SLIDE 1 Era VIII WHII.12 The Cold War
“An iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”
text in red is for notes
Voorhees
SLIDE 2 The student will apply social science skills to understand the conflicts during the second half of the twentieth century by:
a) explaining the causes of the Cold War, including the
competition between the American and Soviet economic and political systems and the causes of the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe;
b) describing the major leaders and events of the Cold War,
including the location of major conflicts;
c) describing conflicts and revolutionary movements in Asia
and their major leaders, including Mao Tse-tung (Zedong), Chiang Kai-shek, Deng Xiaoping, and Ho Chi Minh; and
d) examining the political and economic shifts that led to the
end of the Cold War, with emphasis on Margaret Thatcher, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Ronald Reagan.
SLIDE 3
Cold War= 40+ years
SLIDE 4 the Cold War period lasted from the mid-1940s until the end of the 1980s
Bush, Reagan, Gorbachev
SLIDE 5
The Berlin Wall; symbol of the Cold War
Cheering the end of the Berlin Wall 1989
SLIDE 6
The Cold War 1945 -1991
Period of undeclared war
between the two “Superpowers”:
United States and “The
West” versus the Soviet Union and “The Communist Bloc”
Soviet Bloc Western Powers
SLIDE 7 Post-WWII
Dunkirk Treaty (1947) between Britain and France, which pledged a common defense against aggression Brussels Treaty (1948) signed by most Western European countries The Berlin blockade that began in March 1948 led to negotiations between Western Europe, Canada, and the United States In the years after World War II, many
Western leaders believed the policies
- f the USSR threatened international
stability and peace
the West forms common defenses: Dunkirk Treaty Brussels Treaty Berlin blockade leads to
North Atlantic Treaty
SLIDE 8
West verses East
SLIDE 9 USSR aggression… steps to WWIII?
The forcible installation of Communist
governments throughout Eastern Europe
Territorial demands by the Soviets Their support of guerrilla war in Greece Regional separatism in Iran Rejection by Eastern European nations of the
European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan)
Creation of Cominform, a European Communist
SLIDE 10
Warsaw Pact troops to invade Czechoslovakia
SLIDE 11
Review- international institutions were created
International Cooperative Organizations: United Nations The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Established and adopted by members of the
United Nations
Provided a code of conduct for the treatment of
people under the protection of their government
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Warsaw Pact
SLIDE 12
- II. Beginning of the Cold War
The Yalta Conference and the Soviet control of Eastern
Europe
SLIDE 13
Conference
1945- leaders of the Allied
powers the “Big Three”
Churchill, Roosevelt, and
Stalin
Allied military strategy in
the final months of World War II
Defeat of Germany Peace arrangements Division of Germany
SLIDE 14
The Big Three: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, American President Franklin Roosevelt, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin
SLIDE 15
July – August 1945 British Prime Minister
Clement Attlee, U.S. President Harry S. Truman, and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin
Meet to discuss post-war order of
Germany
Germany and Austria will be
partitioned and administered by the Allies
Soviets refuse to allow free
democratic elections – beginning of the Cold War
SLIDE 16
- C. Global Conflict and Arms Race
Although centered originally in Europe, the Cold War
enmity eventually drew the United States and the USSR into local conflicts in almost every quarter of the globe
It also produced what became known as the Cold
War arms race, an intense competition between the two superpowers to accumulate advanced military weapons
SLIDE 17 Beginning of the Cold War (1945- 1948)
D. Democracy and the free enterprise
system v. dictatorship and communism
international politics were heavily shaped by the
intense rivalry between these two great blocs of power and the political ideologies they represented
democracy and capitalism in the case of the United
States and its allies, and communism in the case of the Soviet bloc
democracy and capitalism communism
SLIDE 18 Beginning of the Cold War (1945- 1948)
E. President
Truman and the Policy of Containment
Congress appropriated $400 million to support anti-
Communist forces in Turkey and Greece
By giving aid, the United States signaled that it would
bolster regimes that claimed to face Communist threats
As George Kennan explained in an article in Foreign
Affairs magazine in 1947, “containment” meant using “unalterable counterforce at every point” until Soviet power ended or faded
SLIDE 19 Truman
Stalin failed to honor pledges to
hold free elections in Eastern Europe
Truman refused to honor
promises to send reparations from the defeated Germany to help rebuild the war-devastated USSR
The president proposed the
Truman Doctrine
SLIDE 20 Containment
Containment aimed to prevent the spread of
communism and to oppose communist nations— especially the Soviet Union—by diplomatic, political, and economic means
Kennan’s article publicized the policy of containment
- f Soviet communism, a policy adopted by the
administration of President Harry S. Truman
Kennan’s ideas provided an influential justification for
American policy toward the Soviet Union during the Cold War
SLIDE 21
President Truman vows to give aid to any
nation resisting the spread of communism
“Containment”= keep communism where it is…
don’t let it spread
George Kennan= author of “containment”
V.
