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Climate and Human impact synergies in Mediterranean Mountains: The Late Holocene records of the Iberian Range karstic lakes (NE Spain) F. Barreiro-Lostres * Pyrenean Institute of Ecology-CSIC, Spain A. Moreno Pyrenean Institute of Ecology-CSIC,

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Climate and Human impact synergies in Mediterranean Mountains: The Late Holocene records of the Iberian Range karstic lakes (NE Spain)

  • F. Barreiro-Lostres * Pyrenean Institute of Ecology-CSIC, Spain
  • A. Moreno Pyrenean Institute of Ecology-CSIC, Spain
  • S. Giralt Earth Sciences Jaume Almera Institute-CSIC, Spain
  • P. Mata Spanish Geological Survey (IGME), Spain
  • B. Valero-Garcés Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, CSIC, Spain

* ferbalos@ipe.csic.es

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Introduction

In the context of the IP, the IRHP, the MCA and the LIA are the main Holocene rapid environmental changes during the last millennnia and they had a strong impact on the hydrological cycle These oscillations specially control the water availability in Mediterranean areas.

Climatic variability on the Iberian Peninsula

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Introduction

 The IRHP (2600-1600 yr BP) is the most humid period in the last 3500 yr (Zoñar lake). The MCA (IX- XV centuries) has been detected as a relatively arid period (Estanya, Zoñar lakes). The LIA (1300-1850 yr AD) is characterized by a significant increase in aquifer recharge, indicated by several records from karstic lakes (La Cruz, Taravilla and Zoñar lakes).

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Introduction

during these periods seems to be significant latitudinal variability... we need to integrate studies from different areas (lakes) at different latitudes

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Introduction

We are studying several lakes on the Iberian Range, at the East of the IP.

Location and Geological settings

1) Taravilla 2) El Tobar 3) La Parra 4) El Tejo, La Cruz

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Introduction

 Large carbonate areas afected by endo- and exokarstic processes develop … travertine-damned lakes … circular funnel-shaped depressions  If these depressions intercept the regional aquifer, relative deep lakes occur.

On the Iberian Range

KARST LAKE SEDIMENTS IMPERMEABLE

Location and Geological settings

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Introduction

 These systems are very sensitive to regional hydrological balances.  In response to climatic changes, they present large variations on water properties (water table levels, chemistry, biota, etc.)  So, climatic, environmental changes and the possible human impact are recorded in the sediments

Location and Geological settings

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Doline system near Cuenca 1000 m asl. 1 ha area 17 m depth Holomictic Inputs: Mainly groundwater and runoff water. Outputs: Irrigation wells  500 mm av. precipitation

La Parra lake

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

La Parra lake

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

La Parra lake

11 sedimentary facies (3 main Units) A) Detrital

Facies A Facies B Facies C Facies F Facies D Facies E Facies G Facies H Facies I Facies J

1) Silts 2) Sands 3) Gravels B) Laminated

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Unit III: 1st lacustrine deposits → Increase

  • f water table
  • Laminated facies changing

to coarser silts:

  • Rapid water table levels

changes;

  • Littoral and shallower

environment deposit .

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Unit II: Detrital fine facies

 Increase of fine siliciclastic inputs  Implies:

  • Higher lake levels
  • Higher local anthropogenic

impacts (erosion).

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Bottom Unit I: Coarser facies deposition

 Coarser facies at the center of the lake: Implies shallower levels and an increase on proximal detrital inputs

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra 1 1

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Medium Unit I: Fine and Laminated facies

 Higher lake levels.  Laminated facies: as trends to anoxia at lake bottom (similar pattern than nearby La Cruz lake)

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra 2 2

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Top Unit I: Dominancy of fine massive silts

 Laminated facies disappear  Relative drop of lake levels during recent times

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra 3 3

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra

Age Model

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 4 0 . 8 1 . 2 1 . 6 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 4 8 1 2 2 4 6 8

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 0 0 0

Ti Si Mn Ca Sr/Ti TIC Ca/Ti TOC

RP DA MCA LIA Several geochemical proxies used to reconstruct the history of the lake. (Detrital inputs, Organic productivity, REDOX stages) 200 1000 2000 Age (cal yr AD)

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 4 0 . 8 1 . 2 1 . 6 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 4 8 1 2 2 4 6 8

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 0 0 0

Ti Si Mn Ca Sr/Ti TIC Ca/Ti TOC

RP DA MCA LIA During the late IRHP (300-500 AD), occurs the onset of lacustrine sedimentation, with a rapid change on detrital input (Ti, Si fast rise & drop of water table around 425 AD) 200 1000 2000 Age (cal yr AD)

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Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 4 0 . 8 1 . 2 1 . 6 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 4 8 1 2 2 4 6 8

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 0 0 0

Ti Si Mn Ca Sr/Ti TIC Ca/Ti TOC

RP DA MCA LIA The DA (550-900 AD) start with high clastic inputs (Ti, Si) towards the lake and coarser facies occurs (lower lake levels), that change to fine facies (higher lake levels) 200 1000 2000 Age (cal yr AD)

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 4 0 . 8 1 . 2 1 . 6 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 4 8 1 2 2 4 6 8

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 0 0 0

Ti Si Mn Ca Sr/Ti TIC Ca/Ti TOC

RP DA MCA LIA

  • During the onset of the MCA (900 AD) Ti content is low and

coarser carbonate facies with detrital OM are deposited.

