By by MELVIN E. CONWAY 5/15/2019 AAU 1 Outline Overview of the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

5/15/2019 AAU 1

Addis Ababa University IT Doctoral Program Software Engineering Track Presented by :Kassaye Tilahun

How do committees invent. By by MELVIN E. CONWAY

Outline

 Overview of the paper  Objective of the paper  Current trends and architecture design

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 The researcher ask the questions HOW DO COMMITTEES

INVENT?

 Committees assigned in organization design

 To represent the functional unit of the department  Managerial decisions

 Committees in system design might be different professions or

system group

 System design members (designer ,architect ,programmer etc)

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Introduction

 Design of system: a type of intellectual activity which creates a

useful whole from its diverse parts.

 Intellectual activity  Diverse parts

 Typically, the objective of a design organization is:-

 The creation and assembly of a document containing a coherently

structured body of information.

 We may name this information the system design.

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Introduction

 The design organization may or may not be involved in the construction of the

system it designs.

 a sponsor who usually desires to carry out some activity guided by the

system design.

 For example, a manufacturer needs a new product and designates a product

planning activity to specify what should be introduced.

 Most design activity requires continually making choices.  Many of these choices may be more than design decisions; they may also be

personal decisions the designer makes about his own future.

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Introduction

 Research Questions

 RQ1:

What are the fundamental relationship between

• rganization design and system design?

 RQ2:

What are the factors affecting system design from

• rganization context?

 Research Method

 Design science research methodology have been used for

artifact design.

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Stages of design

 The initial stages of a design effort are concerned more with

structuring of the design activity than with the system itself.

 The full-blown design activity cannot proceed until certain preliminary

milestones are passed.

 These include:

 Understanding of the boundaries, both on the design activity and on the

system to be designed, placed by the sponsor and by the world realties.

 Achievement of a preliminary notion of the system’s organization so that

design task groups can be meaningfully assigned

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 Once the organization of the design team is chosen, it is possible to

delegate activities to the subgroups of the organization.

 Once scopes of activity are defined, a coordination problem is

created.

 Coordination among task groups, although it appears to lower the

productivity of the individual in the small group,

 provides the only possibility that the separate task groups will be able

to consolidate their efforts into a unified system design.

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The life cycle of a system design :

 Drawing of boundaries according to the ground rules.  Choice of a preliminary system concept.  Organization of the design activity and delegation of tasks according to

that concept.

 Coordination among delegated tasks.  Consolidation of sub designs into a single design.

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The designed system

 Any system of consequence is structured from smaller

subsystems which are interconnected.

 description of a system,

 To describe what goes on inside that system,  It must describe the system's connections to the outside world,

and

 it must delineate each of the subsystems and how they are

interconnected.

 Dropping down one level, we can say the same for each of the

subsystems, viewing it as a system.

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Example

 Examples. A transcontinental public transportation system consists of

buses, trains, airplanes, various types of right-of-way, parking lots, taxicabs, terminals, and so on.

 This is a very heterogeneous system; that is, the subsystems are quite

diverse.

 Dropping down one level, an airplane, for example, may possess

subsystems for structure, propulsion, power distribution, communication, and payload packaging.

 The propulsion subsystem has fuel, ignition, and starting subsystems,

to name a few.

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Linear Graph

 The view of a system using branches (lines) and nodes.  Each node is a sub system which communicates with other sub-system  The term interface, which is becoming popular among systems people,

 refers to the inter-subsystem communication path or branch represented

by a line.

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Linear Graph(Relating organization design with System Design)

 It provides an abstraction to mapping the design organization to

system design.

 The linear-graph notation is useful because it provides an abstraction

which has the same form for the two entities

 This can be illustrated as

 Replace "system" by "committee."  Replace "subsystem" by "subcommittee."  Replace "interface" by "coordinator.“

 design groups can be viewed at several levels of complication.

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Linear Graph

 Once the organization of the design team is chosen, it is possible to

delegate activities to the subgroups of the organization.

 Once scopes of activity are defined, a coordination problem is created.  Coordination among task groups, although it appears to lower the

productivity of the individual in the small group,

 provides the only possibility that the separate task groups will be able

to consolidate their efforts into a unified system design.

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Linear Graph(Relating organization design with System Design)

The similarity of the two concepts being studied here

because

 The Federal Government is both a design organization

(designing laws, treaties, and policies) and

A designed system (the Constitution being the principal

preliminary design document) .

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Linear Graph(Relating organization design with System Design)

 The graph structure of the organization design is identity with graph

structure of system design.

 For any node x in the system we can identify a design group of the design

• rganization which designed x; call this X.

 Therefore, by generalization of this process, for every node of the

system we have a rule for finding a corresponding node of the design

• rganization.

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Linear Graph(Relating organization design with System Design)

 we can make a similar statement about branches.  Take any two nodes x and y of the system.  Either they are joined by a branch or they are not.  (That is, either they communicate with each other in some way

meaningful to the operation of the system or they do not.)

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Linear Graph(Relating organization design with System Design)

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This kind

• f

a structure-preserving relationship between two sets of things is called a homomorphism.

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systems image their design groups

 Based on the previous slide the system image affected by the design

groups.

 Designer experiences  System requirements

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System management

 The

structures

• f

large systems tend to disintegrate during development, than small systems.

 Why do large systems disintegrate?

 The first two of which are controllable  and the third of which is a direct result of our homomorphism

 Other factors

 environment of the manager can be in conflict with the integrity of

the system being designed. Example: outsourcing.

 Measurement of resources

 Example linearity problem

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 Parkinson's Law: plays an important role in the over assignment of

design effort.

 As long as the manager's prestige and power are tied to the size of his

budget, he will be motivated to expand his organization.

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conclusion

 The organizations which designs systems are constrained to produce

designs which are copies of the communication structure of these

• rganizations.

 criterion for the structuring of design organizations

 Example: System management and their communication

 criterion for the structuring of design organizations:

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Summary

 The linear graph of organization design and system design abstraction

would be yield similar form of entities.

 Design system would be affected by different factors such as

 Organization communication  Designer experience  System management

 Example

 ERP(Enterprise resource planning):-The ERP modules and their interactions

in system design and organization design will be similar.

 SOA(Service Oriented Architecture) using web services

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Future Questions

 How convays rule is working for intelligent based system?  How to align the organizational goal and business goal with functional

requirement for system design?

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