Biodiversity in LCA methods Some proposals to bridge the gap Franois - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Congrès [avniR], 5-6 novembre 2014, Lille Biodiversity in LCA methods Some proposals to bridge the gap François Danic 1 , Benjamin Lévêque 2 , Stéphane Le Pochat 1 , Lénaïc Moniot 2 , Guillaume Neveux 2 , Jade Garcia 3 1. Evea 2. I Care Environnement 3. Score LCA Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

• Context and objectives • Definitions • Steps • Findings • Proposals for improvement • Conclusion 2 Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

• Context  A study ordered by Score LCA : ‘’ How to use LCA flows, indicators, and methods for biodiversity impact assessment ?’’  A study carried out by Evea and I Care  A study delivered in 2014 3 Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

• Objectives • Achieve a state of the art on LCA – biodiversity indicators and methods (LCA (flows, indicators, methods) and others) – ongoing research about the integration of biodiversity in LCA – the current level of consideration of biodiversity in LCA • Identify ways to take into account Biodiversity biodiversity in LCA methods Ecosystems • [Compare methods, indicators and flows used in LCA with regulatory requirements Habitats for industrial sites] Species 4 Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

• Definitions (scope of the study) Biodiversity [CBD, UN 1992] « Biological diversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part : this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. » Ecosystem [CBD, UN 1992] « A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. » Biodiversity can not be reduced to ecosystems. Ecosystems are only one of the dimensions of biodiversity. Biodiversity Ecosystems Species Biotope Habitats Biocenosis Ecosystems Ecological functions 5 Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

• Steps 1 Inventory of indicators of biodiversity 2 Analysis of indicators (potential for LCA) 3 LCA versus biodiversity studies : a case study 4 Recommandations for improvement 6 Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

• Inventory of indicators of biodiversity Typology of indicators LCA ― Endpoints ― Midpoints Ecosystem services ― Ecological functions ― Monetarized indicators Biodiversity ― Biodiversity status and trends ― Drivers of biodiversity loss ― Dependance on ecosystem services 7 Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

• Some identified indicators for biodiversity assessment Existing and developing Biodiversity indicators indicators in LCA • 3 midpoints related to biodiversity: land use, • 451 biodiversity indicators identified ecotoxicity, acidification / eutrophication – Biodiversity status and trends: 172 – Drivers of biodiversity loss : 264 • 2 endpoints related to biodiversity: Ecosystem – Dependence on ecosystem services: 15 Quality: characterization of the impacts on • Not limited to species and including all ecosystems by the PDF/PAF factors dimensions of biodiversity – Habitats, species, ecosystem services • A lot of research supporting the development • A lot of research supporting indicators of of the land use indicator ecosystem services – Ongoing development of indicators of ecological functions, at the origin of ecosystem services – First series of “ monetarized ” indicators by ecosystem service and biome • Some indicators trying to assess biodiversity in LCA methods exist, providing a limited vision of biodiversity issues • Richness and diversity of indicators existing in biodiversity studies 8 Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

• Synthesis on drivers of biodiversity loss taken into account by existing LCA methods Pressures on Consideration in LCA Sub-types of pressure biodiversity methods  Land occupation  Land transformation Habitat change Fragmentation Disturbances Protection of habitats and biodiversity Introduction of alien species Alien species Use of means of spread of alien species  Water consumption Endangered species Overexploitation Participation in species diversity Participation in genetic diversity Sustainable use of natural resources  Pollution of water bodies  Soil pollution  Pollutions Air pollution  Acidification / Eutrophication Pollutants and wastes emissions  [From Curran et al., 2011] Climate change GHG emissions • A limited number of sub-types of drivers is taken into account • « Habitat change » and « Pollutions » are the more detailed drivers in the LCA methods 9 Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

• LCA versus biodiversity studies : a case study 3 modes of electricity supply (kWh of coal, gas,and photovoltaic) LCA methods Biodiversity studies • • Analysis of biodiversity studies on: Modeling on the software Simapro7 by 3 methods – Impacts by drivers and sub-type of drivers of – Eco-indicator 99 biodiversity loss Methodology – Impacts on habitats, species and ecological – Impact 2002+ functions – ReCiPe – Geographically located case studies Transformation / Distribution Coal Coal Electricity mining transport production High Medium Low voltage elec. voltage elec. voltage elec. Ecoindicator 99 Illustrations ReCiPe Legend: Land occupation/transformation Ecotoxicity Acidification /eutrophication Climate change • LCA methods show interesting midpoints to assess biodiversity issues and a relevant hierarchy between technologies at the endpoint step • An important weight attributed to the PDF factor for Climate change in ReCiPe • Some issues are clearly missing compared with biodiversity studies (fragmentation, …) 10 Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

• Focus on methodological differences within LCA methodologies Study of Differentiation by Study of land climate change Number of « substances » type of impacted Aggregation factors Spatialization transformation applied to considered ecosystems ecosystems  Ecotoxicity 196  Use of the PAF  Eco-indicator 99 Acidif./     Yes No 9 No factor, not very No (unit: PDF*m²*yr) eutrophication specific  Land use 142   Possible Ecotoxicity 2.589  Unavailability of with the   IMPACT 2002 + Acidif./ Terrestrial / acidification/   No No 7 Impact (unit: PDF*m²*yr) eutrophication aquatic eutrophication World + factors  Land use 88 version  Ecotoxicity 26.752  Terrestrial/   ReCiPe Acidif./ Good accuracy of    Yes Yes 20 fresh water / No (unit: species.yr) eutrophication factors marine water  Land use 75 Legend: Strength Weakness 11 Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

• Proposal : 5 ways to improve the calculation of biodiversity in LCA methods Biodiversity Company Ecosystems 5 drivers of biodiversity Habitats loss Species Integration of 3 indicators of drivers of biodiversity loss 2 Flow spatialization 1 Improvement of existing Input flows 4 Mid- End- indicators and Linking impacts points points methods and ecosystems Output flows 5 Focus on the most critical impacts 12 Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

• Proposal : 5 ways and in-depth approaches Level of complexity Approach A Approach B Approach C Improvement of Improvement of land use Improvement of existing Improvement of the PDF 1 aggregation factors for PDF and land use change indicators and methods coefficient indicator indicators Definition of relevant scales for biodiversity study on Data acquisition on the 2 Flow spatialization Coupling GIS and LCA value chain and lifecycle different scales steps Integration of indicators of Integration of an indicator Integration of an indicator 3 / pressures on biodiversity by pressure by sub-type of pressure Linking impacts and Crossing impact and risk Modeling impacts on Modeling impacts on 4 ecosystems level for ecosystems species ecosystem services Focus on the most critical Prioritization of impacts in a Prioritization on the most 5 / impacts lifecycle step impactful lifecycle steps Approaches with higher or lower consideration of biodiversity and different horizons of implementation 13 Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

• Toward a progressive implementation of biodiversity complexity in LCA 1 2 3 4 5 Level of implementation Modeling impacts on Modeling services impacts on species Detailed 1 midpoint technical 3 1 midpoint by sub-type approach by pressure of pressure Data acquisition at different scales Prioritization Prioritization in a lifecycle on lifecycle Relevant Crossing step steps scales for impact x biodiversity study ecosystem risk Global 2 approach Improvement of PDF factor Extension of Improvement of existing Improvement of 1 land-use and land-use Coupling GIS aggregation work in LCA change indicators and LCA factors Short term Mid term Long term Time 1-3 years 3-6 years 6-9 years horizon 14 Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille