Biology & Ecophysiology of ASP toxin producers WESTPAC - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Biology & Ecophysiology of ASP toxin producers WESTPAC workshop on the Hong Chang LIM development of research strategy Faculty of Applied Sciences & Computing for Harmful Algal Blooms Tunku Abdul Rahman University College “Toward the future development of Sing Tung TENG HAB science in the Western Pacific – Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak What we know, and what we do not know on HABs” Suh Nih TAN, Chui Pin LEAW & Po Teen LIM Bachok Marine Research Station, IOES Institute of Oceanography, University of Malaya Nha Trang, Vietnam 19-22 Dec 2016

The Pseudo-nitzschia species P. limii Teng, H.C. Lim et Leaw P. abrensis Pérez-Aicua et Orive P. linea Lundholm, Hasle et Fryxell P. americana (Hasle) Fryxell P. lineola (Cleve) Hasle P. antarctica Manguin P. lundholmiae H.C. Lim, Teng, Leaw et P.T. Lim P. arctica Percopo & Sarno P. mannii Amato et Montresor P. arenysensis Quijano-Scheggia, Garcés, Lundholm P. micropora Prissholm et Moestrup P. australis Frenguelli P. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle P. batesiana H.C. Lim, Teng, Leaw et P.T. Lim P. multistriata (Takano) Takano P. bipertita Teng, H.C. Lim et Leaw P. obtusa (Hasle) Hasle et Lundholm P. brasiliana Lundholm, Hasle et Fryxell P. plurisecta Orive et Pérez-Aicua P. caciantha Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle P. prolongatoides (Hasle) Hasle http://harmfulalgae.info P. calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle P. pseudodelicatissima (Hasle) Hasle emend . P . circumpora H.C. Lim, Leaw et P.T. Lim Lundholm, Hasle et Moestrup P. cuspidata (Hasle) Hasle P. pungens (Cleve) Hasle P. decipiens Lundholm et Moestrup P. pungiformis (Hasle) Hasle P. delicatissima (Cleve) Heiden P. roundii Hernandez-Becerril et Diaz-Almeyda P. dolorosa Lundholm et Moestrup P. sabit Teng, H.C. Lim, P.T. Lim et Leaw P. fraudulenta (Cleve) Heiden P. seriata (Cleve) Peragallo P. fryxelliana Lundholm P. sinica Qi et Wang P. fukuyoi H.C. Lim, Teng, Leaw et P.T. Lim P. subcurvata (Hasle) Fryxell P. galaxiae Lundholm et Moestrup P. subfraudulenta (Hasle) Hasle P. granii (Hasle) Hasle P. subpacifica (Hasle) Hasle P. hasleana Lundholm P. turgidula (Hustedt) Hasle P. heimii Manguin P. turgiduloides (Hasle) Hasle P. inflatula (Hasle) Hasle P. kodamae Teng, H.C. Lim, Leaw et P.T. Lim

New species in the region P. kodamae Teng, Lim, Leaw & Lim 2014 P. sabit Teng, Lim, Leaw & Lim 2015 P. bipertita Teng, Lim, Leaw & Lim 2016 P. limii Teng, Lim & Leaw 2016 http://harmfulalgae.info P. circumpora Lim, Leaw & Lim 2012 P. batesiana Lim, Teng, Leaw & Lim 2013 P. fukuyoi Lim, Teng, Leaw & Lim 2013 P. lundholmiae Lim, Teng, Leaw & Lim 2013 P. sinica Qi, Ju & Lei 1994 P. multistriata (Takano) Takano 1995

