Era VIII WHII.12 The Cold War “An iron curtain has descended across the Continent.” - Winston Churchill text in red is for notes Voorhees
The student will apply social science skills to understand the conflicts during the second half of the twentieth century by: a) explaining the causes of the Cold War, including the competition between the American and Soviet economic and political systems and the causes of the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe; b) describing the major leaders and events of the Cold War, including the location of major conflicts; c) describing conflicts and revolutionary movements in Asia and their major leaders, including Mao Tse-tung (Zedong), Chiang Kai-shek, Deng Xiaoping, and Ho Chi Minh; and d) examining the political and economic shifts that led to the end of the Cold War, with emphasis on Margaret Thatcher, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Ronald Reagan.
Cold War= 40+ years
Bush, Reagan, Gorbachev the Cold War period lasted from the mid-1940s until the end of the 1980s
The Berlin Wall; symbol of the Cold Wa r Cheering the end of the Berlin Wall 1989
I. Intro The Cold War 1945 -1991 Period of undeclared war between the two “Superpowers”: United States and “The West” versus the Soviet Soviet Union and “The Bloc Communist Bloc” Western Powers
Post-WWII In the years after World War II, many Dunkirk Treaty (1947) Western leaders believed the policies between Britain and of the USSR threatened international France, which pledged stability and peace a common defense against aggression the West forms common defenses: Brussels Treaty (1948) Dunkirk Treaty signed by most Western European Brussels Treaty countries Berlin blockade leads to The Berlin blockade North Atlantic Treaty that began in March 1948 led to negotiations between Western Europe, Canada, and the United States
West verses East
USSR aggression… steps to WWIII? The forcible installation of Communist governments throughout Eastern Europe Territorial demands by the Soviets Their support of guerrilla war in Greece Regional separatism in Iran Rejection by Eastern European nations of the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan) Creation of Cominform, a European Communist organization
Warsaw Pact troops to invade Czechoslovakia
Review- international institutions were created International Cooperative Organizations: United Nations The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Established and adopted by members of the United Nations Provided a code of conduct for the treatment of people under the protection of their government North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Warsaw Pact
II . Beginning of the Cold War The Yalta Conference and the Soviet control of Eastern Europe
A. The Yalta Conference 1945 - leaders of the Allied powers the “Big Three” Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin Allied military strategy in the final months of World War II Defeat of Germany Peace arrangements Division of Germany
The Big Three: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, American President Franklin Roosevelt, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin
B. Potsdam Conference July – August 1945 British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, U.S. President Harry S. Truman, and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin Meet to discuss post-war order of Germany Germany and Austria will be partitioned and administered by the Allies Soviets refuse to allow free democratic elections – beginning of the Cold War
C. Global Conflict and Arms Race Although centered originally in Europe, the Cold War enmity eventually drew the United States and the USSR into local conflicts in almost every quarter of the globe It also produced what became known as the Cold War arms race, an intense competition between the two superpowers to accumulate advanced military weapons
Beginning of the Cold War (1945- 1948) D. Democracy and the free enterprise system v. dictatorship and communism international politics were heavily shaped by the intense rivalry between these two great blocs of power and the political ideologies they represented democracy and capitalism in the case of the United States and its allies, and communism in the case of the Soviet bloc democracy communism and capitalism
Beginning of the Cold War (1945- 1948) E. President Truman and the Policy of Containment Congress appropriated $400 million to support anti- Communist forces in Turkey and Greece By giving aid, the United States signaled that it would bolster regimes that claimed to face Communist threats As George Kennan explained in an article in Foreign Affairs magazine in 1947, “containment” meant using “unalterable counterforce at every point” until Soviet power ended or faded
Truman Stalin failed to honor pledges to hold free elections in Eastern Europe Truman refused to honor promises to send reparations from the defeated Germany to help rebuild the war-devastated USSR The president proposed the Truman Doctrine
Containment Containment aimed to prevent the spread of communism and to oppose communist nations — especially the Soviet Union — by diplomatic, political, and economic means Kennan’s article publicized the policy of containment of Soviet communism, a policy adopted by the administration of President Harry S. Truman Kennan’s ideas provided an influential justification for American policy toward the Soviet Union during the Cold War
F. Truman Doctrine President Truman vows to give aid to any nation resisting the spread of communism “ Containment ”= keep communism where it is… don’t let it spread George Kennan= author of “containment” V.
G. Eastern Europe Soviet satellite nations The Iron Curtain US and USSR had become divided over the political future of Poland Stalin believed that Soviet control of Poland was necessary for his country’s security This met with opposition from the Allies- it was not long before the quarrel had extended to the political future of other Eastern European nations Yet both sides thought they could work it out
Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill coined the term Iron Curtain… Photo: Truman and Churchill in Fulton, Missouri, on March 5, 1946.
Iron Curtain Iron Curtain, policy of isolation set up by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) after World War II (1939-45) that involved rigid censorship and restrictions on travel The Iron Curtain acted as a barrier to communication and the free exchange of ideas between the USSR (and its satellite states) and the rest of the world “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent.” - Sir Winston Churchill
Cold War characteristics
Characteristics of the Cold War (1948- 1989) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) v. the Warsaw Pact Korean Conflict Vietnam War Berlin and significance of Berlin Wall Cuban Missile Crisis Nuclear weapons and the theory of deterrence
Union of Soviet III. Cold War sides: Socialist Republics (USSR) United States (US) Bulgaria Britain Czechoslovakia France Hungary West Germany Poland Japan East Germany Canada Romania During parts of the Cold War: Cuba and China
North Atlantic Warsaw Pact (1955) Treaty • Soviet dominated Organization treaty of cooperation to (1949) counter West Germany’s • Western rearmament entrance into powers the North Atlantic Treaty • T o contain Organization the USSR and communism
Cold War Alliances
A. Conflicts and revolutionary movements in China Division of China into two nations at the end of the Chinese civil war Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) — Nationalist China (island of Taiwan) Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) — Communist China (mainland China) Continuing conflict between the two Chinas Communist China= part of the Korean Conflict
B. Mainland China 1949= Communist Chiang Kai-shek and his Nationalist Party were defeated by Mao Zedong and forced to flee to Taiwan (an island off the Coast of China) in 1949. Mainland China became “The People’s Republic of China (or communist “Red China”) Communist China Taiwan
China Mainland China under Mao becomes the communist “People’s Republic of China” (or “Red China”) The Island of Taiwan becomes the Republic of China under Chiang Both men claim to be the true leader of China
Korea: 1950-1953 After the Soviets enter the war they attack the Japanese in Manchuria and Korea After the war the Soviets occupy the northern half of Korea and the U.S. the southern half Korea is divided into two countries, a communist North Korea and a non- communist South Korea This becomes a source of tension during the Cold War
Korea
Vietnam
C. Conflicts and revolutionary movements in Vietnam French Imperialism Leadership of Ho Chi Minh Vietnam was a divided nation Influence of policy of containment= The United States and the Vietnam War Vietnam is a reunited communist country today
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