by TDSC-IIT Bombay of Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan in Palghar District 10 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Third Party Evaluation and Impact Assessment by TDSC-IIT Bombay

• f Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan in Palghar District

10 Oct 2016

Contents

• Key Objectives of JSA
• Methodology as per GR
• Assessment process
• Assessment results (tabulation, Ok - Not Ok)
• Observations and broad issues
• New Methodology
• Good and bad practices

Key Objectives of JSA

• Harvest maximum rainwater within village

boundary

• Increase groundwater level
• Increase area under irrigation
• Guarantee reliable and sufficient drinking water for

all – rejuvenate dead WSS in rural areas

• Implement Groundwater Act
• Create decentralized water storages, repair old

structures, remove silt

• IEC on afforestation, water budgets, efficient water

use

Methodology as per GR

• Selection of villages at taluka level based on - DW scarcity,

drought-affected, GW over-exploited

• Preparation of base-line survey and village plan

– Determining water balance and matching demand-supply

• rainfall within village boundary
• runoff generated
• water impounded within village - supply
• water requirement - a) Drinking b) Crop water - demand

– Compute surplus/deficit and accordingly plan new structures – Technical and administrative approval

• This plan has to be approved in Gram Sabha and needs to

be prepared by coordinated effort from all concerned departments

• Integration at taluka and district levels

Role of TDSC – IIT Bombay

• Technical Evaluation, Social impact Assessment, Process

improvement suggestions

• List A

– All 50 villages in Phase 1 – Measurements and Engineering Assessment, Location, Photographs, Rapid assessment of JSA village plan, GIS map

• List B

– Detailed study and evaluation of all stages of JSA of selected villages

• Deliverables

– Technical evaluation report for List A – Detailed overall planning process evaluation – Success indicators, replicable assessment methodology – Impact assessment report, recommendations – Support for tools for Monitoring, GIS, data sharing

Assessment process

• Review of village plans, collection of intervention data and

analysis

• GIS preparation
• Department-wise assessment

– Designing intervention-wise methodology – Interaction with concerned officials and scheduling of visits – Build and use of ODK for field survey / notes – Intervention-wise village-wise field assessment – Preparation of assessment report

• Field-work calendar and Report (Village level and Taluka

level )

– Part I (East wing) ( February-May 2016, May 25, 2016) – Part II (West wing) (March-August 2016, August 14, 2016)

Sample Methodology

Structure Parameters CNB Constructed base leakage, side leakage, blasting, anchoring, reinforced or not, main structure condition, side wall condition, siltation, deterioration, utilization, wells nearby Under Construction Reinforced or not, cover OK or not, blasting, vibration, anchoring, downstream slope, shuttering quality, utilization, wells nearby Repair Work repair method, leakage base, leakage sides, blasting, anchoring, reinforced, main structure condition, side wall condition, siltation, deterioration, utilization, wells nearby Ponds Side wall condition, siltation, soil discarded, utilization, nearby wells

Monitoring Progress

Summary – Palghar district

Department Proposed in 2015-16 Completed works till May 2016 Assessed

Unit Rs.(lakh) Unit Rs.(lakh) Unit

• Rs. (lakh)

Agriculture

1202 2888.61 534 665.99 492 593.43

Forest department

526 766.33 467 446.61 393 421.19

Minor Irrigation (ZP)

85 1042.61 45 566.06 34 335.47

Minor Irrigation (WC)

12 436.23 5 60.00 8 247.50

GSDA

7 30.10 7 20.98 3 11.98

Rural Water Supply

46 255.29 0.00 0.00

Social Forest

25 58.31 0.00 0.00

Wildlife - Thane

3 67.47 0.00 0.00

Total 1906 5544.95 1058 1759.64 930 1609.57

Palghar district - Fund Allotment

2888.61 766.33 1042.61 436.23 30.10 255.29 58.31 67.47

Agriculture Forest department Minor Irrigation (ZP) Minor Irrigation (WC) GSDA Rural Water Supply Social Forest Wildlife - Thane