SLIDE 22
Soviet satellite nations The Iron Curtain US and USSR had become divided over the political
future of Poland
Stalin believed that Soviet control of Poland was
necessary for his country’s security
This met with opposition from the Allies- it was not long
before the quarrel had extended to the political future of
- ther Eastern European nations
Yet both sides thought they could work it out
SLIDE 23 Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill coined the term Iron Curtain…
Photo: Truman and Churchill in Fulton, Missouri, on March 5, 1946.
SLIDE 24 Iron Curtain
Iron Curtain, policy of isolation set up by the Union
- f Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) after World War
II (1939-45) that involved rigid censorship and restrictions on travel
The Iron Curtain acted as a barrier to
communication and the free exchange of ideas between the USSR (and its satellite states) and the rest of the world
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic
an iron curtain has descended across the continent.”- Sir Winston Churchill
SLIDE 25
SLIDE 26
Cold War characteristics
SLIDE 27 Characteristics of the Cold War (1948- 1989)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) v. the
Warsaw Pact
Korean Conflict Vietnam War Berlin and significance of Berlin Wall Cuban Missile Crisis Nuclear weapons and the theory of deterrence
SLIDE 28
SLIDE 29
United States (US) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Britain France West Germany Japan Canada Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Poland East Germany Romania During parts of the
Cold War: Cuba and China
SLIDE 30 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
powers
the USSR and communism Warsaw Pact (1955)
treaty of cooperation to counter West Germany’s rearmament entrance into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
SLIDE 31
Cold War Alliances
SLIDE 32
- A. Conflicts and revolutionary
movements in China
Division of China into two nations at the end of the
Chinese civil war
Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)—Nationalist China
(island of Taiwan)
Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)—Communist
China (mainland China)
Continuing conflict between the two Chinas Communist China= part of the Korean Conflict
SLIDE 33
- B. Mainland China 1949= Communist
Chiang Kai-shek and his Nationalist Party were defeated by Mao
Zedong and forced to flee to Taiwan (an island off the Coast of China) in 1949.
Mainland China became “The People’s Republic of China (or
communist “Red China”)
Taiwan Communist China
SLIDE 34 China
Mainland China under Mao becomes the communist
“People’s Republic of China” (or “Red China”)
The Island of Taiwan becomes the Republic of China
under Chiang
Both men claim to be the true leader of China
SLIDE 35 Korea: 1950-1953
After the Soviets enter the
war they attack the Japanese in Manchuria and Korea
After the war the Soviets
- ccupy the northern half
- f Korea and the U.S. the
southern half
Korea is divided into two
countries, a communist North Korea and a non- communist South Korea
This becomes a source of
tension during the Cold War
SLIDE 36
Korea
SLIDE 37
Vietnam
SLIDE 38
- C. Conflicts and revolutionary
movements in Vietnam
French Imperialism Leadership of Ho Chi Minh Vietnam was a divided nation Influence of policy of containment= The
United States and the Vietnam War
Vietnam is a reunited communist country
today
SLIDE 39 Vietnam
After Japan is defeated
Vietnam is returned to France as a colony at the end of World War II
1. Vietnamese nationalist and
communist leader Ho Chi Minh declares independence in 1945
SLIDE 40 Vietnam
2. The Viet Minh (Vietnamese
Nationalists) aided by the Soviets and later the Chinese fight the French for independence in the First Indochina War in the 1950’s which evolved into Vietnam War in the 1960’s
3. After nine years of fighting
France, Vietnam is partitioned in 1954 into a communist north and non-communist south
SLIDE 41 Vietnam
4. 1964 to 1973 the U.S. attempts to defeat the
Communists in North Vietnam
5. 1975: after the U.S. had withdrawn its troops,
Vietnam is reunited under a communist government
SLIDE 42
1948 – 1949 As the Allies conquer Germany at the end of World
War II, they divide it into separate zones of occupation
Berlin, in the Soviet zone, is partially controlled by
Western occupying forces
When the Soviets blockade the city to gain
control over all Berlin, the United States supports West Berliners with a dramatic airlift of supplies
The event divides the city and hardens the line between
East and West Germany
SLIDE 43
Stalin attempted to seize West Berlin by blockading
the city
For 11 months, cargo planes delivered goods to the
Soviet-blockaded city
The Western Allies fly in supplies= end of
blockade
SLIDE 44
SLIDE 45
1948- The Berlin Blockade and Airlift – 1st Major
Conflict
SLIDE 46
End of World War II- 1945- Berlin completely
surrounded by territory occupied by Soviet forces
1949 that area became country of East Germany Berlin was partitioned into East and West
West Berlin- occupied by British, French, and United
States forces supported by the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)
East Berlin- German Democratic Republic (GDR)
(East Germany)
SLIDE 47 Berlin Wall
1. Between 1949 and 1961= 2.7 million people
fled East Germany, more than half of them through West Berlin
East Germans knew their standard of living was
lower than West Germany
2. 1961- East German government decided to
stop this flight to the West by building the wall
East Germany built concrete wall- 4 m (12 ft) high
and 166 km (103 mi) long
SLIDE 48 Berlin Wall
During the night of August 13, 1961, East German soldiers and
members of its militia surrounded West Berlin with temporary fortifications that were rapidly replaced by a concrete wall
Where a wall was not possible, buildings were bricked-up The only openings in the wall were two closely guarded
crossing points
GDR announced that the wall was needed to prevent military
aggression and political interference from West Germany
East German government built tank traps and ditches along
the eastern side of the wall (constructed to keep East German citizens in)
SLIDE 49
SLIDE 50
SLIDE 52 “it’s going to be a cold winter”- JFK
United States President John F. Kennedy and Soviet
Premier Nikita Khrushchev met in Vienna, Austria, on June 3, 1961
They could not reach agreement on any issues
SLIDE 53
JFK
(on television)
SLIDE 54 Cuban Missile Crisis 1960
Regarded by many as the world's closest approach to
nuclear war
The crisis began when the United States discovered Cuba
had secretly installed Soviet missiles able to carry nuclear weapons capable of hitting targets across most of the United States
This led to a tense stand-off of several days as the United
States imposed a naval blockade of Cuba and demanded that the USSR remove the missiles.
