Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters

Philippa Cook

Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 21st HPSG conference SUNY at Buffalo, 28th - 29th August 2014

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters

Outline

Introduction to the notion of collocational cluster Statistical Evidence for the collocational tuple Analysis Function Composition for collocational selection Lexical Entries Modifier-collocation-cluster Schema Extensions and Ramifications Conclusion Appendix Analysis of light-verb-phrases without FC More on the LogDice association measure

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 1/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Introduction to the notion of collocational cluster

multiple-fronting strings 1

(1)

[weltweit] worldwide [f¨ ur Aufregung] for upset sorgt provides eine an Werbekompagne advertising-campaign von from Benetton1 Benetton ‘A benetton advertising campaign is causing international concern’

◮ What is the status of the string before the finite verb ?

1http://woodz.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/alltag/lifestyle/8422-benetton-zieht-

kuss-foto-von-papst-zurueck.html, checked 21st Aug. 2014

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 2/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Introduction to the notion of collocational cluster

multiple-fronting strings 2

(2)

[Heftig] heavy [in into die the Kritik] criticism geriet fell der the Kostenrechnungsbericht finance report des the Jugendamtes youth service f¨ ur for 20022 2002

‘The youth service’s 2002 financial report got slated’

◮ What is the status of the string before the finite verb ?

2COSMAS, RHZ03/SEP.09166 Rhein-Zeitung, 12.09.2003 Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 3/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Introduction to the notion of collocational cluster

multiple-fronting strings 3

(3)

[Richtig] right [Geld] money wird is nur

• nly

im in Briefgesch¨ aft letter.business verdient3 earned ‘You can only make real money with letters’

3taz 28./29.10.2000, p. 5, taken from M¨

uller (2005)

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 4/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Introduction to the notion of collocational cluster

multiple-fronting strings 3

(3)

[Richtig] right [Geld] money wird is nur

• nly

im in Briefgesch¨ aft letter.business verdient3 earned ‘You can only make real money with letters’

◮ Do (1) - (3) involve a violation of the V2 constraint ? ◮ Or could we have a single constituent in the front field ? ◮ If a single constituent, what kind of structure exactly ?

(cf. (M¨ uller, 2003, 2005) for an analysis as a VP-constituent with empty head, I provide an alternative)

3taz 28./29.10.2000, p. 5, taken from M¨

uller (2005)

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 4/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Introduction to the notion of collocational cluster

My Proposal: a chunk I call a ”collocational cluster”

◮ Strings such as heftig in die Kritik (heavy into the criticism)

• etc. are collocational clusters (”chunks”)

◮ collocation = a relationship of co-occurrence between

words/lemmas (cf. Firth (1957), Sinclair (1991), Evert (2008))

◮ I introduce a schema for building such collocational clusters in

the syntax, inspired by Function Composition

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 5/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Introduction to the notion of collocational cluster

Further evidence for proposing collocational clusters

◮ The material in the cluster prefers to permute (scramble)

together rather than individually (4)

weil because heftig heavy in Kritik in criticism der the Bericht report geriet fell ‘because the report got slated’

(5) ?? weil heftig der Bericht in Kritik geriet (6) ?? weil in Kritik der Bericht heftig geriet

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 6/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Introduction to the notion of collocational cluster

The notion of tuples in the collocational cluster4

Actually there is a third element involved in the collocational cluster that we haven’t yet mentioned

◮ the Verb

3see Stubbs (1995)/Stubbs (2001)’s notion of inter-collocation, Zinsmeister

and Heid (2003)’s tuples, also Almela (2011), Almela et al. (2013) on non-binary collocations and the notion of co-collocations

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 7/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Introduction to the notion of collocational cluster

The notion of headword in lexicographic approaches to collocation

Wortprofil (Didakowski and Geyken (2013)) and Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff et al. (2014)) incorporate grammatical relations into collocation measures and have a notion of head:-

◮ In a modifier-noun collocation, the noun is headword ◮ In a verb-object collocation, the verb is headword ◮ relevant for the analysis

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 8/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Introduction to the notion of collocational cluster

