Chapter 3 - Cognition Types of human memory Short term memory and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Chapter 3 - Cognition Types of human memory Short term memory and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Dec 28, 2023 373 likes •712 views

Chapter 3 - Cognition Types of human memory Short term memory and cognitive processes Long term memory Learning Unlearning Attention Cognitive load Working memory load Multitasking Measurement of

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SLIDE 1
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Chapter 3 - Cognition

  • Types of human memory

–Short term memory and cognitive processes –Long term memory

  • Learning
  • Unlearning
  • Attention
  • Cognitive load

–Working memory load –Multitasking –Measurement of cognitive load

  • Decision making and time

1 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

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SLIDE 2
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Recap: Basic Model

2 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

Sensory Organs

(Eye, ear, etc.)

Stimuli Sensory Registers

(visual, auditive, haptic, etc.)

Pattern Recognition Long Term Memory (LTM)

declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge

Short Term Memory (STM) = Working Memory

controlled cognitive processes (e.g. decisions, memory search)

Motor Systems

(e.g. coordination of arm-hand-finger systems, eye movements, etc.)

Attention

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SLIDE 3
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

LTM

Short Term Memory: Recognize-Act Cycle

3 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y

B

Visual Register STM

B B B B B

recognize act Duration: approx. 30-100ms

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SLIDE 4
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Limitations of Short Term Memory

4 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

123 * 456 = ? Once Upon a Time…

http://autoimg.frauenzimmer.de/autoimg/457508/300x600/sie-lesen-gerne-dann-sind-sie-bei-frauenzimmer-de-genau-richtig.jpg

Source: http://autoimg.frauenzimmer.de/

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SLIDE 5
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Chunks in Short Term Memory

  • Capacity (in general): approx. 3 (2 to 4) chunks

–for very short durations (2s) up to 7 (5 to 9) chunks

5 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

S O Dash Dot SOS

01000010 = 42 = B

Binary Hex ASCII

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SLIDE 6
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Long Term Memory

  • Declarative knowledge
  • Procedural knowledge

–motor knowledge vs. cognitive knowledge

6 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

Penguin Canary Bird Animal Fish

http://hans-thiem-platz.de/Mathe/gifs/div3.gif

https://d18sbuqo31l788.cloudfront.net/image_pool_items/files/original/7050/3a66cece1d86566101c2fff97c73034fd8977f52/7050.png?1353930541

http://www.jonglieren.at/

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SLIDE 7
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Recognition vs. Recall

  • Of what brand is your bike?

–Answer has to be produced –Example: grep “recall“ chapter??.tex

  • Is your bike of brand XYZ?

–Yes/no decision only

7 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

http://www.graphicsfuel.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/20-social-media-icons.png

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SLIDE 8
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Chapter 3 - Cognition

  • Types of human memory

–Short term memory and cognitive processes –Long term memory

  • Learning
  • Unlearning
  • Attention
  • Cognitive load

–Working memory load –Multitasking –Measurement of cognitive load

  • Decision making and time

8 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

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SLIDE 9
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Evaluation of Learning Methods

  • Control group: learns without method (trial & error)
  • Transfer group: learns with new method (e.g. course)
  • Measuring the time until a certain achievement is reached

9 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

Transfer group is learning Transfer group is applying (doing) Control group learns by doing

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SLIDE 10
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Learning by Examples

  • Instructables
  • YouTube
  • Tutorials for lecture

10 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

http://www.instructables.com/id/SnickerPoodles/?ALLSTEPS

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SLIDE 11
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Practical Exercise (Learning by Doing)

11 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

http://reddoors.org/community-center-ocean-city-md-programs/private-ballet-and-pointe-lesson-one-hour/ http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/BeijingInfo/NewsUpdate/OlympicNews/t1047380.htm

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SLIDE 12
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Training of Sub-Tasks

  • (Steering + Balance) + Pedaling = Cycling

12 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

https://images.otto.de/asset/mmo/formatz/kettler-spirit-air-laufrad-rot-6127942.jpg https://images.otto.de/is/image/mmo/4677310?$ov_formatg2$

https://images.otto.de/is/image/mmo/10443623?$001PICT01$ https://images.otto.de/is/image/mmo/10444993?$001PICT01$

http://de.fotolia.com/id/53617865

+ + = =

https://images.otto.de/is/image/mmo/10443623?$001PICT01$
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SLIDE 13
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Chapter 3 - Cognition

  • Types of human memory

–Short term memory and cognitive processes –Long term memory

  • Learning
  • Unlearning
  • Attention
  • Cognitive load

–Working memory load –Multitasking –Measurement of cognitive load

  • Decision making and time

13 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

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SLIDE 14
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Trace Decay Theory

  • Based on work by psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus
  • Experiment: Rehearsing non-sense syllables

–Memory fades just by passage of time –Theory (Thorndike 1914): Memory trace (access path) decays

  • More recent insights:

–Not only time is relevant but also knowledge activation –When and how often the knowledge was accessed?

