Cartographic Basics Why This Workshop? Learn a few key cartographic - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Cartographic Basics Why This Workshop? Learn a few key cartographic - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Apr 19, 2023 114 likes •459 views

Data Presentation in GIS Cartographic Basics Why This Workshop? Learn a few key cartographic principles Many professionals using GIS dont have background in cartography, color or design Learn how to share those principles Help

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SLIDE 1

Data Presentation in GIS Cartographic Basics

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SLIDE 2

Why This Workshop?

  • Learn a few key cartographic principles

– Many professionals using GIS don’t have background in cartography, color or design

  • Learn how to share those principles

– Help others create clear maps

WHY cartography is important…

Help others to see/understand the results of your efforts

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SLIDE 3

Your audience is going to expect more & know less

GOAL Present Information in a Clear & Useful Map

Manipulating Graphic Properties

  • f Map Elements

– Carefully & accurately represent information – Create visual hierarchy – Maintain clarity and legibility

Projects GIS Dept. Enterprise Societal

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SLIDE 4

The Communication Channel

REALITY

Data collection & compilation Selection Recognition Classification Simplification Symbolization and Map Creation

CARTOGRAPHER MENTAL IMAGE OF “REALITY”

Read Analyze Interpret

MAP USER

?

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SLIDE 5

Investigation/Preparation

  • Identify Map User

– Display medium (paper or digital)? – Available time & proximity to map? – Users expected understanding of map data? – In or out of peer group?

  • Determine Map Focus/Extent

– What information is being presented? – Layers needed to present a complete picture? – Extent of important layers?

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SLIDE 6
  • Hardcopy?
  • Data Scale vs. Output Size

How big can you print? CAN you show what you want?

  • Paper Types
  • Plotter restrictions
  • Digital / On-line
  • Resolution/size of screen
  • How much data can be seen

Think of end result before you begin

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SLIDE 7

Considerations

  • Determine Data:

– Selection – Classification – Simplification – Symbolization

  • Determine Map Type:

– General or “Reference” Map – Thematic Map

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SLIDE 8

General Maps

  • Locational
  • Positional
  • Display a Variety of Features

for a Variety of Users

– More information than any single user needs

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SLIDE 9

Thematic Maps

  • Display the Structure of

Distribution

– Qualitative - Soil type

  • Display Specific Attributes or

Relationships

– Quantitative - Soil Depth

Type A Type K Type C2 Type C Type E Over 8” Under 1” 3-5” 1-3” 5-8”

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SLIDE 10

Do you have all of these????

  • Scale Bar/Ratio
  • Data Sources
  • Classification

Methodology

  • North Arrow
  • Map View
  • Print Date
  • Data Date
  • Neatline
  • Legend
  • Logo
  • Location of “Plot file”
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SLIDE 11

Cartographic Components

Clarity & Legibility

  • Visual Contrast
  • Visual Balance

Manipulate graphic elements

  • Color
  • Text Selection
  • Symbol Selection

text

Text

?

TEXT TEXT

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SLIDE 12

Visual Contrast

  • Basis for Seeing

– Aids differentiation – Creates hierarchy

  • Creating Contrast

– Color – Value – Size – Shape – Texture

Bridgerton Riverdale Gotham Holbein

Bridgerton Riverdale

GOTHAM

Holbein

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SLIDE 13

Visual Contrast: Examples

  • Size
  • Value
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SLIDE 14

Creating Visual Hierarchy

Use line weight, shading, & text to create depth.

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SLIDE 15

Color

  • Hue (H) - What We Mean by “Color”

–Qualitative Symbols

Polychromatic

–Quantitative Symbols

Monochromatic/Dichromatic

  • Value (V) - “Light and Dark”

–Quantitative Symbols

  • Saturation (S) - Intensity of a Hue

–Least controllable –Larger areas appear more intense

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SLIDE 16

Color

  • Clarify and Delineate Features
  • More Details & Design Possibilities
  • More Visual Interest
  • Clarify Facts

Type A Type K Type C2 Type C Type E Over 8” Under 1” 3-5” 1-3” 5-8”

Qualitative

(Polychromatic)

Quantitative

(Monochromatic / Dichromatic)

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SLIDE 17

Color models

  • Different models for different uses
  • RGB (Red-Blue-Green)

–CRT display LIGHT

  • CMYK (Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black)

–Printing/Plotting PIGMENT

  • HSV (Hue-Saturation-Value)

–Primary Colors INTUITIVE –ArcView‟s color model

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SLIDE 18

HSV: ArcView‟s Color Model

Hue - What we mean by „color‟ Saturation - How much „color‟ Value - Light & dark of „color‟

All the colors of the rainbow

0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Adding color/pigment . . . . . . . . . . Adding black

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SLIDE 19

Manipulating HSV

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SLIDE 20

Using HSV for effect

  • Manipulate HSV to create colors that go well together

–Select the same color for polygon fill & outline –Open ArcView‟s “Custom” color editor and drop the “Value” of the outline, or turn it off together –Create more contrast between line & polygon features

