Chemical components of wood Cellulose beta 1-4 glucan Extractives - - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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chemical components of wood cellulose beta 1 4 glucan
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Chemical components of wood Cellulose beta 1-4 glucan Extractives - - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jan 02, 2024 23 likes •494 views

Chemical components of wood Cellulose beta 1-4 glucan Extractives - various organics Lignin - Phenol propanoid monomers Wood X-section (hardwood) Wood X-section (conifer) Distribution of water and nitrogen in wood Brown rots White rots on

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Cellulose beta 1-4 glucan Lignin - Phenol propanoid monomers Extractives - various organics Chemical components of wood

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Wood X-section (hardwood) Wood X-section (conifer)

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Distribution of water and nitrogen in wood

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Brown rots White rots

Oligoporus amarus (incense cedar only) Oligoporus sequoiae (coastal redwood only)

  • O. balsameus

(Cupressus spp.) Laetiporus sulphureus (wide host range, but esp. eucalyptus and oak) Dead trees Phaeolus schweinitzii resinous conifers Fomitopsis pinicola conifers ? Dead trees Phellinus pini (pines, Douglas-fir, & others) Echinodontium tinctorius (true fir and hemlock) Ganoderma applanatum (primarily hardwoods, Oak etc.) Armillaria mellea gr. Heterobasidion annosum Phellinus weirii Cryptoporus volvatus ( conifers) Sterum hirsutum (hardwoods) Trichaptum abietinum (conifers) Trametes versicolor (hardwoods)

  • n living trees
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Hypoxylon an Ascomycete that decays wood and colonizes endophytically

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Diagram of Hypoxylon spore germination in response to bark exudates - work by Chapella

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Echinodontium tinctorium Indian paint fungus a fungus that enters branch stubs and waits for years to cause heartrot

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Brown rots White rots

Oligoporus amarus (incense cedar only) Oligoporus sequoiae (coastal redwood only)

  • O. balsameus

(Cupressus spp.) Laetiporus sulphureus (wide host range, but esp. eucalyptus and oak) Dead trees Phaeolus schweinitzii resinous conifers Fomitopsis pinicola conifers ? Dead trees Phellinus pini (pines, Douglas-fir, & others) Echinodontium tinctorius (true fir and hemlock) Ganoderma applanatum (primarily hardwoods, Oak etc.) Armillaria mellea gr. Heterobasidion annosum Phellinus weirii Cryptoporus volvatus ( conifers) Sterum hirsutum (hardwoods) Trichaptum abietinum (conifers) Trametes versicolor (hardwoods)

  • n living trees
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The genus Phellinus (& Inonotus) has setae, and a brown hymenium

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Phellinus pini gr. red ring rot See this on the street side of Tolman Hall

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Ganoderma - showing brown spores

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Brown rots White rots

Oligoporus amarus (incense cedar only) Oligoporus sequoiae (coastal redwood only)

  • O. balsameus

(Cupressus spp.) Laetiporus sulphureus (wide host range, but esp. eucalyptus and oak) Dead trees Phaeolus schweinitzii resinous conifers Fomitopsis pinicola conifers ? Dead trees Phellinus pini (pines, Douglas-fir, & others) Echinodontium tinctorius (true fir and hemlock) Ganoderma applanatum (primarily hardwoods, Oak etc.) Armillaria mellea gr. Heterobasidion annosum Phellinus weirii Cryptoporus volvatus ( conifers) Sterum hirsutum (hardwoods) Trichaptum abietinum (conifers) Trametes versicolor (hardwoods)

  • n living trees
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Zone lines in wood cause by vegetative interactions between different genotypes of decay fungi

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Trichaptum

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Phellinus chrysoloma (P. pini gr.)

