20 December 2016 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON COASTAL FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN INDIA ICAR - Central Marine Fisheries SAARC COUNTRY Research Institute MEETING Kochi, Kerala, India
CONTEXT Production from marine capture fishery (3.59 million t in 2014) - close to estimated potential (4.4 million t). Growth rate of consumption 3.5% per annum. By 2050 - Estimated domestic demand – 20.23 million t [10.12 million t (50%) to be met from marine sector] plus Increase in export demand. Livelihoods - Sector sustains more than 4 million fisher folk inhabiting 3288 fishing villages - 1.6 million active fishers. Expected to increase around 10%. Limited scope for increase in production from present grounds. Mariculture technology – meet demand supply gap – 50% to be met from mariculture. Management – Transition from open access to regulated fishery – policy for mariculture.
CHALLENGES Emerging Future • Environmental degradation • Rising SST • Diversified use of ecosystems • Changes in rainfall patterns • Biodiversity losses • Greater frequency of extreme General • Flip in marine community General weather events structure • Rising sea levels • Sharing of transboundary • Infrastructural damage stocks • Emergence of diseases in mariculture systems • Ocean acidification • Green fishing • Coral bleaching polices/mariculture Specific technologies • Habitat loss Specific • Marine habitat restoration • Resource vulnerability • Regional co-operation for • Employment loss management of • Phenological changes transboundary stocks
RISE IN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE VISIBLE IN INDIAN WATERS The variation of Sea surface Temperature (SST) along Indian Seas during the 40 years from 1976 to 2015 revealed that (SST) increased by 1. 0.819 °C along southwest India 2. 0.690 °C along southeast India 3. 0.602 °C along northeast India 4. 0.597 °C along northwest India The rate of change in SST was ranked as: 1. Northwest India (0.0156/annum) 2. Southwest India (0.0132/annum), 3. Southeast India (0.005/annum) 4. Northeast India (0.001/annum) Rate of change in SST over Indian Seas Descent to deeper waters revealed that west coast has more Indian mackerel generally occupies impact than in the east coast of India. surface and subsurface waters. conventionally caught by surface drift gillnets by artisanal fishermen. Distribution of Indian In recent years, the fish is increasingly mackerel has undergone significant change with getting caught in bottom trawlnets increase in SST operated by large mechanised boats at about 50 m depth.
CHANGES IN DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE AND PHENOLOGY OF MARINE FISHES Extension of Distributional Wi With th in increase rease in in SST SST, evid vidences ences is is no now Boundaries avai ailab lable le for Warming of surface waters is enabling the oil Increase in dispersal and abundance of sardine and mackerel to extend their small pelagics (oil sardine and distributional range north of 14 o N. mackerel). 0.1% - 1% Reduction in mean size in the fishery 1% - 10% 10 % - 25% (Indian mackerel, Nemipterus ) 25% - 50% Reduction in length at first maturity >50% (mackerel, coastal prawns). Reduction in fecundity (mackerel, coastal prawns). Change in spawning season ( Nemipterus sp) Change in diet composition (oil sardine). Effec ects ts of Ele levat ated ed Tem emper eratu ature re on n 30 o C 30 32 o C 32 Pompa ompano no finge fingerl rlings ings Pompano fingerlings grown at 30 o C and 32 o C show the effects of elevated temperature on early stages of growth.