Palghar district - Assessment Summary

593.43 421.19 335.47 247.50 11.98 0.00 0.00 0.00

Agriculture Forest department Minor Irrigation (ZP) Minor Irrigation (WC) GSDA Rural Water Supply Social Forest Wildlife - Thane

Snapshot of village level assessment data (sample village: Nyahale khurd, Jawhar taluka)

Snapshot of taluka level assessment data (sample taluka – Jawhar)

Overall Results – department-wise count of Not OK works

Work Agriculture Forest MI ZP Total CNB repair 1 1 ENB 1/1 2 LBS 1 2 3 Horticulture 1 1 Pukka Bund 1 1/1 3 Pukka Bund repair 1/1 2 Forest Bund desilting 3 3 Forest Pond 1 1 Farm Pond 9/1 10 CCT 1 1 CCT Deepening 6 6 Total 15 14 4 33 % of Total assessed works 3% 3.5% 11.5% 3.5%

West wing – RED, East wing - GREEN

Audit Survey Inefficiencies

• Scheduling - unavailability of different

department officials at the same time

– led to multiple visits to the same village – inability to interview villagers -big picture was unclear

• Unavailability of estimates at the time of

actual survey

• Inability to assess impact of interventions built

after monsoon as they had no water

Observations - List A (Good practices)

• Documentation of works by Krushi Sahayak was exemplary in

Dolhara, Mokhada

• LBS in Dolhara was praiseworthy
• All assessed structures in Vasai taluka were good, none were

faulty, especially farm ponds were effective (farmers invested in plastic sheets)

• Terracing was effective in Mokhada, Jawhar and Vikramgad

talukas, with few exceptions

• Fruit tree plantation was effective in Chas, Kiniste, Nilmati

villages of Mokhada

• SSB can be effective for recharging of DW well but needs to be

carefully designed to avoid water logging – Khoch, Mokhada

• CNBs adjoining DW well can be effective in retaining water in

the well – Beriste MI (ZP) bund

Observations - List A (Bad practices)

• Improper site selection

– Farm pond in shallow hard rock area – Galtare, Wada – Terracing on slopes with less soil thickness – Malghar, Jawhar – Deep CCT on flat lands – Dolharpada, Talasari – Desilting activity in bund without gates – Ujjaini, Wada – Farm pond on sloping land – Raitale, Jawhar – CNB on steep slopes – Beriste, Mokhada

• Quality of work

– CNB repair works were found low quality in many cases – No disposal of silt in case of ponds and CNBs – some cases in Jawhar and Mokhada – Big boulders in new CNB - Raitale, Jawhar

• Low involvement of villagers while preparing village plans

Broad issues

• Major problem areas in Palghar district
• 1. Drinking water scarcity
• 2. Very less area under irrigation
• 3. Reducing forest cover
• 4. Increased migration
• At village or habitation level, these problems need to be

tackled in integrated and coordinated manner

• JYS is certainly a positive step towards tackling these issues,

but it needs to go a long way to realise the benefits

Broad issues - from List B

• Need to focus on drinking water issue
• RWS works like well repair, deepening, water supply scheme repair, source-

strengthening works etc. are absent

• GSDA works like SSBs are very less inspite of their effectiveness
• Habitation level drinking water issues missed
• Selection of villages needs to be done more carefully
• Villages need to be prioritized based on problem areas, i) drinking water scarcity, ii)

less area under irrigation, iii) forest cover, iv) demand for labour work

• Purpose of interventions not clear in many cases
• CNBs should be constructed with definite purpose (DW or Agriculture)
• List of beneficiaries in case of works for increasing irrigated area should be maintained
• Works like LBS, CCT, ENBs should be done upstream of CNBs (ridge to valley)
• Lack of coordination between departments
• RWS unaware of JSA objectives and its role, role of Gram Sewak is important
• Forest department budget not proportional to forest area in selected JSA villages
• Different departments, different hierarchies
• Public awareness missing
• JSA plans not approved in Gram Sabha in many villages
• Demand for terracing, well repair unmet due to lack of consultation
• Heavy use of JCB in spite of large demand for labour work under MGNREGA

Short term suggestions

• RWS and GSDA budgets should be increased
• Habitation level drinking water survey
• i) Number of dry months of primary well, ii) distance to wells in dry season, iii) PWS

status

• Meeting to be held in each habitation for demand of DW related works like well

repair, PWS repair, new PWS etc.

