Bombus terrestris Leioprochotus species, native bee, New Zealand - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Dec 02, 2022 457 likes •648 views

Bombus terrestris Leioprochotus species, native bee, New Zealand Classification 18 specie cies Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Family: Colletidae Genus: Leioproctus Species: Leioproctus Common name:

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Bombus terrestris

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Leioprochotus species, native bee, New Zealand Classification 18 specie cies

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Family: Colletidae Genus: Leioproctus Species: Leioproctus Common name: Hairy colletid bees

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FA FACET ETS O S OF H F HONEY EY BE BEE E PO POLLIN INAT ATION ION

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Insects pollinate most species (87.5%) of the World’s flowering plants,

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Pollinators consist primarily of 20,000 species of bees (low altitudes and mid latitudes); and secondarily,120,000 species of flies (high altitudes and high latitudes),

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Apis mellifera and A. cerana, the principal western and eastern honey bees, respectively, are, by far, the most ubiquitous; managed pollinators of 75% of the planet’s flowering food crops,

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Greater diversity and abundance of honey bees markedly increases crop quality and quantity, particularly in the absence of contaminating acaricides, bactericides, fungicides, miticides, moluscicides and/or pesticides (e.g. chlorothalonil).

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FA FACET ETS O S OF H F HONEY EY BE BEE E PO POLLIN INAT ATION ION

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Global food crop production increased >2-fold from 1961 through 2012; whereas abundance of honey bee populations decreased substantially throughout the same period,

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Human well-being became increasingly dependent on pollination of agricultural flowering crops – this trend will increase further as food consumption continues toward greater consumption of vegetable products, requiring less costly high-carbon inputs,

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Pesticide usage World-wide: 200 millions tonnes per annum

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Food production losses in the absence of honey bee pollination Without bees, World population could be depleted of food within four years

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Chlorothalonil

2,4,5,6-Tetrachlorobenzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile 4-Hydroxy-Chlorothalonil

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Description: Methyl-Thiophanate is a broad- spectrum pesticide and fungicide toxic to parasitic worms, including nematodes Applications: The pesticide causes liver and thyroid hypertrophy and its ranked carcinogenic for

humans. It’s a component of strips for treating

parasitic varroa mites in bee hives

Methyl-Thiophanate

Methyl N-[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino) phenyl[carbamothioyl]carbamate

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De Descrip ription: tion: A synthetic pyrethroid applied as an insecticide/ acaricide/miticide against aphids, leaf- hoppers, leaf-rollers, moths, thrips and varroa mites Appli lications: ions: Avocados, cereals (including wheat), cherries, nectarines, peaches, plums, potatoes, tamarillos, turf, and bees (Apis mellifera; A. cerana)

Tau-Fluvalinate

(RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl N-(2-chloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-D-valinate

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Chlorothalonil’s Action on Cellular Apoptosis - 2015

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Chlorothalonil’s Action on Cellular Non-Apoptosis - 2015

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Domestic honey bee - Apis mellifera

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Landcare Research Ministry for Primary Industries Bee Industry Advisory Council ‘Report on the 2015-New Zealand Colony Loss and Survival Survey’ ‘Report on the 2015-New Zealand Honey Bee Colony Loss and Survival Survey’ COLOSS-NZ survey cites definitions: ‘Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) and ‘Colony Depopulation Syndrome (CDS)’

“….the survey is not intended to diagnose CCD or CDS in New Zealand.”