SLIDE 55
SLIDE 56 Crisis…
1. US discovers missiles 2. T
ense standoff
3. Kennedy installs blockade 4. Khrushchev agreed to dismantle and
remove the weapons from Cuba and offered the United States on-site inspection
Kennedy secretly promised not to invade Cuba and
to remove older missiles from Turkey
5. Kennedy called off the blockade 6. Nuclear war had been avoided
SLIDE 57
- H. Nuclear Weapons and the Theory of
Deterrence
Policy- discourage hostile action by
a potential aggressor
deliberate efforts to prevent the
initiation of aggression
convincing a would-be aggressor that the
attack will fail—“deterrence by denial”
giving the impression that success would be
achieved at an excessive price— “deterrence by punishment.”
Punishment
may be imposed by mounting an effective
defense
by launching retaliatory attacks
SLIDE 60 Indira Gandhi
Closer relationship between India and the Soviet
Union during the Cold War
Developed nuclear program
SLIDE 61 Margaret Thatcher
British Prime Minister Free trade and less government regulation of
business
Close relationship with United States and U.S.
foreign policy
Asserted United Kingdom’s military power
SLIDE 62 1989- China
Tiananmen
Square - failed “Revolution” in China
The Chinese
government crushes a pro-democracy movement
hundreds dead, 10,000 wounded Deng Xiaoping
SLIDE 63 Deng Xiaoping
Reformed communist economy to market
economy leading to rapid economic growth
Communist control of government continued
SLIDE 64
China
not ready for democracy
SLIDE 65
- IV. The End of the Cold War
SLIDE 66
- A. Collapse of Communism in the USSR
and Eastern Europe
Soviet economic collapse Nationalism in Warsaw Pact countries Tearing down of Berlin Wall (1989) Breakup of the Soviet Union Expansion of NATO
SLIDE 67 Ronald Wilson Reagan
US president
1981-1985 and 1985-1989 Vice President George H. W. Bush
SLIDE 68 1989- Soviets withdraw from Eastern Europe
Poland and “Solidarity” “Velvet Revolution” in Czechoslovakia Retribution in Romania T earing down a wall in Germany
SLIDE 69 Tearing Down the Wall
1989-The Berlin Wall is taken down
SLIDE 70
SLIDE 71 B.Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms
Glasnost= “openness” Perestroika= economic reform political reform
Last president of Soviet Union
SLIDE 72 Break-up of the Soviet Union- 1991
Gorbachev’s brand of reform communism opened a floodgate
- f spontaneous changes in all corners of Soviet society
He was quickly upstaged by public figures who demanded an
immediate embrace of Western-style democracy and a transfer
- f power from the central government to the 15 constituent
republics of the USSR
SLIDE 73
- C. 1991 Soviet Union Collapses
The Fall of Communism and the end of the Cold War
Soviet “Hard Liners” stage a coup and attack the Russian White House (Parliament)
SLIDE 74 1991
Yeltsin stops coup - Gorbachev steps down
Gorbachev and Yeltsin The Soviet flag flies for the last time over the Kremlin
SLIDE 75 1991
The Soviet Union Dissolves
The Soviet Union
Yugoslavia
Republic of Russia Republic of Kazakhstan Ukraine Baltic States
SLIDE 76 1991
Yugoslavia Dissolves - Violence and Ethnic Cleansing Erupt
Yugoslavia The New Balkan States
SLIDE 77
SLIDE 78
1992
U.S. and Russia sign “non-aggression” pact
SLIDE 79
1992
European Union Established Beginning a new era of regional economic cooperation and “Free Trade”
SLIDE 80
Next: WHII.13 Independence Movements