• Above activities can be carried out by Gram Sewak and reported to RWS or BDO

This will help in tackling drinking water scarcity

• Forest cover data per village should be considered while selecting

villages

• Involvement of Forest Guard during preparation of JSA plan for villages with

significant forest cover

This will help in increasing stream flows, reducing soil erosion

• List of beneficiaries and purpose to be maintained while planning
• Drinking water / increasing area under irrigation / reducing soil erosion / creating

employment under NREGA

This will help in targeting beneficiaries correctly

• All earth work should be done under MGNREGA
• Rozgar Sewak should be consulted for demand of work

This will help in creating employment and reducing migration

• Subsidies for plastic sheets in farm ponds is essential

Continuous monitoring

• f major structures is essential

Another suggestion

Big boulders in ongoing CNB in Raitale (Jawhar)

Medium-long term suggestions

• Use of various maps (soil, slope, land-use) and GIS for

planning

• Marking forest area, irrigated area, rainfed area in the village
• Dividing village into different zones according to soil thickness

and slope

• Improving water balance estimation
• Monitoring one well per habitation at frequent intervals
• Rough estimate for groundwater balance
• Deciding target area to be brought under irrigation and

computing water requirement before planning interventions This will help in making planning process more robust

Revenue map overlayed on Google Earth and all drinking water sources, streams and interventions marked

Raitale (Jawhar taluka) – GIS

Geo-Reference Base Map

Revised Methodology for future work

• Assessment will be done village-wise i.e. multiple visits to same

village will be avoided. Schedule will be provided to nodal

• fficer
• Separate schedule will be prepared for visits to all ongoing CNBs
• Estimates for all works will be obtained in advance
• JSA plans will be studied and analyzed
• Krushi Sahayak, Gram Sevak, Rozgar Sevak and Forest Guard

should be present for the assessment and should be able to point all the interventions on the revenue map.

• A preliminary meeting will be held in each habitation of

selected village

• Atleast one farmer / villager and beneficiaries (wherever

applicable) will be assisting during audit survey Separate document for detailed methodology will be provided

CCT / DCT (Good example)

Forest pond in Kharshet (Good example)

Forest pond – KHARSHET (PALGHAR)

CNB adjoining to drinking water well Beriste (Good example)

CCT / DCT on flat land (Bad practice)

CCT Deepening( Dolharpada-Forest) CCT was done in a flat area, where its purpose is wasted. Reason provided for doing so was that the mud excavated will be used for nursery's plantation

Inappropriate site selection

Farm Pond incorrect site selection

(in hard rock)

Galtare farm pond gat no 220: soil eroded from the wall, hard strata

CNB (Ganjad- Dahanu )

The hole was later patched by the department Concrete has come out and reinforcement is visible

Thank you

Water and Development

Finally Milind Sohoni

www.cse.iitb.ac.in/∼sohoni email: sohoni@cse.iitb.ac.in

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The basic movement of water

source: USGS.

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The basic stocks and flows

Atmospheric Water Sub−surface Water Groundwater Surface Water Ocean−water

Runoff Baseflow Recharge Extraction Precipitation Transpiration Evapo−

Air Moisture: Clouds end in the Troposphere (about 35,000 ft). Surface: Rivers, streams and

• glaciers. Man-made

reservoirs.

◮ Subsurface: Soil Moisture.

Groundwater: under the water table.

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Measuring Stream-flows

For larger streams Use a stick-mounted flow-meter. Select a stream cross-section. Follow a schedule

• f measurements

at various depths and points on the cross-section. Use formula to compute flow.

