BIOTECHNOLOGY: History, State of the art, Future Dr Marcel Daba - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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BIOTECHNOLOGY: History, State of the art, Future Dr Marcel Daba - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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MODULE 2 BIOTECHNOLOGY: History, State of the art, Future Dr Marcel Daba BENGALY Universit Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI ZERBO Module 2 BIOTECHNOLOGY: History, State of the art, Future Disclaimer This publication has been produced with the

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MODULE 2 BIOTECHNOLOGY: History, State of the art, Future

Dr Marcel Daba BENGALY

Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI ZERBO

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Module 2 BIOTECHNOLOGY: History, State of the art, Future

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Disclaimer This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication is the sole responsibility of the University

  • f Ouaga-I JKZ and can in no way be taken to reflect

the views of the European Union.

Final Version : February 2017

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Module Objective General objective The main objective is to offer a broad view of biotechnology, integrating historical, global current and future applications in such a way that its applications in Africa and expected developments could be discussed based on sound knowledge…

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Module Objective Specific objectives

At completion learner should be able to:

  • demonstrate knowledge of essential facts of the history
  • f biotechnology and description of key scientific

events in the development of biotechnology

  • demonstrate knowledge of the definitions and

principles

  • f

ancient, classical, and modern biotechnologies.

  • describe the theory, practice and potential of current

and future biotechnology.

  • describe and begin to evaluate aspects of current and

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Module contents

‒ Unit 1 Introduction to biotechnology, history and concepts definition ‒ Unit 2: The Green Revolution: impacts, limits, and the path ahead ‒ Unit 3: Agricultural biotechnology: the state-of- the-art

‒ Unit 4: Future trends and perspectives of agricultural biotechnology

‒ Unit 5: Food security and Biotechnology in Africa:

  • ptions and opportunities

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Module 2 BIOTECHNOLOGY: History, State of the art, Future

UNIT 4: Future Trends and Perspectives

  • f Agricultural Biotechnology

(04 Hours)

Dr Marcel Daba BENGALY

Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI ZERBO

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Unit 4 Objective

The objective is to present the degree to which new plant breeding techniques are developed and adopted; and discussed future prospects. The drivers (technical potential and economic advantages) and the constraints (efficiency, availability, cost, safety and regulatory issues) are analyzed focusing

  • n new plant breeding techniques…

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  • 1. New plant breeding techniques
  • 2. Examples of applications of new breeding techniques
  • 3. Current challenges and future perspectives

Unit 4 Content

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New breeding techniques are emerging rapidly from advances in genomic research, for application in crop

  • improvement. They enable precise, targeted, reliable

changes in the genome (and, thus, are different from genetically modified organisms (GMOs), produced previously) and have significant potential for the sustainable intensification of agriculture and food security … European Academies’ Science Advisory Council, 2015

New plant breeding techniques

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For several of the techniques, the resultant plant product is free from genes foreign to the species and would not be distinguishable from the product generated by conventional breeding techniques. This calls into question what is meant by genetic modification and raises issues for the modernization of regulatory frameworks. New plant breeding techniques

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European Academies’ Science Advisory Council, 2015

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The new breeding techniques include:  Cisgenesis & Intragenesis  Targeted mutagenesis  Transient introduction of recombinant DNA  RNA-induced DNA methylation gene silencing  Reverse breeding  Grafting non-GM scion onto GM rootstock  Synthetic Genomics  Genome editing techniques

New plant breeding techniques

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Cisgenesis & Intragenesis New plant breeding techniques

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cisgenesis and intragenesis are the restriction of transgenesis to DNA fragments from the species itself or from a cross-compatible species. In the case of cisgenesis, the inserted genes, associated introns and regulatory elements are contiguous and

  • unchanged. In the case of intragenesis, the inserted DNA

can be a new combination of DNA fragments from the species itself or from a cross-compatible species. Both approaches aim to confer a new property to the modified plant

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Cisgenesis & Intragenesis New plant breeding techniques

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Cisgenesis & Intragenesis New plant breeding techniques

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See Pdf Files on Cisgenesis & Intragenesis See Video

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Targeted mutagenesis/Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) New plant breeding techniques

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ZFNs are proteins which have been custom-designed to cut at specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

  • sequences. They consist of a “zinc finger” domain

(recognising specific DNA sequences in the genome of the plant) and a nuclease that cuts double stranded DNA. The rationale for the development of ZFN technology for plant breeding is the creation of a tool that allows the introduction of site-specific mutations in the plant genome or the site-specific integration of genes.

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Targeted mutagenesis/Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) New plant breeding techniques

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Targeted mutagenesis/Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) New plant breeding techniques

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See Pdf Files on Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) See Video

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Transient introduction of recombinant DNA /Oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis (ODM) New plant breeding techniques

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ODM is based on the use of oligonucleotides for the induction of targeted mutations in the plant genome, usually of one or a few adjacent nucleotides. The genetic changes that can be obtained using ODM include the introduction

  • f

a new mutation (replacement of one or a few base pairs), the reversal of an existing mutation or the induction of short deletions.

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Oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis (ODM) New plant breeding techniques

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Oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis (ODM) New plant breeding techniques

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See Pdf Files on Oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis See Video

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RNA-induced DNA methylation gene silencing

RNA-dependent DNA methylation (RdDM) allows breeders to produce plants that do not contain foreign DNA sequences and in which no changes or mutations are made in the nucleotide sequence but in which gene expression is modified due to epigenetics. RdDM induces the transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of targeted genes via the methylation of promoter sequences.

