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Brand Brand-
- New Eco
New Eco-
- environmental
Brand- -New Eco New Eco- -environmental environmental Brand - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Brand- -New Eco New Eco- -environmental environmental Brand - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Brand- -New Eco New Eco- -environmental environmental Brand Risks Related with the Body Risks Related with the Body Surface Paintings Surface Paintings The Dissolution of Zink from Painting or Passive Anode and the Translocation of
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Background Background What is the environmental ｒｉｓｋｓ by maritime industry?
Bio-invasion It is more difficult to monitor and measure the change of biodiversity than physical and chemical
- changes. Also it is hard to estimate for the external
costs by biodiversity, so that the technology is very limited. There will be a possibility that the concept of transport cargos to a long distance will be denied. Because the larger differences in biodiversity will be
- ccurred in intercontinental transportation.
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IMO IMO’ ’s s Conventions for the PROTECTION Conventions for the PROTECTION
- f Marine Enviro
- f Marine Environ
nment ment or Ecosystems
- r Ecosystems
・MARPOL 73/78 With 6 Annexes covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals, goods in packaged form, sewage, garbage and air pollution. ・OPRC Convention (International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 1990 expanded to Hazardous Noxious Substances) ・LDC Convention (Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972)
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IMO Convention for PROTECT Marine IMO Convention for PROTECT Marine Environment Environment and Ecosystems and Ecosystems
AFS Convection (International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships ) The International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships will prohibit the use of harmful organo-tins in anti- fouling paints used on ships and will establish a mechanism to prevent the potential future use of other harmful substances in anti-fouling
- systems. At this moment Prohibit only TBT PAINT, but?
Ballast Water (International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments adopted in 2004) a new international convention to prevent the potentially devastating effects of the spread of harmful aquatic organisms carried by ships' ballast water.
Prohibit Ballast water discharge without treatments or exchanges the Newest and introduced risk assessment especially for use
- f biocide chemicals
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- Originally, IMO set every standard from request from land. If land regulation
becomes severe, it is necessary to accompany for that . Another words, we should set some compatibility with international framework
- nland
Water pollution
HELCOM、PEMSEA、LDC MARPOL73/78 Convention (I・II・III・IV)、HNS-OPRC Protocol
Air Pollution
HELCOM、 Convention on Long-range Trans-boundary Air Pollution) 、UNFCCC MARPOL73/78 Convention Ⅵ、reduction of GHG
Bio-Invasion
CBM Convention of Ballast water management 、AFS、biofouling
Use of chemicals
Vienna Convention and Protocols 、Basel Convention, the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management MARPOL73/78（II・V)、ship recycle
Basic concept for marine environment Basic concept for marine environment
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dilemma and tri-lemma
Environment, energy, costs
regulation for NOx、SOx⇔energy use⇔costs for
- peration
hard to optimize globally dilemma for different risks chemical risk ⇔ Bio invasion use of TBT paint ⇔ biofoullng treatment of ballast water ⇔ chemical residue
However, total cost rise will not be avoided. To
minimize the raise, the concept will be changed to local or regional regulation from global regulation.
Also the concepts will be changed from design standard
to operational standard. →more need for monitoring onboard Basic concept for the protection of marine environment Basic concept for the protection of marine environment
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Ballast water treatment systems that make use chemicals Ballast water treatment systems that make use chemicals
Use of chemical in ballast water treatment( described
as “active substances”) is essential to achieve the Regulation D-2 Standard,especially emission criteria
- n bacteria.
. 1 T
- x
i c
- g
e n i cV i b r i
- c
h
- l
e r a e( O 1 a n d O 1 3 9 ) w i t h l e s s t h a n 1 c
- l
- n
y f
- r
m i n g u n i t ( c f u ) p e r 1 m i l l i l i t r e so r l e s s t h a n 1 c f up e r 1 g r a m ( w e t w e i g h t ) z
- p
l a n k t
- n
s a m p l e s ; . 2 E s c h e r i c h i a c
- l
il e s s t h a n 2 5 c f up e r 1 m i l l i l i t r e s ; . 3 I n t e s t i n a l E n t e r
- c
- c
c il e s s t h a n 1 c f up e r 1 m i l l i l i t r e s .
Physical and thermal treatments (Filtration, cavitations,
and heat treatment methods) are conceivable as BW treatment without active substance in principle, anyway the efficacy against bacteria is low. Even efficacy for small phytoplankton (10μ < minimum dimension size < 50μ) is not enough under such treatment.
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Ballast water treatment systems that make use chemicals Ballast water treatment systems that make use chemicals
Expected chemicals for ballast water treatment
– Hypochlorite (electrolytes for seawater) – Chlorine Dioxide solution – hydrogen peroxide solution – Generation of dissolved oxidant by ozone gas injection or ultraviolet radiation. – The manufacturing products which contain Physiological active substances, such as peracetic acid or Vitamin K.
Only one system has been approved, at this moment.
Because the schedule applied to new build-ship is 2009, so the schedule for approval is very tight.
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What is What is generated onboard generated onboard by installed technology? by installed technology?
Active Substance
* Unintentional substances or by-products may form during/after the treatment. (e.g., persistent brominated substances)
Ozone (O3 : Active Substance) O2 / Bromine species
[degradation] [with organic matter]
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D i f f i c u l t y
- f
c h e m i c a l t r e a t m e n t D i f f i c u l t y
- f
c h e m i c a l t r e a t m e n t
They must be as Biocide, not as Poison Contradictory requirement:sufficient toxicity
at adding and sufficiently Less toxicity at discharge.