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Deficit

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The regional water system

Attributes of Water Users: households for domestic consumption, farmers for agriculture, industries as a raw material for their processes. By nature: geographic resource, utilization depends on regional, scientific and technological issues. Quality and Quantity. Two largely scientific attributes of water. Source, Transmission and Destination. Devices of extraction, transmission and delivery to points of use. Treatment

• f “used” water and preparing it for discharge.

Demand and Supply. Socio-economic attributes of actual quantity and quality of water demanded, Seasonality, economic and technical efficiency of use, regulations on pollution. The supply side: ownership of resources, planning and regulation.

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A Region as an example

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Details

Dimbhe: Pune district, nestled between two high ridges on its north as well as the south. Dimbhe reservoir covers an area of 17 sq. km. Capacity of 350 million cubic meters (MCM). Catchment of 400 sq. km., and includes the Bhimashankar temple area and sanctuary. 50 tribal hamlets with a population of about 30,000. The river, called Ghod, flows out of the reservoir and makes its way to join Bhima river. The towns of Ghodegaon (pop. 8000) and Manchar (pop. 15000) lie on this river. 10 thousand hectares of irrigated lands and an equal area of partially irrigated or rain-fed lands. Crops include Sugarcane, Maize, Rice, Grapes and other horticultural crops.

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Close-up

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Downnstream System

Close-up of the reservoir, the dam and the gates discharging water. Left-bank canal and the spur of its its bifurcation into a right-bank canal, which actually crosses the river. Most of the farmers who irrigate their lands do it by lift irrigation schemes from KT weirs. A substantial component of the ground-water is recharged by the reservoir and the river and canal flows. Some farmers are indirect beneficiaries of the irrigation project.

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Downstream

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Ghodegaon

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Discharge and KT Weir

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Salient Features

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Budget

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Systems

The Irrigation System. State agency which maintains the dam, reservoir and KT weirs. It operates the gates and the canals so that water is made available to the agriculture and the domestic system periodically. Fees from farmers and from domestic users. The Agricultural System. Private farmers need for water. Lift irrigation systems which are collectively owned and maintained. Partially irrigated and rain-fed farms. Crop-water demand, source and application of water. Energy costs for lift irrigation, extraction from wells and bore-wells. Key variable:soil moisture. The Domestic Use system. Rural and urban consumer.Key assets:engineering at the source, the transmission, the distribution and discharge. Key variables

◮ (i) ownership of the system, (ii) the level of service, (iii)

financial and technical viability (iv) fees and cess paid to the irrigation system, (v) fees collected from users.

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The Physical System

This is largely the water in the system which must flow according to physical laws and which must transit from one state to another and

• ne location to another. This may be subdivided into four categories
• f scientific data.

1

• Laws. Three primary equations, viz., (i) surface water flow, (ii)

ground-water flow, and (iii) conservation of mass.

2

• Models. Several empirical systems such as infiltration,

precipitation, absorption of water by plants, evapo-transpiration and so on.

3

• Parameters. Several natural physical parameters, e.g., the lay
• f the land, conductivity of soils and other soil parameters,

climatic data.

4

Parameters and boundary conditions. Parameters forced by the human systems. This includes location of wells and their extraction, crop water demand and its location, specification of engineered assets such as canals and channels and so on.

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The System

Community Surface Water Infrastructure Irrigation Wells Ground−Water AtmosphericW Agri−market Farmers Fields

Figure: The Ghodegaon Cycle

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Tables

A pictorial representation of the system is shown in Fig. 1.The boxes show two different types of entities: various scientific entities which are used in the laws and models of the physical system, and various interacting social associations/structures, as given in the table below: Agent/Structure Type Irrigation State Farmers Civil Society Community Community Agri-market Market Infrastructure, Wells, Fields Asset Surface water, Ground-water, Atmospheric water Stocks

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Objectives

Multiple inter-linked systems-irrigation, agriculture, drinking water, down-stream systems. The Planning Approach Supply ⇔ Allocation ⇔ Demand Principles sustainability, efficiency and equity choice of crops, a choice of irrigation techniques, tariffs so that the irrgation system is paid for and yet the farmer finds a market for his/her crops. surface and groundwater do not get polluted adequate water for domestic use and also for people downstream

• f Ghodegaon.