The notion of tuples in the collocational cluster

richtig Geld verdienen [lit. real money earn] ’to make heaps’ has three collocations of interest

• 1. (richtigadj + GeldN) = ’real’ as a modifier of ’money’
• 2. (GeldN + verdienenV ) = ’money’ as an object of ’earn’
• 3. (richtigadv + verdienenV ) = ’really’ as a modifier of ’earn’

◮ note that adjectives like richtig can be used as adverbs with no

difference in form in German. This ambiguity is presumably a driving factor behind collocation clusters

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 9/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Introduction to the notion of collocational cluster Statistical Evidence for the collocational tuple

Statistical measures for the collocational tuple

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 10/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Introduction to the notion of collocational cluster Statistical Evidence for the collocational tuple

Association Measures for richtig Geld verdienen ’really make money’

◮ Using the LogDice measure (see Rychl´

y (2008) for the formula and advantages, see Evert (2008) for association measurement in general

◮ offered via the Wortprofil tool of the DWDS corpus5 item association using LogD frequency richtig as modifier of Geld 5.07 241 Geld as object of verdienen 11.51 22226 richtig as modifier of verdienen 6.09 332

5accessible at www.dwds.de, approx. 1.8 billion tokens, Wortprofil links collocational information to syntactic functions, cf. Didakowski and Geyken (2013) Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 11/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Introduction to the notion of collocational cluster Statistical Evidence for the collocational tuple

Association Measures for heftig in (die) Kritik geraten ’get slated ’and international f¨ ur Aufregung sorgen ’cause international outrage’

association using LogD frequency heftig as modifier of Kritik 11.12 9882 Kritik as object of geraten 9.27 2453 heftig as modifier of geraten 5.8 174 association using LogD frequency weltweit as modifier of Aufregung 3.51 16 Aufregung as object of sorgen 9.13 3774 international as modifier of sorgen 4.41 107

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 12/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Analysis Function Composition for collocational selection

Function Composition for collocational selection

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 13/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Analysis Function Composition for collocational selection

Forward and Backward Function Composition in CCG

(7) Forward Function Composition A/B ∗ B/C = A/C (8) Backward Function Composition B\A ∗ C\B = C\A

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 14/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Analysis Function Composition for collocational selection

Forward and Backward Function Composition in CCG

(7) Forward Function Composition A/B ∗ B/C = A/C (8) Backward Function Composition B\A ∗ C\B = C\A

◮ A/B combines by FC with B/C yielding A/C; a category

requiring a C in order to be complete

◮ The need for a C at the initial level is postponed to the next

level.

◮ Backwards FC similarly postpones saturation of A to the next

level

◮ cf. Argument Inheritance, Hinrichs and Nakazawa (1994) and

Jacobson (1990) for Raising

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 14/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Analysis Function Composition for collocational selection

The spirit of backwards FC for collocational cluster formation

◮ The intensifier richtig collocationally selects the verb

verdienen (which it also modifies): richtig\verdienen (cf. B\A)

◮ The bare noun Geld collocationally selects richtig. Geld is

headword of modifier-noun string: Geld\richtig (cf. C\B)

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 15/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Analysis Function Composition for collocational selection

The spirit of backwards FC transferred to collocational cluster formation

◮ Backwards FC combines richtig + Geld, postponing the

requirement for verdienen GeldC \ verdienenA richtigB \ verdienenA GeldC \ richtigB

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 16/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Analysis Lexical Entries

Lexical Entries for richtig, Gas and geben

◮ I will exemplify with richtig Gas geben [lit. real Gas give]

’increase effort’

◮ richtig ’real(ly)’ ◮ Gas ’Gas’ ◮ geben ’give’ Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 17/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Analysis Lexical Entries

Lexical entry for the intensifier richtig ’really’

           word phon

• richtig
• ss|loc

  cat  head mod V lid 4

• lid

richtig-intensifier

• subcat

     cont intensify 4

• coll|lid 4 geben-idiomatic

          

◮ lid (lexical identifier) feature appropriate for the sort head

identifies specific instantiations of words (Richter and Sailer (1999); Soehn (2004); Sag (2012); Spencer (2005))