  • High values of Sr/Ti, Ca/Ti and TOC suggest a shallower

palustrine environment.

200 1000 2000 Age (cal yr AD)

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 4 0 . 8 1 . 2 1 . 6 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 4 8 1 2 2 4 6 8

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 0 0 0

Ti Si Mn Ca Sr/Ti TIC Ca/Ti TOC

RP DA MCA LIA During the LIA (1300-1850), laminated anoxic facies occur. Sr/Ti, Ca/Ti and TIC have high values around 1500 AD → Higher lake levels (similar pattern La Cruz lake). 200 1000 2000 Age (cal yr AD)

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 4 0 . 8 1 . 2 1 . 6 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 4 8 1 2 2 4 6 8

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 0 0 0

Ti Si Mn Ca Sr/Ti TIC Ca/Ti TOC

RP DA MCA LIA On recent times, detrital input proxies decrease and Ca/Ti increase slowly (as well as TOC and TIC) → Relative drop

  • f lake levels

200 1000 2000 Age (cal yr AD) R E C E N T T I M E S

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

To conclude...

  • A high short-term variability: The lake dried
  • ut 1600 yr ago and now is 17 m deep
  • Large hydrological changes rather than Tº

changes

  • RP:
  • Increase humidity at the end of the RP

(La Parra)

  • A significant latitudinal component exits:

RP wetter on the S and dryer towards the N

  • In the Iberian Range (and in the IP)
  • The LIA is a wetter stage
  • The MCA is a drier period

More studies are needed and in progress

General Conclusions Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra To do list...

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

EL TOBAR LAKE

6 long cores from two Sub-basins:

  • Holomictic: shallower (12

m depth)

  • Meromictic: funnel-shaped

(20 m) → Has a permanent saline anoxic monimolimnion

EL TEJO LAKE

It's a doline, deeper than nearby La Parra lake (28 m depth), tendency to meromixis.

  • Presents laminated

sediments, probably varves in origin,

Lake comparison

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra To do list...

Holomictic Meromictic

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

That's All!

Thanks for your attention

The study is funded by GLOBALKARST and GRACCIE CONSOLIDER-INGENIO projects (Spanish Government) Thanks to the people that attend the coring expedition and IPE technicians Core Platform at El Tejo lake. Sometimes, logistics are not so easy!

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra General Conclusions To do list... Thanks

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Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE) CSIC

References

  • 1. Barreiro-Lostres et al, “Facies sedimentarias de la laguna kárstica de La Parra (Cuenca)

durante los últimos 1600 años”. Geogaceta, in press

  • 2. CLIVAR SPAIN, “Climate in Spain: Past, present and future. Regional climatic change

assessment report”. November 2010.

  • 3. Martín-Puertas, C. et al., «Geochemical processes in a Mediterranean Lake: a high-

resolution study of the last 4,000 years in Zoñar Lake, southern Spain», Journal of Paleolimnology (September 2009)

  • 4. Moreno et al., “Flood response to rainfall variability during the last 2000 years inferred

from the Taravilla Lake record (Central Iberian Range, Spain),” Journal of Paleolimnology 40, no. 3 (April 2008): 943-961.

  • 5. García-Gil et al., “Vertical distribution of photosynthetic sulphur bacteria linked to saline

gradients in Lake El Tobar (Cuenca,Spain),” Aquatic Microbial Ecology 20 (1999): 299-303.

  • 6. Romero-Viana et al., “Climate Signal in Varve Thickness: Lake La Cruz (spain), a Case

Study,” Journal of Paleolimnology 40, no. 2 (February 2008): 703-714.

  • 7. Romero-Viana et al., “Meromixis origin and recent trophic evolution in the Spanish

mountain lake La Cruz,” AQUATIC SCIENCES 60, no. 4 (1998): 279-299.

  • 8. Romero-Viana et al., “Climate Signal in Varve Thickness: Lake La Cruz (spain), a Case

Study,” Journal of Paleolimnology 40, no. 2 (February 2008): 703-714.

  • 9. Valero-Garces et al., “The Taravilla lake and tufa deposits (Central Iberian Range, Spain)

as palaeohydrological and palaeoclimatic indicators,” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 259, no. 2-3 (2008): 136–156.

  • 10. Valero-Garcés et al., “Una visión paleolimnológica de tres lagos kársticos (Zoñar,

Estanya y Taravilla): evolución sedimentaria y paleohidrológica, clima e impacto humano e implicaciones para la gestión y conservación,” Boletín Geológico y Minero 120, no. 3 (2009): 479-496.

Introduction Location and Geological settings La Parra General Conclusions To do list... Thanks References