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Cryptoporus volvatus

The golf-ball fungus

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Brown rots White rots

Oligoporus amarus (incense cedar only) Oligoporus sequoiae (coastal redwood only)

  • O. balsameus

(Cupressus spp.) Laetiporus sulphureus (wide host range, but esp. eucalyptus and oak) Dead trees Phaeolus schweinitzii resinous conifers Fomitopsis pinicola conifers ? Dead trees Phellinus pini (pines, Douglas-fir, & others) Echinodontium tinctorius (true fir and hemlock) Ganoderma applanatum (primarily hardwoods, Oak etc.) Armillaria mellea gr. Heterobasidion annosum Phellinus weirii Cryptoporus volvatus ( conifers) Sterum hirsutum (hardwoods) Trichaptum abietinum (conifers) Trametes versicolor (hardwoods)

  • n living trees
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edge of root disease center note progressively thinner crowns and shorter heights

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Lion’s tailing A crown symptom caused by lack

  • f expansion of

shoot and lower needle retention

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Heterobasidion annosum P-strain in action at Yosemite village Tree failure, a symptom

  • f root decay
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Heterobasidion annosum P strain conks inside stumps button conks under bark stringy decay of roots

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Heterobasidion center in Yosemite Valley image from Rizzo

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Heterobasidion site Yosemite valley image from Rizzo

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image from Rizzo

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Heterobasidum parviporum (S-strain) behavior in fir (Abies)

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Heterobasidion parviporum S strain on fir (Abies) stump

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Armillaria Complex of "biological species" mating group Species Pathogenicity / Virulence distr. NABS I

  • A. ostoyae

major major pathogen pathogen on conifers, also attacks hardwoods, large clones NA, Eur. NABS NABS VI VI

  • A. mellea

major major pathogen pathogen on hardwoods particularly ornamentals, also attacks conifers NA, Eur NABS NABS VII VII A. gallica (bulbosa) weak pathogen, but may act as a secondary invader of stressed trees, common in suppressed over mature hardwoods, very large clones NA, Eur.

  • A. borealis

moderate pathogen, common butt rot

  • f conifers in northern Europe

Eur

  • A. cepistipes

similar to A.gallica in morphology and behavior, associated with butt rot of conifers in Finland NA, Eur NABS II

  • A. gemina

apparently weak pathogen NA NABS III A. calvenscens Observed as a hardwood pathogen in the NE NA NABS V

  • A. sinapina

Weak pathogen acts like A.gallica , haploids may be more virulent NA NABS NABS IX IX

  • A. nabsnona

Weak pathogen acts like A.gallica , haploids may be more virulent NA NABS X unnamed NA NABS XI unnamed NA

bold species are known from California

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Armillaria mycelial fan under bark Armillaria rhizomorphs Aerial view of A ostoyea centers

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Armillaria mushrooms

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Phellinus weirii aerial view

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Phellinus weirii causing a butt rot in Douglas-fir note resinosus

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Phellinus weirii laminar rot pattern and resupinate fruit body Phellinus weirii furry looking setae

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Phaeolus schweinitzii brown cubic butt-rot

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Inonotus triqueter X-section of fruitbody upper surface Lower surface (tubes)

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Blackstain (Leptographium wageneri var ponderosae) in ponderosa pine

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  • L. wageneri var. ponderosae
  • L. wageneri var. wageneri
  • L. wageneri var. pseudotsugae

meadow boarder on Mt. Tam Mesa Verde Blodgett Forest

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Blackstain: cross-section of Douglas fir On smaller root

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Leptographium Mitotic spore state distribution

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Bluestain fungi Ophiostoma, Ceratocystis and others

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Ceratocystis Ophiostoma Perithecia Black Black or white Anamorphs (asexual states) Chalara Phialographium,Leptographium , Trichosporium , & other non-phialidic anamorphs Cell Walls Cellulose -. Rhamnose - Cellulose +. Rhamnose + Sensitivity to Cyclo-hexamide +

  • Bluestain fungi
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Little Leaf disease on short leaf pine Increment cores showing reduced growth (right) Phytophthora-like zoosporangium