Brand- -New Eco New Eco- -environmental environmental Brand - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Brand- -New Eco New Eco- -environmental environmental Brand Risks Related with the Body Risks Related with the Body Surface Paintings Surface Paintings － The Dissolution of Zink from Painting or Passive Anode and the Translocation of Invasive Aquatic Species through Biofouling of Ships － Ocean Policy Research Foundation Shinichi Hanayama

Background Background What is the environmental ｒｉｓｋｓ by maritime industry? Water pollution � the original purpose is to reduce the accidental risk( Accidental Oil spill) from the view of safety . � Now the priority is change to reduce the emission by usual operation, including hazardous chemical. � In the future , total use of chemicals will be regulated. Air Pollution � At this moment, the emission standard is not same as the standard on land-use. 1100 ppm onboard but 150 ppm on landuse of same size of D/G � the regulation against GHG will be set in the future under UNFCCC flame. � The risk at ship building ; VOCs emission

Background Background What is the environmental ｒｉｓｋｓ by maritime industry? Bio-invasion � It is more difficult to monitor and measure the change of biodiversity than physical and chemical changes. Also it is hard to estimate for the external costs by biodiversity, so that the technology is very limited. � There will be a possibility that the concept of transport cargos to a long distance will be denied. Because the larger differences in biodiversity will be occurred in intercontinental transportation.

IMO’ ’s s Conventions for the PROTECTION Conventions for the PROTECTION IMO of Marine Environ nment ment or Ecosystems or Ecosystems of Marine Enviro ・ MARPOL 73/78 With 6 Annexes covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals, goods in packaged form, sewage, garbage and air pollution. ・ OPRC Convention (International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 1990 expanded to Hazardous Noxious Substances) ・ LDC Convention (Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972)

IMO Convention for PROTECT Marine IMO Convention for PROTECT Marine Environment and Ecosystems and Ecosystems Environment AFS Convection (International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships ) The International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships will prohibit the use of harmful organo-tins in anti- fouling paints used on ships and will establish a mechanism to prevent the potential future use of other harmful substances in anti-fouling systems. At this moment Prohibit only TBT PAINT, but? Ballast Water (International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments adopted in 2004) a new international convention to prevent the potentially devastating effects of the spread of harmful aquatic organisms carried by ships' ballast water. Prohibit Ballast water discharge without treatments or exchanges the Newest and introduced risk assessment especially for use of biocide chemicals

Basic concept for marine environment Basic concept for marine environment Originally, IMO set every standard from request from land. If land regulation � becomes severe, it is necessary to accompany for that . Another words, we should set some compatibility with international framework onland � Water pollution HELCOM 、 PEMSEA 、 LDC MARPOL73/78 Convention (I ・ II ・ III ・ IV) 、 HNS-OPRC Protocol � Air Pollution HELCOM 、 Convention on Long-range Trans-boundary Air Pollution) 、 UNFCCC MARPOL73/78 Convention Ⅵ、 reduction of GHG � Bio-Invasion CBM Convention of Ballast water management 、 AFS 、 biofouling � Use of chemicals Vienna Convention and Protocols 、 Basel Convention, the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management MARPOL73/78 （ II ・ V) 、 ship recycle

Basic concept for the protection of marine environment Basic concept for the protection of marine environment dilemma and tri-lemma � Environment, energy, costs regulation for NOx 、 SOx ⇔ energy use ⇔ costs for operation hard to optimize globally � dilemma for different risks chemical risk ⇔ Bio invasion use of TBT paint ⇔ biofoullng treatment of ballast water ⇔ chemical residue � However, total cost rise will not be avoided. To minimize the raise, the concept will be changed to local or regional regulation from global regulation. � Also the concepts will be changed from design standard to operational standard. → more need for monitoring onboard