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Minis inistry ry of Prim imary ary Indust strie ries: Ho Honey Bee Co Colon lony Loss Surve vey y 2015 Ne New w Zealand

Colony lony Survey rvey: : First national survey assessing bee colony losses; involved 316 beekeepers with >401 and 50 beekeepers with <400 hives,

Survey y includes: Total of 366 Beekeepers covering 225,660 hives housing 39.6% of bees country-wide, Survey y excludes: Total registered beehives in New Zealand 575,000, number increased by 68,625 hives from 2014, therefore national survey did not include: 349,340 hives, Results: Beekeeper’s with >251 hives: colony loss of 10.73% (± 2%)

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WASPS COLONY DEATH THEFT QUEEN PROBLEMS DISASTERS

Auckland Northland, Hauraki Plains Waikato King Country, Taupō Coromandel, Bay of Plenty Rotorua, Poverty Bay Taranaki, Manawatu Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa Marlborough Nelson, West Coast Canterbury, West Coast Otago, Southland

REGIONAL LOSS OF HONEY BEE COLONIES

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AFB

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Brachyhesma sulphurella, Australia

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Male orchid bee, species unknown, Guyana

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Bombus terrestris

Leioprochotus species, native bee, New Zealand Classification 18 specie cies

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Family: Colletidae Genus: Leioproctus Species: Leioproctus Common name: Hairy colletid bees

FA FACET ETS O S OF H F HONEY EY BE BEE E PO POLLIN INAT ATION ION



Insects pollinate most species (87.5%) of the World’s flowering plants,



Pollinators consist primarily of 20,000 species of bees (low altitudes and mid latitudes); and secondarily,120,000 species of flies (high altitudes and high latitudes),



Apis mellifera and A. cerana, the principal western and eastern honey bees, respectively, are, by far, the most ubiquitous; managed pollinators of 75% of the planet’s flowering food crops,



Greater diversity and abundance of honey bees markedly increases crop quality and quantity, particularly in the absence of contaminating acaricides, bactericides, fungicides, miticides, moluscicides and/or pesticides (e.g. chlorothalonil).

FA FACET ETS O S OF H F HONEY EY BE BEE E PO POLLIN INAT ATION ION



Global food crop production increased >2-fold from 1961 through 2012; whereas abundance of honey bee populations decreased substantially throughout the same period,



Human well-being became increasingly dependent on pollination of agricultural flowering crops – this trend will increase further as food consumption continues toward greater consumption of vegetable products, requiring less costly high-carbon inputs,



Pesticide usage World-wide: 200 millions tonnes per annum

Food production losses in the absence of honey bee pollination Without bees, World population could be depleted of food within four years

Chlorothalonil

2,4,5,6-Tetrachlorobenzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile 4-Hydroxy-Chlorothalonil

Description: Methyl-Thiophanate is a broad- spectrum pesticide and fungicide toxic to parasitic worms, including nematodes Applications: The pesticide causes liver and thyroid hypertrophy and its ranked carcinogenic for

parasitic varroa mites in bee hives

Methyl-Thiophanate

Methyl N-[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino) phenyl[carbamothioyl]carbamate

Tau-Fluvalinate

(RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl N-(2-chloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-D-valinate

Chlorothalonil’s Action on Cellular Apoptosis - 2015

Chlorothalonil’s Action on Cellular Non-Apoptosis - 2015

Domestic honey bee - Apis mellifera

“….the survey is not intended to diagnose CCD or CDS in New Zealand.”

Minis inistry ry of Prim imary ary Indust strie ries: Ho Honey Bee Co Colon lony Loss Surve vey y 2015 Ne New w Zealand

Colony lony Survey rvey: : First national survey assessing bee colony losses; involved 316 beekeepers with >401 and 50 beekeepers with <400 hives,

WASPS COLONY DEATH THEFT QUEEN PROBLEMS DISASTERS

Auckland Northland, Hauraki Plains Waikato King Country, Taupō Coromandel, Bay of Plenty Rotorua, Poverty Bay Taranaki, Manawatu Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa Marlborough Nelson, West Coast Canterbury, West Coast Otago, Southland

REGIONAL LOSS OF HONEY BEE COLONIES

* * * *

AFB

* * * * * * * * *

Brachyhesma sulphurella, Australia

Male orchid bee, species unknown, Guyana

Male digger bee, Habropoda excellens, Utah, USA