INTEGRATED DISTRICT LEVEL ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION Househ Ho usehol olds ds Da Data ta cover erage age Survey results (8000 households) The level of knowledge on climate change is 9 Coastal districts Gujarat jarat 41 fishing villages inadequate (64.7%). Dist:Somnath Gir 8,000 households Villages: 4 The major means of information comes Households: 1500 through media (67%), friends and relatives Maharas rashtra (11%), and State government organizations Dist:Raigad Villages:5 Andh dhra ra Prade desh sh (21.5%). Households: 1400 Dist: Krishna Alternate avocations are minimal with Villages: 4 Karn arnat atak aka marketing of fish, agriculture, livestock, dairy Households : 1509 Dist: Udupi and coir industry. Villages:6 Households : 750 The level of governmental support is not Tami mil l Nad adu Kera erala la adequate (72%) in fishers’ perception. Dist: Kancheepuram, Ramanathapuram , Dist: Ernakulam, Nagapattinam Carbon footprint by marine fishing in Alapuzha Villages: 16 Villages:6 Households: 1700 Households1131 Chennai during 2014 Boat construction & repair Carbon footprint in life cycle of marine 0.95% 0.69% 0.3% 0.38% Net fabrication & repair 3.3% fisheries was assessed from Mangalore, 0.08% 7% Ice consumption Tuticorin, Veraval and Visakhapatanam. Fishing Marketing Highest emissions were recorded in harvest Processing phase in all cases Consumption 86% Others (Food stall, Petty shops & Diesel bunk)
VULNERABILITY OF MARINE FISH STOCK ASSESSED No of f Major jor Scientific criteria was developed to Zones es zones es Major jor inf nflue uencin ing factor actor gear ear enable assessment of the M. M. Life history and fishing vulnerability of fish stock. monoc noceros ros SW, SE, NE 3 pressure Trawl Fishing pressure As a result of this assessment, P. niger NW, SW, SE 3 (juvenile) Trawl Life history and fishing resilient strategies for mitigating P. P. tenuispi uispinis nis SW, SE, NE 3 pressure Trawl damage to highly vulnerable species C. limbatus batus SW, SE 2 Life history Trawl have been identified. D. russelli li NW,SE 2 Fishing pressure Trawl Life history and fishing F. indicu icus SW,NE 2 pressure Trawl Life history and fishing K. pelami amis SE,NE 2 pressure N. N. jap aponi onicus cus SE,NE 2 Fishing pressure Trawl Life history and fishing P. mono nodon don SE,NE 2 pressure Trawl Fishing pressure and lack S. S. gibbos bbosa SE,NE 2 of upwelling S. S. tumb mbil il SE,NE 2 Fishing pressure Trawl S. S. undosqu dosquami mis SE,NE 2 Fishing pressure Trawl S. S. comm ommerson rson SE,NE 2 Fishing pressure S. jello S. SE,NE 2 Fishing pressure Trawl Life history and fishing Zone-wise dispersion of species based on vulnerability assessment T. al alba bacar cares es SE,NE 2 pressure T. lepturu urus SE,NE 2 Fishing pressure Trawl
RESILIENCE OPTIONS FOR HIGHLY VULNERABLE MARINE SPECIES/FISHING Ind ndica icator ors s of of measurem rement nt of of re resil ilience ience Vulne lnerabil rability ty in mari rine Possibl ssible measure res s for for fisheri fish ries du due to CC resili re ilience nce 1. Increase in CPUE Highly vulnerable fish stocks Regulation of fishing (fleet size, 2. Increase in mean length in the catch mesh size, spatiotemporal closure/habitat restoration 3. Increase in fecundity 4. Increase in size at maturity (mangroves) 5. Reduction in fleet size 6. Spatio-temporal closure for 7. Regulatory measures such as MLS/regulation of mesh size 1. Increase in size at maturity Reduction in fecundity/size at Implementation of MLS to increase 2. Increase in fecundity maturity in wild stocks mean size in the catch 3. Implementation of MLS regulations 1. Increase in the landings of pelagic extended species Extension of distributional Better exploitation and utilisation 2. Increase in CPUE of small pelagics boundaries of small pelagics of small pelagics in all the due to increase in SST maritime zones 1. Whether PFZ advisory available for the region Increased carbon footprint of Use of PFZs to reduce scouting 2. Number of vessels utilise PFZ advisories mechanised fishing time, Use of wind/ solar energy in 3. Number of vessels use low energy alternatives for fishing operations fishing vessels (Green fishing), 4. Availability of spatio-temporal map/information on fishing Geo-referencing of fishing grounds grounds
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