Country Species China Indonesia Japan Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam - - - + M - - - - P. abrensis + C, E - + G, J + N - - - + G, O P. americana - - - + M, N, P - - - - P. batesiana - - - + M - - - - P. bipertita + C, D, E + G + J + N, O, Q + T + V + G + G, O P. brasiliana + B, E - + J + N, R + T - - - P. caciantha + B, E - + J + N, O - - + W + O, Y P. calliantha - - - + O, Q - - - + Y P. circumpora + B, D, E - + F + Q - + V - + O, Y P. cuspidata - - - + N - - - - P. decipiens + D, F - + J + O - - + W + O P. delicatissima - - - + N, Q - - - - P. dolorosa - - + J - - - - + O P. fraudulenta - - - + M, P, Q - - - + X P. fukuyoi - - + J - - - - - P. galaxiae P. cf. granii - - - - - - - + O - - - + N - - - + Y P. hasleana - - - - - - + W - P. heimii http://harmfulalgae.info - - - + N - - + W + O P. inflatula - - - + M, N, R - - - - P. kodamae - - - + M - - - - P. limii + C - - + N - - - - P. linea P. cf . lineola + E - - + N - - - - - - - + M, P - - - - P. lundholmiae + B, E - - + N - - - - P. mannii - - - + N, O + T + V + W + O P. micropora + E - + J, K - - - - - P. multiseries + D, E - + J, L + M, O - + V - + O P. multistriata + A, B, E - + J - + T - - + Y P. pseudodelicatissima + A, D, E + H, I + J + M, Q + T, U + V - + O, Y P. pungens - - - + S - - - - P. sabit P. cf. sinica - - - - - - + W + O, Y + B, E - - + N - - - - P. sinica + E - - - - - + W - P. subpacifica + E - - + M - - - + O P. subfraudulenta - - - + N - - - - P. turgidula 16 2 12 28 5 5 8 17

DA producing Pseudo-nitzschia 0.0011 pg/cell P. abrensis 0.026-37 pg/cell P. australis 0.0002 pg/cell P. batesiana 0.0095 pg/cell P. brasiliana P. cf. caciantha 111-244 ng/mL 0.0057-0.22 pg/cell P. calliantha 0.019-0.031 pg/cell P. cuspidata 0.0002-0.12 pg/cell P. delicatissima 0.0008-0.03 pg/cell P. fraudulenta 3.85-4.54 pg/cell P. fukuyoi http://harmfulalgae.info 0.00036 pg/cell P. galaxiae 0.000004 pg/cell P. granii 1.2-42.5 pg/cell P. kodamae 0.0011 pg/cell P. lundholmiae 0.006-67 pg/cell P. multiseries 0.04-0.697 pg/cell P. multistriata 0.00024-0.32 pg/cell P. plurisecta 0.0078 pg/cell P. pseudodelicatissima 0.0018-0.47 pg/cell P. pungens 0.8-33.6 pg/cell P. seriata 0.0011-0.0023 pg/cell P. subfraudulenta 0.06-1.1 ng/mL P. subpacifica 0.0000052-0.09 pg/cell P. turgidula

Toxicity under different conditions http://harmfulalgae.info Teng et al. 2014; Updated

Confirmed toxic species in WESTPAC region P. multiseries (1999) Ofunato Bay, Japan http://harmfulalgae.info P . cf. caciantha (2014), P. fukuyoi (2015) Khan Hoa Bay, Nha Trang, Vietnam P. abrensis (2016) P. kodamae (2014) P. batesiana (2016) Port Dickson, Malaysia P. fukuyoi (2016) P. kodamae (2016) P. subfraudulenta (2016) Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia

Occurences 1. Santubong River and Samariang, Sarawak, Malaysia ‐ peaked during April‐May (2007‐2010) (Lim et al. 2012 MRI) ‐ increase of cell density corresponding to low precipitation, high salinity and pH (no clear trend with changes of macronutrient in the water) (Lim et al. 2012) 2. Philippines and Thailand http://harmfulalgae.info ‐ higher cell density observed during dry season from Dec‐May (2005‐2006, Yap‐Dejeto et al. 2008; Udomratana et al. 2008) 3. Cisadane River Estuary, Indonesia ‐ Higher cell density during dry season May‐June (2011) ‐ corresponding to changes in salinity and N:P concentrations (Rachman & Thoha 2014 MRI)

