Biodiversity in LCA methods Some proposals to bridge the gap Franois - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Biodiversity in LCA methods Some proposals to bridge the gap Franois - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Congrs [avniR], 5-6 novembre 2014, Lille Biodiversity in LCA methods Some proposals to bridge the gap Franois Danic 1 , Benjamin Lvque 2 , Stphane Le Pochat 1 , Lnac Moniot 2 , Guillaume Neveux 2 , Jade Garcia 3 1. Evea 2. I Care

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Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

Biodiversity in LCA methods

Some proposals to bridge the gap

François Danic1, Benjamin Lévêque2, Stéphane Le Pochat1, Lénaïc Moniot2, Guillaume Neveux2, Jade Garcia3 1. Evea 2. I Care Environnement 3. Score LCA

Congrès [avniR], 5-6 novembre 2014, Lille

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Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

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  • Context and objectives
  • Definitions
  • Steps
  • Findings
  • Proposals for improvement
  • Conclusion
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Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

  • Context

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  • A study ordered by Score LCA :

‘’How to use LCA flows, indicators, and methods for biodiversity impact assessment?’’

  • A study carried out by Evea and I Care
  • A study delivered in 2014
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Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

  • Achieve a state of the art on

– biodiversity indicators and methods (LCA and others) –

  • ngoing research about the integration of

biodiversity in LCA – the current level of consideration of biodiversity in LCA

  • Identify ways to take into account

biodiversity in LCA methods

  • [Compare methods, indicators and flows

used in LCA with regulatory requirements for industrial sites]

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LCA (flows, indicators, methods)

Species Ecosystems Habitats

Biodiversity

  • Objectives
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Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

  • Definitions (scope of the study)

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Biodiversity [CBD, UN 1992]

« Biological diversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part : this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. »

Ecosystem [CBD, UN 1992]

« A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. »

Biodiversity can not be reduced to ecosystems. Ecosystems are only one of the dimensions of biodiversity.

Species Habitats Ecosystems

Biodiversity

Biotope Biocenosis Ecological functions

Ecosystems

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  • Steps

1 Inventory of indicators of biodiversity 2 Analysis of indicators (potential for LCA) 3 LCA versus biodiversity studies : a case study 4 Recommandations for improvement

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  • Inventory of indicators of biodiversity

Typology of indicators ― Endpoints ― Midpoints ― Ecological functions ― Monetarized indicators ― Biodiversity status and trends ― Drivers of biodiversity loss ― Dependance on ecosystem services LCA Ecosystem services Biodiversity

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Existing and developing indicators in LCA

  • 3 midpoints related to biodiversity: land use,

ecotoxicity, acidification / eutrophication

  • 2 endpoints related to biodiversity: Ecosystem

Quality: characterization of the impacts on ecosystems by the PDF/PAF factors

  • A lot of research supporting the development
  • f the land use indicator
  • 451 biodiversity indicators identified

– Biodiversity status and trends: 172 – Drivers of biodiversity loss : 264 – Dependence on ecosystem services: 15

  • Not limited to species and including all

dimensions of biodiversity

– Habitats, species, ecosystem services

  • A lot of research supporting indicators of

ecosystem services

– Ongoing development of indicators of ecological functions, at the origin of ecosystem services – First series of “monetarized” indicators by ecosystem service and biome

Biodiversity indicators

  • Some indicators trying to assess biodiversity in LCA methods exist, providing a limited vision
  • f biodiversity issues
  • Richness and diversity of indicators existing in biodiversity studies
  • Some identified indicators for biodiversity assessment
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Pressures on biodiversity Sub-types of pressure Consideration in LCA methods Habitat change Land occupation  Land transformation  Fragmentation Disturbances Protection of habitats and biodiversity Alien species Introduction of alien species Use of means of spread of alien species Overexploitation Water consumption  Endangered species Participation in species diversity Participation in genetic diversity Sustainable use of natural resources Pollutions Pollution of water bodies  Soil pollution  Air pollution  Acidification / Eutrophication  Pollutants and wastes emissions Climate change GHG emissions 

  • A limited number of sub-types of drivers is taken into account
  • « Habitat change » and « Pollutions » are the more detailed drivers in the LCA methods
  • Synthesis on drivers of biodiversity loss taken into account by

existing LCA methods

[From Curran et al., 2011]

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LCA methods

  • Modeling on the software Simapro7 by 3

methods

– Eco-indicator 99 – Impact 2002+ – ReCiPe

Biodiversity studies

  • Analysis of biodiversity studies on:

– Impacts by drivers and sub-type of drivers of biodiversity loss – Impacts on habitats, species and ecological functions – Geographically located case studies

Methodology

  • LCA methods show interesting midpoints to assess biodiversity issues and a relevant hierarchy between

technologies at the endpoint step

  • An important weight attributed to the PDF factor for Climate change in ReCiPe
  • Some issues are clearly missing compared with biodiversity studies (fragmentation, …)

Coal mining Coal transport Electricity production Transformation / Distribution Low voltage elec. Medium voltage elec. High voltage elec. Acidification /eutrophication Land occupation/transformation Ecotoxicity Climate change Legend:

Ecoindicator 99 ReCiPe

Illustrations

  • LCA versus biodiversity studies : a case study

3 modes of electricity supply (kWh of coal, gas,and photovoltaic)

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Study of land transformation Study of climate change applied to ecosystems Number of « substances » considered Differentiation by type of impacted ecosystems Aggregation factors Spatialization Eco-indicator 99 (unit: PDF*m²*yr)  Yes  No  Ecotoxicity 196  No  Use of the PAF factor, not very specific  No  Acidif./ eutrophication 9  Land use 142 IMPACT 2002 + (unit: PDF*m²*yr)  No  No  Ecotoxicity 2.589  Terrestrial / aquatic  Unavailability of acidification/ eutrophication factors  Possible with the Impact World + version  Acidif./ eutrophication 7  Land use 88 ReCiPe (unit: species.yr)  Yes  Yes  Ecotoxicity 26.752  Terrestrial/ fresh water / marine water  Good accuracy of factors  No  Acidif./ eutrophication 20  Land use 75 Legend: Strength Weakness

  • Focus on methodological differences within LCA methodologies
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Species Ecosystems Habitats

Biodiversity

Input flows Output flows Mid- points End- points

Company

4 3 2 5

Improvement of existing indicators and methods Flow spatialization Integration of indicators of drivers

  • f biodiversity loss

Linking impacts and ecosystems Focus on the most critical impacts

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5 drivers of biodiversity loss

  • Proposal : 5 ways to improve the calculation of biodiversity in LCA

methods

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Congrès [avniR] 2014, Lille

13 Approach A Approach B Approach C 1 Improvement of existing indicators and methods Improvement of aggregation factors for PDF indicator Improvement of land use and land use change indicators Improvement of the PDF coefficient 2 Flow spatialization Definition of relevant scales for biodiversity study on value chain and lifecycle steps Coupling GIS and LCA Data acquisition on the different scales 3 Integration of indicators of pressures on biodiversity Integration of an indicator by pressure Integration of an indicator by sub-type of pressure / 4 Linking impacts and ecosystems Crossing impact and risk level for ecosystems Modeling impacts on species Modeling impacts on ecosystem services 5 Focus on the most critical impacts Prioritization of impacts in a lifecycle step Prioritization on the most impactful lifecycle steps /

Approaches with higher or lower consideration of biodiversity and different horizons of implementation

  • Proposal : 5 ways and in-depth approaches

Level of complexity

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4 1 2 3 5 Modeling impacts on services Modeling impacts on species Relevant scales for biodiversity study 1 midpoint by pressure 1 midpoint by sub-type

  • f pressure

Time horizon

Short term 1-3 years Long term 6-9 years Mid term 3-6 years

Level of implementation

Extension of existing work in LCA Global approach Detailed technical approach

3 2 1

Improvement

  • f PDF factor

Data acquisition at different scales Prioritization

  • n lifecycle

steps Crossing impact x ecosystem risk Improvement of aggregation factors Improvement of land-use and land-use change indicators Coupling GIS and LCA Prioritization in a lifecycle step

  • Toward a progressive implementation of biodiversity complexity in

LCA

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  • Conclusion

─ It will take time and efforts for LCA methodologies to increase relevance regarding biodiversity issues because of :

  • Intrinsic complexity (ecosystem dynamics, predictability issues, …)
  • No common culture between LCA & Biodiversity communities

─ In LCA :

  • At endpoint level : ecosystem quality
  • At midpoint level : Land Use is a very representative indicator
  • Numerous methodological limits, but well known and well documented

─ First : improve the LU indicator ─ In a second time : enlarge the scope to “global biodiversity “

  • Via drivers on biodiversity loss
  • Via ecosystem services (integrating ecological function)

─ Real improvements can be expected from coupling with GIS ─ Problematic of weighting and aggregation for a biodiversity endpoint still remain

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THANK YOU

Report available at [ScoreLCA website] :

http://www.scorelca.org/scorelca/ressources_internes.php