Communications requirements in low- voltage smart grids Fernando - - PDF document

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Communications requirements in low- voltage smart grids Fernando - - PDF document

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Communications requirements in low- voltage smart grids Fernando Kuipers Network Architectures and Services Delft University of Technology March 6, 2013 http://www.nas.ewi.tudelft.nl/people/Fernando/ Challenge the future 1 Environmental

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Challenge the future

Communications requirements in low- voltage smart grids

Fernando Kuipers Network Architectures and Services Delft University of Technology March 6, 2013 http://www.nas.ewi.tudelft.nl/people/Fernando/

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Challenge the future

Environmental concerns

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Towards smart grids

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ICT needed to make the grid smart

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Focus on LV networks

HV MV LV

Few Nodes ~ 100 Big Energy Farms already have telecom Moderate Nodes ~ 10.000 Many Nodes ~ 10.000.00 Being digitized No clear idea about telecom needs

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Challenges

  • Integration and intermittency of renewable generators
  • Load balancing, energy storage
  • Integration of new energy consumers: Electrical Vehicles and

Heat pumps

  • Peak shaving
  • Energy trading by former consumers
  • Prosumers, energy brokers, …
  • Physical limitations of the power grid
  • Voltage and congestion control
  • Multi-layer dependencies
  • Multi-layer control
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Balancing problems

Match consumption with generation

Match consumption with available wind and sun power

Wind Sun

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Avoiding peaks

Peak shaving

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Voltage and congestion problem

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Communication time requirements

  • Load balancing and Peak shaving
  • In the order of minutes
  • E.g. PowerMatcher
  • Local power exchanges
  • Communicating price signals in the order of minutes
  • Voltage and congestion control
  • Directly linked with safety of the grid
  • Voltage and load vary real-time
  • Sub-second response time requirement
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Experiments V&C control

  • We consider a low voltage (LV) grid with prosumer

households

  • Based on study of distribution networks:
  • Representative LV network selected
  • Considered (futuristic) scenarios:
  • Solar panels at each house
  • Electric vehicle at each house

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Experiment one: PV

A cloud passes a neihborhood with PV

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Results PV experiment

  • Used an annual 1 Hz frequency solar radiation dataset
  • Selected periods showing extreme variations
  • 600 ms from 80% of overvoltage (248 V) to the maximum
  • 500 ms from 80% load to maximum capacity
  • Overvoltage burns fuses, brief overload is tolerable

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Experiment two: EV

Time at which charging of electrical vehicles begins

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Results EV experiment

  • EV charged as soon as it

arrives at home

  • EVs start to charge in the

same second (Figure)

1 2 3 4 200 210 220 230 235 Time step (s) Voltage level (V) 3 EVs 9 EVs 7 EVs 5 EVs 1 EV

  • Chances are very small that 2 or more start to charge in the same second
  • The EV load dynamics pose less constraints on the response time for voltage

and congestion control

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Response time constituents

For a centralized control scheme:

  • 1. Measurement time: 10 ms
  • 2. Upward communication time
  • 3. Computation time: about 5 ms
  • 4. Downward communication time
  • 5. Control time: about 5 ms
  • Communication time (2 and 4) at 80% overvoltage
  • Communication Latency = (600 ms - 20 ms)/2 = 290 ms

25 90 390 490 740 990 Latency constraint (ms) 95 90 70 60 50 40 Trigger point (% overvoltage)

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PowerWeb

  • TUDelft interdisciplinary research consortium working on the

challenges in realizing a robust and reconfigurable smart energy grid

  • Steering board:
  • Prof. Lou van der Sluis
  • Prof. Paulien Herder
  • Dr. Fernando Kuipers
  • Prof. Kees Vuik
  • Prof. Cees Witteveen
  • Industry:
  • Alliander, Tennet, TNO, Siemens, Phase2Phase, JRC Petten, …

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Cluster 3: Smart grid control

PowerWeb overview

Cluster 2: The smart grid as a complex socio-technical system Cluster 1: Building blocks for a flexible smart grid infrastructure

Real-time power control system

  • ptimizing functions in relation to

physical infrastructure and environment A system of systems having to meet overall robustness criteria and being able to reconfigure itself if necessary A system of energy prosumers, subjected to governmental regulations

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Cluster 1: Smart grid infrastructure

  • Observation: Power grid is rapidly changing (distributed

renewable sources) and increasingly complex to manage

  • Challenges:
  • How to model the changing grid and its physical properties?
  • How to ensure stability?
  • First steps:
  • Efficient solvers to compute transients in power grids
  • Quantify operational limits of smart grid
  • Build simulators

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Cluster 2: Smart grid and society

  • Observation: The smart grid is a complex socio-technical

system governed by “prosumers” and government

  • Challenge:
  • To identify the right institutional and market concepts to predict

and control the smart grid as a dynamic multi-actor system

  • First steps:
  • Multi-actor model to capture relationships between changes in

the energy supply, demand patterns or regulations and prosumer behavior

  • Mechanism design to control through proper incentives
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Cluster 3: Multi-level ICT control

  • Observation: Control actions to enhance stability and

robustness performed on one level of a multi-layered system might have repercussions on other levels

  • Challenges:
  • Create a multi-layered model
  • ICT-based control of dynamic interactions between the physical

and societal layers

  • First steps:
  • Description of each layer as a discrete event system
  • Coupling the layers and study of interdependent networks
  • Optimizing equilibria

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Cluster 3: Smart grid control

PowerWeb challenges summarized

Cluster 2: The smart grid as a complex socio-technical system Cluster 1: Building blocks for a flexible smart grid infrastructure

  • Facilitate power generation
  • Improve plants to run system
  • Reduce environmental impact
  • Ensure reliability/security of supply
  • Reconfigure to maintain QoS
  • Optimize economical operation
  • Optimize environmental effects
  • Provide consumers with choice options
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PowerWeb objectives

  • Gateway for energy work at TUDelft
  • 3 PowerWeb PhD students on 3 research themes
  • Links to industry
  • Participate in call for projects
  • Collaborations
  • http://powerweb.tudelft.nl
  • Fernando Kuipers: F.A.Kuipers@tudelft.nl