Occurences 4. Nha Phu, Binh Cang and Nha Trang waters, Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam ‐ density peak during July‐Aug, Nov (2009‐2010) (Hai et al. 2013) 5. a. Bohai Bay, China (Yellow Sea, North) ‐ dominant during Summer ( P . pungens ) (Chen et al. 2016) b. Daya Bay, China (South China Sea) http://harmfulalgae.info ‐ peaks during Spring and Autumn, July 1997‐June 1998 (Chen et al. 2002) ‐ high density during Spring ( P. pseudodelicatissima and P. pungens ), less grazing pressure from zooplankton (Cheng et al. 2005) c. Zhelin Bay, China (South China Sea) ‐ May 2000‐Dec 2004, from 214 samples, 20.5% with P. pungens densities > 10 4 cell/L and 3.8% with > 10 5 cell/L ‐ water temperature (23.8 o C or higher) showed highly significant linear relationship with the algal bloom (Huang et al. 2008)

Cell abundances 600 510 Santa Cruz, North American west coast 500 ‐ ~5 x 10 5 cells/L of P. australis (May 2015, Cell density 10 3 Spring) with 19,978 ng/mL of pDA recorded in 400 California (McCabe et al. 2016) 293 300 200 127 http://harmfulalgae.info 100 38 35 29 4.5 0 Sarawak, Malaysia San Pedro Bay, Philippines Cisadane River Estuary, Cua Be Estuary, Vietnam China [Bohai, Daya Bay, Zhelin Bay] Indonesia

http://harmfulalgae.info characterization Identification – morphological

TEM http://harmfulalgae.info P. limii Teng et al. 2016 [J. Phycol.]

Morpho-characters 1. Transapical axis (cell width) [ > 3 micron or < 3 micron] 2. Center interspace/central nodule (absent/present) 3. Shape of valve (symmetrical? Asymmetrical? Linear? Lanceolate?) 4. Cell at girdle view (sigmoid? rhomboid?) 5. Cell overlap (1/4, 1/8, 1/10?) 6. Shape of apices 7. Density of fibulae in 10µm 8. Density of striae in 10µm http://harmfulalgae.info 9. Ratio of fibulae vs. striae 10. Height of proximal and distal mantles 11. Number of rows of poroids (1 or 2 or 3 or 4?) 12. Number of poroids in 1µm 13. Structure of poroids (how many dividing sectors?) 14. Shape of poroid 15. Density of band striae/poroids in valvocopula 16. Structure of band striae 17. Chain forming

3I Interactive Keys and Taxonomic Databases http://harmfulalgae.info Teng et al. 2014 (HANS) http://dmitriev.speciesfile.org/key.asp?key=Bacillariales&lng=En&i=1&keyN=2

Identification – molecular characterization cox1 LSU http://harmfulalgae.info Lim et al. In Prep

http://harmfulalgae.info 18S secondary structure Lim et al. 2016 [Phycologia]

Identification – molecular characterization 18s/SSU http://harmfulalgae.info Lim et al. 2016 [Phycologia]

http://harmfulalgae.info ITS2 secondary structure Lim et al. 2013 [J. Phycol.]

Compensatory base change (CBC) http://harmfulalgae.info CBC species concept – if there is a CBC, there is a probability of ~ 0.93 that there are two different species (Wolf et al. 2013 PLOS One) Teng et al. 2016 [J. Phycol.]

http://harmfulalgae.info ITS2 Lim et al. In Prep

P. cuspidata vs. P. pseudodelicatissima P. cuspidata P. pseudodelicatissima http://harmfulalgae.info Lanceolate valve Linear valve Lundholm et al. 2003; Lelong et al. 2012; Trainer et al. 2009, 2012