◮ coll feature encodes in the lexical entry that it collocates

with a particular word (cf. Sailer (2003), Richter and Sailer (1999)), appropriate for the sort word and cluster = collocational selection

◮ The intensifier is lexically encoded as a verb modifier and it

collocates with that verb

◮ I could generalize the lexical entry so that the intensifier

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 18/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Analysis Lexical Entries

Lexical entry for Gas in the light verb phrase use

           word phon Gas ss|loc  cat   head lid Gas-idiomatic subcat spr

• 

   cont index non-referential coll|lid richtig-intensifier           

◮ The idiomatic bare noun collocates with the intensifier richtig ◮ The idiomatic noun is non-referential and cannot take a

specifier (must be saturated)

◮ A parallel lexical entry in which the value of coll|lid is

gebenidio handles occurrences of the light verb phrase Gas geben without richtig

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 19/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Analysis Lexical Entries

Lexical entry for the light verb geben ’give’

            word phon

• geben
• ss|loc
• cat
• head
• lid geben-idiomatic
• subcat

np-nom 5

• cont
• rels
• increase-effort

agent

5

• coll|lid Gas-idiomatic

           

◮ Constitutes a new treatment of light verb phrases: Light verb

collocationally selects the (athematic) object but selects the subject NP via subcat

◮ It cannot undergo personal passive in the idiomatic use

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 20/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Analysis Modifier-collocation-cluster Schema

Overview of what is to come

• 1. The composition of modifier-collocational-clusters using

the modifier-collocational-schema e.g. richtig Gas [lit. really gas]

• 2. The composition of the modifier-collocational-cluster e.g.

richtig Gas with the idiomatic verb geben

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 21/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Analysis Modifier-collocation-cluster Schema

Recall the spirit of backwards FC

Gas \ geben = mod-coll-cluster non-head-dtr richtig \ geben head-dtr Gas \ richtig

◮ The modifier has to ’wait’ until it finds the verb it modifies ◮ What I analyze as a mod-coll-cluster is therefore not a type of

head-adjunct-structure

◮ This makes sense because the tuple is more like one complex

• lexeme. richtig-intensifier is not a normal modifier but

somewhere between modifier and argument (= a collocational modifier)

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 22/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Analysis Modifier-collocation-cluster Schema

Modifier-collocational-cluster Schema

modifier-coll-cluster →                    ss     loc|cat|head mod 4 lid 1

• coll|lid 4

cont 6     non-hd-dtr  ss|loc|cat head|mod 4 lid 2

• coll|lid 4

  hd-dtr     ss|loc|cat head|lid 1 spr

• coll|lid 2

cont 6                       

◮ hd-dtr, e.g. Gas, coll. selects the non-hd-dtr, e.g. richtig ◮ non-hd-dtr coll. selects the verb it modifies ◮ mthr inherits coll|lid and mod values from non-hd-dtr

= postponement

◮ mthr inherits cont value of the hd-dtr; cf. Semantics

Principle

◮ The mth inherits lid value from hd-dtr; cluster is a special

version of the lexeme Gas-idiomatic

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 23/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Analysis Modifier-collocation-cluster Schema

Sub-tree for ’richtig Gas’ licensed by the mod-coll-cl schema

         modifier-coll-cluster phon richtig gas ss|loc|cat|head mod V lid 4

• lid

Gas-idiomatic

• cont

index non-referential coll|lid

4 geben-idiomatic

        

Adj

           word phon richtig ss|loc   cat  head mod V

• lid 4
• lid

richtig-intensifier

• subcat

     cont intensify 4

• coll|lid 4 geben-idiomatic

          

richtig-intensifier N

           word phon Gas ss|loc  cat   head lid Gas-idiomatic subcat spr

• 

   cont

• index non-referential
• coll|lid richtig-intensifier

          

Gas-idiomatic

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 24/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Analysis Modifier-collocation-cluster Schema

How the verb geben combines with the collocational cluster richtig Gas

◮ The mod-coll-cluster richtig Gas, headed by Gas,

collocationally selects the (idiomatic) verb geben but it also selects it via mod