Ballast water treatment systems that make use chemicals Ballast water treatment systems that make use chemicals � Use of chemical in ballast water treatment( described as “active substances”) is essential to achieve the Regulation D-2 Standard,especially emission criteria on bacteria. . 1 T o x i c o g e n i c V i b r i oc h o l e r a e ( O 1 a n d O 1 3 9 ) w i t h l e s s t h a n 1 c o l o n y f o r m i n g u n i t ( c f u ) p e r 1 0 0 m i l l i l i t r e so r l e s s t h a n 1 c f up e r 1 g r a m ( w e t w e i g h t ) z o o p l a n k t o n s a m p l e s ; . 2 E s c h e r i c h i a c o l i l e s s t h a n 2 5 0 c f up e r 1 0 0 m i l l i l i t r e s ; . 3 I n t e s t i n a l E n t e r o c o c c il e s s t h a n 1 0 0 c f up e r 1 0 0 m i l l i l i t r e s . � Physical and thermal treatments (Filtration, cavitations, and heat treatment methods) are conceivable as BW treatment without active substance in principle, anyway the efficacy against bacteria is low. Even efficacy for small phytoplankton (10 μ < minimum dimension size < 50 μ ) is not enough under such treatment.

Ballast water treatment systems that make use chemicals Ballast water treatment systems that make use chemicals � Expected chemicals for ballast water treatment – Hypochlorite (electrolytes for seawater) – Chlorine Dioxide solution – hydrogen peroxide solution – Generation of dissolved oxidant by ozone gas injection or ultraviolet radiation. – The manufacturing products which contain Physiological active substances, such as peracetic acid or Vitamin K. � Only one system has been approved, at this moment. Because the schedule applied to new build-ship is 2009, so the schedule for approval is very tight.

What is generated onboard generated onboard What is by installed technology? by installed technology? � Active Substance * Unintentional substances or by-products may form during/after the treatment. (e.g., persistent brominated substances) Ozone (O 3 : Active Substance) [degradation] [with organic matter] O 2 / Bromine species

D i f f i c u l t y o f c h e m i c a l t r e a t m e n t D i f f i c u l t y o f c h e m i c a l t r e a t m e n t � They must be as Biocide, not as Poison � Contradictory requirement:sufficient toxicity at adding and sufficiently Less toxicity at discharge. � The former applies only to the acute toxicity for bacteria. The latter requires the evaluation of the acute/chronic toxicity for bacteria, invertebrate, fish, algae or phytoplankton. Same in use of chemicals on painting. We need enough efficacy for anti corrosion or anti bio fouling , but we should think about the risks after release.

D i f f i c u l t y o f c h e m i c a l t r e a t m e n t D i f f i c u l t y o f c h e m i c a l t r e a t m e n t � Comparison with the existing water treatment � Disinfection of drinking water: fresh water with predictable byproducts; long-term disinfecting capacity is not necessary for drinking water. � Chlorination of seawater at power station: aimed to decrease sessile biomass by .So no high efficacy for bacteria Sterilization is not necessary at power station. → initial concentration to be added is very low in Japan (a few mg per liter for hypochlorite): not sufficient for killing bacteria.

W h a t l e v e l o f d i s c h a r g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d o n v i e w p o i n t f f r o m W h a t l e v e l o f d i s c h a r g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d o n v i e w p o i n t r o m e n v i r o n m e n t a l s a f e t i e s f o r b a l l a s t w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t ? e n v i r o n m e n t a l s a f e t i e s f o r b a l l a s t w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t ? O v e r v i e w o f P E C - P N E C r e l a t i o n a n d i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n u n d e r n a t u r a l d e c r e a s e DOSE-RESPONSE Relationship and degradation rate in Tunk (Lethal, no effect to increase rate , 100% Natural RESPONSE RATIO degradation (1/100~1/1000) growth rate) 50% PNEC=NOEC/ Assessment Factor Initial Input ％ Concentration(mg/l) PNEC NOEC(=EC0) % 1.E-05 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 Concentration(g/l)