New plant breeding techniques

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RNA-induced DNA methylation gene silencing New plant breeding techniques

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RNA-induced DNA methylation gene silencing New plant breeding techniques

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See Pdf Files on RNA-induced DNA methylation See Video

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Reverse breeding New plant breeding techniques

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Reverse breeding is a method in which the order of events leading to the production of a hybrid plant variety is reversed. It facilitates the production of homozygous parental lines that,

  • nce

hybridised, reconstitute the genetic composition of an elite heterozygous plant, without the need for backcrossing and selection. The reverse breeding technique makes use of transgenesis to suppress meiotic recombination. In subsequent steps, only non-transgenic plants are selected.

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Reverse breeding New plant breeding techniques

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Reverse breeding New plant breeding techniques

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See Pdf Files on Reverse breeding See Video

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Grafting non-GM scion onto GM rootstock New plant breeding techniques

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Grafting is a method whereby the above ground vegetative component of one plant (also known as the scion), is attached to a rooted lower component (also known as the rootstock) of another plant to produce a chimeric

  • rganism

with improved cultivation

  • characteristics. Transgenesis, cisgenesis and a range of
  • ther techniques can be used to transform the rootstock

and/or scion. If a GM scion is grafted onto a non-GM rootstock, then stems, leaves, flowers, seeds and fruits will be transgenic

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Grafting non-GM scion onto GM rootstock New plant breeding techniques

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See Pdf Files on Reverse breeding See Video

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Synthetic Genomics New plant breeding techniques

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Synthetic genomics has been defined as “the engineering of biological components and systems that do not exist in nature and the re-engineering of existing biological elements; it is determined on the intentional design of artificial biological systems, rather than on the understanding of natural biology.” (Synbiology, 2006).

Thanks to the technological level reached by genetic engineering and the current knowledge regarding complete genomes sequences, large functional DNA molecules can now be ynthesised efficiently and quickly without using any natural template.

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Synthetic Genomics New plant breeding techniques

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No research relevant to the use of synthetic genomics in plant breeding is under way The production of biofuels, pharmaceuticals and the bioremediation

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environmental pollution are expected to constitute the first commercial applications

  • f this new technique.

See Pdf Files on Reverse breeding See Video

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Genome editing techniques/CRISPR/Cas CRISPR-Cas9 (is a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts

  • f the genome by removing, adding or altering

sections of the DNA sequence… New plant breeding techniques

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Genome editing techniques/CRISPR/Cas

The CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of two key molecules that introduce a change (mutation) into the DNA.

  • 1. an enzyme called Cas9. This acts as a pair of

‘molecular scissors’ that can cut the two strands of DNA at a specific location in the genome so that bits

  • f DNA can then be added or removed.
  • 2. a piece of RNA called guide RNA (gRNA) located

within a longer RNA scaffold. The scaffold part binds to DNA and the pre-designed sequence ‘guides’ Cas9 to the right part of the genome. This makes sure that the Cas9 enzyme cuts at the right point in the genome.

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Genome editing techniques/CRISPR/Cas New plant breeding techniques

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Genome editing techniques/CRISPR/Cas New plant breeding techniques

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See Pdf Files on Reverse breeding See Video

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Herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape

The company Cibus has used gene editing technology for a product that does not integrate foreign genetic material (Anon., 2015). This commercial crop, the variant has been planted in the USA in spring 2015 and has authorization to be cultivated in Canada.

Examples of applications

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Herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape

German authorities have said that they would not consider products created by gene editing as GM but rather as products of conventional breeding, but that this judgement would change if the European Commission decides otherwise.

Examples of applications

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Potato with reduced bruising, browning and reduced propensity to generate acrylamide

The USDA and FDA have approved a potato variant developed by the company Simplot that contains no foreign DNA… Elements were transferred from sexually compatible wild potato and uses RNA interference to reduce the level of several enzymes including polyphenol oxidase responsible for bruising and browning.

Examples of applications

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Potato with reduced bruising, browning and reduced propensity to generate acrylamide

This variant, by lowering the level of the amino acid asparagine and of reducing sugars, also has reduced ability to generate the potentially carcinogenic metabolite acrylamide at high temperatures

(Waltz, 2015).

Examples of applications

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Applications of genome editing

A recent literature survey reviews research in major crops (barley, maize, rice, soybean, sweet orange, tomato, wheat) and notes whether the assessment of side-effects (induced off-target mutations) was attempted.

(Araki and Ishii, 2015)

Among the recent advances in genome editing is the development of mildew-resistant bread wheat and a maize line containing lower levels of phytate

(Jones, 2015).

Examples of applications

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Advances in understanding plant biology, novel genetic resources, genome modification, and omics technologies generate new solutions for food security and novel biomaterials production under changing environmental conditions… The combination of novel molecular tools, screening technologies, and economic evaluation should become the main goal of the plant biotechnological revolution in agriculture…

Current challenges and future perspectives

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Current challenges

  • Contribution of new plant biotechnological tools to

advanced crop breeding ;

  • bottlenecks holding back the translation of genomic

data to crop plant traits (genotype–phenotype gap);

  • Crucial importance of plant adaptation and tolerance to

abiotic and biotic stress;

  • Role and significance of epigenetics for plant

development under changing environmental conditions;

  • plant biomaterials and biofuels as a novel scope of

agricultural biotechnology

Current challenges and future perspectives

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Plants as factories for biomaterials and biofuels

  • Plant-based biopolymers and industrial enzymes
  • Therapeutic products
  • Nutritional components (specific amino acids,

vitamins, flavonoids and other antioxidants )

  • Biofuel and biodiesel,
  • Etc

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Appropriate targets for the production of novel biomaterials in plants are compounds that can be produced more efficiently in plants, can be produced reliably without negatively affecting crop yields, have better physical/chemical properties when produced in plants, or are needed as a bulk material at low cost via photosynthesis

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Further advances in plant biotechnology and agriculture depend on the efficient combination and application

  • f

diverse scientific inputs

Current challenges and future perspectives

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