◮ The mod-coll-cluster and the verb can combine via the

head-adjunct-schema

◮ The idiomatic semantics of the verb (hd-dtr) percolate to

the mthr and the (postponed) semantic modification of the verb can apply

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 25/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Analysis Modifier-collocation-cluster Schema

Sub-tree for cluster richtig Gas and geben

            phrase phon

• richtig gas geben
• ss|loc
• cat
• head
• lid geben-idio
• subcat

np-nom 5

• cont
• rels
• increase-effort

agent

5

• coll
• 

          

mod-coll-Cl

         mod-coll-cluster phon richtig gas ss|loc|cat|head mod V lid 4

• lid

Gas-idiomatic

• cont
• index non-referential
• coll|lid

4 geben-idiomatic

        

richtig Gas V

            word phon geben ss|loc

• cat
• head

lid geben-idiomatic subcat np-nom 5

• cont
• rels
• increase-effort

agent

5

• coll|lid Gas-idiomatic

           

geben-idiomatic

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 26/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Extensions and Ramifications

Extensions and Ramifications

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 27/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Extensions and Ramifications

Collocation Tuples: more examples for which I propose a similar analysis

◮ The tuples vary in degrees of schematicity and form a

continuum from full idioms to near-compositional phrases

◮ Details of the analysis will vary for lexical strings of different

degrees of schematicity

Licht ins Dunkel bringen ’bring light into the dark = shed light onto sth.’ richtig Gas geben ’really give Gas = increase effort’ hart ins Gericht gehen ’go hard into court = roast s.o.’ ihm zur Seite stehen ’stand by him’ am billgsten in XP kommen ’get to X the cheapest (way)’ trocken durch XP kommen ’come dry through X’ postiv/negativ auf XP wirken ’react positively/negatively to X’

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 28/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Extensions and Ramifications

Topicalization of collocational clusters

◮ Analogous to fronting of coherent verbal clusters ◮ Alternative analysis for (some) multiple fronting constructions

(9)

[richtig right Gas] gas gibt gives er he immer always ‘he always gives his all’

(10)

[zu schlafen to sleep versucht] try hat has er he ‘he tried to sleep’

zu schlafen versuchtverbal−cluster richtig Gasmod−coll−cluster

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 29/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Extensions and Ramifications

Extension of the analysis to (free) Datives

(11)

[Ihm] he-DAT [zur Seite] to.the side steht stands als as stellvertretender acting Vorstandschef ceo Gerd Gerd Tenzer6 Tenzer ‘Gerd Tenzer is helping him out as acting CEO’

◮ I treat the dative as a benefactive modifier, addable to the

arg-struc of any verb in German

◮ The dative is also possessor of the noun Seite; i.e. also a

modifier introducable for any noun

6taz, 18.07.2002, S. 7, taken from M¨

uller (2005)

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 30/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Extensions and Ramifications

Seite \ stehen ihm \ stehen Seite \ ihm

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 31/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Extensions and Ramifications

Extension of the light verb analysis (appendix) to Integrated objects and subjects cf. (Jacobs, 1993, 1999)

◮ Verb-close objects e.g. der Nachwelt hinterlassen ’left to the

afterlife’, Zeitung lesen ’newspaper read’ (semi-arguments/part of predicate)

◮ accounts for lower syntactic mobility of the verb-adjacent

argument alone and for increased mobility of the cluster

◮ captures that there is no intervention of modifier/negation

between integrated objects and the verbs

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 32/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Conclusion

Conclusion 1

Significance for ideas about constituency and usage/frequency and the modifier-argument distinction

◮ We know there is a close relation between frequently

co-occurring elements and standard constituents but we must also capture units beyond those standardly acknowledged up to now

◮ Collocationally selected modifiers are situated inbetween

arguments and true modifiers

◮ The availability of collocationally selected items seems to

generalize to form a pattern,to provide a slot fillable by material of a certain grammatical class (cf. Dowty (2003))

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 33/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Conclusion

Conclusion 2

Advantages of this analysis for HPSG and specifically for the analysis of German

◮ Interfaces usage data and a usage-based view of ’constituency’

with the HPSG formalism, cf. Bybee and Cacoullos (2009); Beckner and Bybee (2009); Bod (1998)

◮ Captures analogy between verb clusters (cluster – chunk) and

these (non-standard) constituents in German - is this something specific to German ?

