- 2016].

  • [4]F. Incropera, Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2011.
  • [5] M. Johnson, T. Bond, C. Roden, N. MacCarty, et al, β€œThe Water Boiling Test: Cookstove Emissions and Efficiency in a

Controlled Laboratory Setting”, Standards and Testing, Vol 4.3, no. 2, pp 1-89, 2014

  • [6] β€œWood Combustion Heat Values,” Engineering Tool Box. [Online]. Available:

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wood-combustion-heat-d_372.html. [Accessed: 01-Dec-2016].

  • [7]”Atmospheric particulate matter β€œGreenTnT, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://greentnt.org/pm. [Accessed: 02- Dec-

2016].

  • [8]P. Air, "Particulate matter - Partners for Clean Air", Cleantheair.org, 2016. [Online]. Available:

http://www.cleantheair.org/air-quality-information/particulate-matter. [Accessed: 02- Dec- 2016].

  • [9]"Everything You Need to Know About Airborne Particulate Matter", Alencorp, 2016. [Online]. Available:

https://www.alencorp.com/pages/everything-you-need-to-know-about-airborne-particulate-matter. [Accessed: 02- Dec- 2016].

  • [10]"Met One Instruments Particle Counter Weather Station Equipmentβ€œ Aikencolon, 2016. [Online]. Available:

http://www.aikencolon.com/met-one-instruments. [Accessed: 11- Oct- 2016].

  • [11] β€œWood Species - Moisture Content and Weight,” Engineering Tool Box, 2016. [Online]. Available:

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/weigt-wood-d_821.html. [Accessed: 01-Dec-2016].

REFERENCES

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SLIDE 25

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QUESTIONS?