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The Design Cycle

Development Bio-physical Designs and Outcomes ⇒ Outcomes ⇒ Plans Development Outcomes Socio-economic, normative concerns such as equity, access. More cropping area. More certain and more secure water. Good quality drinking water. easy to maintain systems. Bio-physical Outcomes Science and Technology Choice, Sustainability. Water requirements, norms. Specific flows and stcoks. Distribution Policy. Design and Plans Interventions, Efficiency. Overall plans. Major and minor structures.

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.

• Dept. of Planning,Nagpur,
• Govt. of Maharashtra.

D a r e g a o n D a r e g a o n

JALYUKT SHIVAR ABHIYAN (2017-18)

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Variable Access to Water

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Interventions and their influence

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The Development Question

How did it come to be so? What is the present? How do we get out? (i) Poor knowledge formation. In elementary education, higher and professional education, practices, absence of scientific methodology, in adequate comprehension of society, inadequate understanding of the vicinity. (ii) Information asymmetry. Transaction between informationally un-equals. In the market, in the court, at the gram sabha. RTI, IT seen as antidotes. (iii) Malfunctioning institutions. Insufficient capital, poor and

• utdated job definitions, no monitoring, evaluation or

assessments, loss of trust. (iv) Collective Failure. Historical. Inability to act for collective good. Loss of culture. Divergent agenda. (v) Resource constraints. Actual physical limits. Poor efficiency and poor indigenous technology.

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Mess Food

Agent Gives Gets Agent Based On Students Elect Serves Secretary Quality Students Pay Facility Manager Bill Secretary Supervises Manager Competence Manager Supervises Worker Output Manager Pays Supplies Supplier Quality Manager Pays Work Workers Hours Institute Pays Workers Attendance Workers Serve Students Food Secretary Informs Institute QoS

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An Example

Cotton farmer from Vidarbha where farmer suicides have taken a great toll. Poor knowledge formation, develop good practices. ill-informed in buying inputs information asymmetry: poor margins at the mandi, too little water for him to water his crop

• r too few savings to store his harvest till a better price emerges.

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More examples

A missing bridge to cross a river for school-going children. This missing asset may be at once a resource constraint, i.e., the inability of the government to build the bridge or also a knowledge weakness, i.e., an inability of the government to measure the loss of social value and see whether it compensates for the cost of the bridge, or finally, the institutional failure of the government to enforce its own directives to lower level staff. tragedy of the commons which is variation of a failure to act

• collectively. Consider, for example, Kalamb, a community in

Karjat taluka which had a community water supply scheme which gives 400 liters per day per household. Only when all pay, is the scheme financially sustainable. However, a few richer households want a higher quantum of water than can be met by the scheme. Since this demand is unmet, these households may dig a bore-well to meet their demand and thus opt out of the public scheme.

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The Role of Science and technology

Methods and Outcomes. The law vs. how to arrive at it. Gadgets and Processes. The device vs. where it embeds. The S&T practices within a society are important determinants of its development Adaptation and innovation to changing situations. more efficient use of resources, production. Public comprehension. Better informed decisions. Better design of institutions.

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The Development Professional

A cultural or civil-society agent. Trust and prestige, role-model, thought leadership in the public sphere. Core values but otherwise neutral. Methodological and process-driven contributions.

Society

Identify Problem Deploy Synthesize Analyse Civil Econo. Maths. IT Domain Creative Skills Societal Skills Knowledge

The Development Professional

Figure: Activities of the Development Professional

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The Development Professional

A cultural or civil-society agent. Trust and prestige, role-model, thought leadership in the public sphere. Core values but otherwise neutral. Methodological and process-driven contributions. (i) identify stake-holders and measure the key attributes of the problem. (ii) identify the key agents and processes. (iii) form an inter-disciplinary historical or regional narrative. (iv) decompose the problem into disciplinary sub-problems. (v) solve of the subproblems and synthesis. (vi) deliver value to the stake-holders and charge fees.

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Thanks

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