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SLIDE 21

Perception of Graphics

  • Eye Limitation

– 12 colors – 7 Shades of the same color

  • Texture vibration
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SLIDE 22

Creating dynamic ramps Use the CTRL button to create complex ramps

  • Complex graduated

color ramps

Digital Elevation Model 94.738 - 243.516 243.516 - 392.294 392.294 - 541.071 541.071 - 689.849 689.849 - 838.626 838.626 - 987.404 987.404 - 1136.182 1136.182 - 1284.959 1284.959 - 1433.737 1433.737 - 1582.515 1582.515 - 1731.292 1731.292 - 1880.07 1880.07 - 2028.847 2028.847 - 2177.625 2177.625 - 2326.403 2326.403 - 2475.18 2475.18 - 2623.958 2623.958 - 2772.736 2772.736 - 2921.513 2921.513 - 3070.291

+

  • Graduated unique

in one ramp

Open Areas Natural Open Space Public Facilities & Open Space Parks - Public Parks - Other Recreation Agriculture Residential - Rural & Residential Residential - Semi- Rural Residential - Estate Residential - Hillside Residential - Low Density Residential - Medium Density Residential - Medium-High Density Residential - High Density Mixed Use - Residential Emphasis Commercial - Business & Office Commercial - Service Commercial Center Commercial - Automotive Park Industry - General Industry - Business Park Industry - Light Office - Low Rise Office - Mid Rise Mixed Use - Office Emphasis Residential Commercial Industrial Office Bldgs

City of Riverside - LandUse

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SLIDE 23

Labels

  • Presence or absence of a label

assigns importance

– “Riverdale” is unimportant, therefore it bares no label

Bridgerton Riverdale Gotham Holbein Bridgerton Holbein

GOTHAM

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SLIDE 24

Text Selection

  • Qualitative

– Vary: color-H > style > font

  • Quantitative

– Vary: CASE > size > font > color-H > color-H

  • Be Aware of Text Color vs Background Color
  • Limit Text to Three Fonts

– Use style, CASE, color-H and color-H

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SLIDE 25

Label Placement

  • Help User Read Faster and Easier

– Consistent Placement – Resolve Ambiguity

Combine with symbol selection to complete differentiation

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SLIDE 26

Point Symbol

  • Geometric symbols

– Quantitative – Qualitative

  • Icons

– Quantitative – Qualitative

  • Symbols

– “Picture” images – Qualitative

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SLIDE 27

Line Symbols

Value Size Value w/Direction Size w/Direction Hue Shape Hue w/Direction Quantitative Qualitative

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SLIDE 28
  • Display Qualitative Classes

–TEXT Color-H Style Font –POINT Color-H Marker Size Label –LINE Color-H Marker Size Label –AREA Color-H Fill/Outline Label

  • Display Quantitative Classes

–TEXT Case Size Font Color-V –POINT Size Color-V Label Marker –LINE Size Color-V Label Marker –AREA Color-V Fill/Outline Label Note: Limit # of Text Fonts to Three Text Color vs. Background Color

Symbol & Text Selection

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SLIDE 29

Simplify, align & group

Open Areas Natural Open Space Public Facilities & Open Space Parks - Public Parks - Other Recreation Agriculture Residential - Rural & Residential Residential - Semi- Rural Residential - Estate Residential - Hillside Residential - Low Density Residential - Medium Density Residential - Medium-High Density Residential - High Density Mixed Use - Residential Emphasis Commercial - Business & Office Commercial - Service Commercial Center Commercial - Automotive Park Industry - General Industry - Business Park Industry - Light Office - Low Rise Office - Mid Rise Mixed Use - Office Emphasis Residential Commercial Industrial Office Bldgs

City of Riverside - LandUse

  • Example: creating a complex

legend

– “Grouping” graphic elements – “Align” individual & grouped elements

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SLIDE 30

Direction Speed / Volume

Legend ideas

  • Study maps for

Legend ideas

– Be creative be careful! – Simplify - Edit Predefined Legends – Create adjacent color bar with dropped values

Hillshade legends 12 Million 20 Million 8 Million 6 Million POPULATION

Hillshade Scale

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SLIDE 31

FINALLY . . .

  • Does the end product actually fit the need?
  • Enduser understand scale bar or ratio scale?
  • Map date and data date clearly stated?
  • Data source, projection, quality & quality issues

stated clearly?

  • Sacrifice clarity for beauty?
  • Include classification methods?
  • Disclaimer?
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SLIDE 32

Jonathon Corbridge

jcorbridge@esri.com

Online Resources @ ESRI

  • Resources.esri.com
  • Mappingcenter.esri.com
  • Store.esri.com
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SLIDE 33

Jonathon Corbridge

jcorbridge@esri.com

BOOKS! ESRI:

Designing Better Maps: A Guide for GIS Users Designed Maps: A Sourcebook for GIS Users

AMAZON:

How to Lie with Maps Colour Basics for GIS Users BUY A COLOR WHEEL!