  • Rarely used knowledge fades over time

14 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

http://sz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de/upl/images/user/252434/27452.jpg

http://www.dreamon.at/wp-content/themes/ut-gogreen/img/slider/spuren-im-sand.jpg

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SLIDE 15
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Interference Theory

  • New knowledge replaces old knowledge
  • Example: Moving house, street names
  • Example: Changing school, names of other pupils
  • Example: Unused foreign language
  • other examples??

15 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

http://localvictor.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/push1.jpg?w=600

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SLIDE 16
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Factors Slowing Down the Forgetting Process

  • Strong emotions:

–Associated knowledge is kept longer
 in memory

  • Context:

–Learning and recall within the
 same context (e.g. room)

16 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

http://www.stressfrei-zum-erfolg.de/media/images/stressfrei-zum-erfolg-01.jpg

http://www.abu-dhabi.diplo.de/contentblob/1981068/Galeriebild_gross/205940/maedchen_lernen.jpg

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SLIDE 17
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Chapter 3 - Cognition

  • Types of human memory

–Short term memory and cognitive processes –Long term memory

  • Learning
  • Unlearning
  • Attention
  • Cognitive load

–Working memory load –Multitasking –Measurement of cognitive load

  • Decision making and time

17 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

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SLIDE 18
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Selective Attention

18 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mg11glsBW4Y

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SLIDE 19
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Cocktail Party Effect

  • Selective hearing
  • Organized conversation in

presence of many different voices

  • Irrelevant voices attenuated

by up to 15dB

–only perceived volume –not physically!

  • Function of the human brain,

currently not realizable by technology

19 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

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SLIDE 20
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Focussed Attention

20 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

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SLIDE 21
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Shared Attention

21 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

http://static.a-z.ch/__ip/ZAS8Ioh-act0NRMFDCfeQoHT9QQ/eb5bedd494c6c14890786b9b687436a564dc3f82/assetRelationTeaser-detail/limmattal/zuerich/1200-personen-in-fuenf-wochen-wegen-ablenkung-am-steuer-gebuesst-115639346

http://ais.badische-zeitung.de/piece/00/3f/3b/42/4143938.jpg

https://www.allianz.de/static-resources/ratgeber/auto/medien/v_1355996131000/ablenkung_818x460.jpg

http://img.welt.de/img/news/crop111875297/030872660-ci3x2l-w620/Hektik-hilft-nicht.jpg

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SLIDE 22
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

22 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ahg6qcgoay4

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SLIDE 23
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Change Blindness

23 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubNF9QNEQLA

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SLIDE 24
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Chapter 3 - Cognition

  • Types of human memory

–Short term memory and cognitive processes –Long term memory

  • Learning
  • Unlearning
  • Attention
  • Cognitive load

–Working memory load –Multitasking –Measurement of cognitive load

  • Decision making and time

24 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

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SLIDE 25
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Working Memory Load / 
 Cognitive Load in Learning

  • created by form and design of

presentation

  • created by the task itself
  • necessary for finding and

automatization of new schemata

25 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

Germane Load
 (Learning Load) Intrinsic Load Extraneous Load

Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) by John Sweller and Paul Chandler

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SLIDE 26
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Cognitive Load in Multitasking

26 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 1 Task 2 Task 3

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SLIDE 27
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Performance Resource Function

27 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

Performance

Resources 2 3 1 Simple Task Hard Task

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SLIDE 28
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Measurement of Cognitive Load

28 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

Primary task Secondary
 task Primary task Secondary task Primary Task Secondary measured

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SLIDE 29
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Chapter 3 - Cognition

  • Types of human memory

–Short term memory and cognitive processes –Long term memory

  • Learning
  • Unlearning
  • Attention
  • Cognitive load

–Working memory load –Multitasking –Measurement of cognitive load

  • Decision making and time

29 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

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SLIDE 30
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Hick-Hyman Law

30 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

DT N

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SLIDE 31
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Example for Hick-Hyman Law (or not?)

31 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger http://www.hier-luebeck.de/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/StartMenueWindows7.jpg

http://www.photosophic.com/iphone_screen

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SLIDE 32
  • H. Hussmann (LMU): Interface Design, Chapter 7

Hick’s Law, explained for a different audience

32 Slide Based on Material by A. Butz & A. Krüger

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0hJveJ8Hp0