The former applies only to the acute toxicity
for bacteria. The latter requires the evaluation
- f the acute/chronic toxicity for bacteria,
invertebrate, fish, algae or phytoplankton. Same in use of chemicals on painting. We need enough efficacy for anti corrosion
- r anti bio fouling , but we should think about
the risks after release.
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D i f f i c u l t y
- f
c h e m i c a l t r e a t m e n t D i f f i c u l t y
- f
c h e m i c a l t r e a t m e n t
Comparison with the existing water treatment Disinfection of drinking water: fresh water
with predictable byproducts; long-term disinfecting capacity is not necessary for drinking water.
Chlorination of seawater at power station:
aimed to decrease sessile biomass by .So no high efficacy for bacteria Sterilization is not necessary at power station. →initial concentration to be added is very low in Japan (a few mg per liter for hypochlorite): not sufficient for killing bacteria.
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W h a t l e v e l
- f
d i s c h a r g e c
- n
c e n t r a t i
- n
i s r e q u i r e d
- n
v i e w p
- i
n t W h a t l e v e l
- f
d i s c h a r g e c
- n
c e n t r a t i
- n
i s r e q u i r e d
- n
v i e w p
- i
n t f r
- m
f r
- m
e n v i r
- n
m e n t a l s a f e t i e s f
- r
b a l l a s t w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t ? e n v i r
- n
m e n t a l s a f e t i e s f
- r
b a l l a s t w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t ?
O v e r v i e w
- f
P E C
- P
N E C r e l a t i
- n
a n d i n i t i a l c
- n
c e n t r a t i
- n
u n d e r n a t u r a l d e c r e a s e
% 50% 100%
1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02
Initial Input Concentration(mg/l) Natural degradation (1/100~1/1000) Concentration(g/l) RESPONSE RATIO ％ (Lethal, no effect to increase rate , growth rate) NOEC(=EC0) PNEC PNEC=NOEC/ Assessment Factor DOSE-RESPONSE Relationship and degradation rate in Tunk
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Persistence of hydrogen peroxide Persistence of hydrogen peroxide
90% of Preparation A was degraded in 24 hours.
- Preparation A: hydrogen peroxide + large quantity of auxiliary agent
- Preparation B: hydrogen peroxide + small quantity of auxiliary agent
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 i m m e d i a t e a f t e r s t a r t 3 h r s 6 h r s 2 4 h r s 4 d a y s 1 d a y s2 8 d a y s
E l a p s e d t i m e
C
- n
c e n t r a t i
- n
( % )
P r e p a r a t i
- n
A P r e p a r a t i
- n
B H y d r
- g
e n P e r
- x
i d e
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using chemicals for anti corrosion and bio using chemicals for anti corrosion and bio-
- foulling
foulling
We need to assess environmental risks under same
scheme, such as Use of chemicals in Ballast water and Cargo tank wash water discharge criteria – How much is the toxicity against marine ecosystem? PNEC (Predicted non effect concentration) should be set for total effluent toxicity using chronic toxicity and assesment factor. – Needs for identification of fate of chemicals use in marine environment ; what is the final substances ? And are there any byproducts in your products?
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About total Zinc dissolution About total Zinc dissolution
the real measured concentration for total Zinc
(including
- rganic
substance with Zinc) in discharge ballast water as around 200 ug/l and also same level in cooling discharge water.
This concentration is 10 times higher than national
water environmental criteria in many countries, which is 10 ug/l order and PNEC should be sub ug/l
- rder
to sensitive algae. Some estimation by MAN-PEC model shows that PEC at the real close harbor shows maximum concentration higher than National Criteria.
This means that if these systems are on land. Some
limit should be set by local administration or IMO itself.
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About total Zinc dissolution About total Zinc dissolution
the real measured concentration for total Zinc in
discharge ballast water as around 200 ug/l and also same level in cooling discharge water.
This concentration is 10 times higher than national
water environmental criteria in many countries, which is 10 ug/l order and PNEC should be sub ug/l
- rder to sensitive algae.
Some estimation by MAN-PEC model shows that PEC at the real close harbor shows maximum concentration higher than National Criteria.
This means that if these systems are on land. Some
limit should be set by local administration or IMO itself.
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About the risk comparison between use of TBT and About the risk comparison between use of TBT and bioinvasion bioinvasion
invasion organism resulting from bio-fouling
potential risks from bio-fouling organisims 1- 10 million eggs per laying eggs by only
- ne couple of foulling adults
potential risks from ballast
10 indivisuals/m3 (discharge standard under convention ) * 10,000 cubic meter (for bulker ). → same number of organisms at plankton phase after treatment !!
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About the risk comparison between use of TBT and About the risk comparison between use of TBT and bioinvasion bioinvasion
the possibility of invasion risk by bio-fouling
at cooling-water in taking (sea chest) and around propeller.
Moreover, there is a scientific report says
that the case number of bio invasion increased after prohibition of use of the tributyl tin (TBT) paint by an AFS (Anti- Fouling Systems).
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About the risk comparison between use of TBT and About the risk comparison between use of TBT and bioinvasion bioinvasion
After quantitative comparison of the risk
between the ecosystem disturbance by bio- invasion and a chemical substance, there might be a possibility for the concept of permitting use of TBT paint especially for sea chest and around propeller.
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