◮ Offers a syntactic solution for handling Integration of nouns

and PPs as discussed in (Jacobs, 1993, 1999) [also subject-V integration too]

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 34/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Conclusion

Almela, Mois´

• es. 2011. The case for

verb-adjective collocations: corpus-based analysis and lexicographical treatment. Revista de Ling¨ u´ ıstica y Lenguas Aplicada 6, 39 – 51. Almela, Mois´ es, Cantos, Pascual and S´ anchez, Aquilino. 2013. Collocation, Co-collocation, Constellation ... Any Advances in Distributional Semantics? Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 5th International Conference on Corpus Linguistics (CILC2013)(95), 231 – 240. Beckner, Clay and Bybee, Joan. 2009. A usage-based account of constituency and reanalysis. Language Learning 59, 27–46. Bod, Rens. 1998. Beyond Grammar. An Experience-Based Theory of

• Language. csli: CSLI.

Bybee, Joan L. and Cacoullos, Rena Torres. 2009. The role of prefabs in grammaticization: How the particular and the general interact in language change. In Hamid Ouali Roberta L. Corrigan, Edith A. Moravcsik and Kathleen Wheatley (eds.), Formulaic Language: Volume 1. Distribution and historical change, pages 187 – 217, Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Didakowski, J¨

• rg and Geyken,
• Alexander. 2013. From DWDS

corpora to a German Word Profile

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 34/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Conclusion

– methodological problems and

• solutions. In Network Strategies,

Access Structures and Automatic Extraction of Lexicographical

• Information. 2nd Work Report of

the Academic Network ¨ Internet Lexicography”, OPAL - Online publizierte Arbeiten zur Linguistik X/2012, pages 43 – 52, Mannheim: Institut f¨ ur deutsche Sprache. Dowty, Davis. 2003. The Dual Analysis of Adjuncts and Complements in Categorial

• Grammar. In Ewald Lang, Claudia

Maienborn and Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen (eds.), Modifying Adjuncts, pages 1 – 22, de Gruyter. Evert, Stefan. 2008. Corpora and

• Collocations. In Anke L¨

udeling and Merja Kyt¨

• (eds.), Corpus
• Linguistics. An International
• Handbook. Article 58, pages 1212

– 1248, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Firth, J. R. 1957. A synopsis of linguistic theory 1930–55. In Studies in Linguistic Analysis, pages 1 – 32, Oxford: The Philological Society. Hinrichs, Erhard W. and Nakazawa,

• Tsuneko. 1994. Linearizing AUXs

in German Verbal Complexes. In John Nerbonne, Klaus Netter and Carl J. Pollard (eds.), German in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, CSLI Lecture Notes,

• No. 46, pages 11–38, Stanford:

CSLI Publications. Jacobs, Joachim. 1993. Integration. In

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 34/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Conclusion

Marga Reis (ed.), Wortstellung und Informationsstruktur, page 63–116, T¨ ubingen: Niemeyer. Jacobs, Joachim. 1999. Informational

• Autonomy. In Robert van

der Sandt Peter Bosch (ed.),

• Focus. Linguistic, Cognitive and

Computational Perspectives, pages 56–81, Cambridge University Press. Jacobson, Pauline. 1990. Raising as Function Composition. Linguistics and Philosophy 13, 423–475. Kilgarriff, Adam, Baisa, V´ ıt, Buˇ sta, Jan, Jakub´ ıˇ cek, Miloˇ s, Kov´ aˇ r, Vojtˇ ech, Michelfeit, Jan, Rychl´ y, Pavel and Suchomel, V´ ıt. 2014. The Sketch Engine: ten years on. Lexicography pages 1–30. M¨ uller, Stefan. 2003. Mehrfache

• Vorfeldbesetzung. Deutsche

Sprache 31(1), 29–62. M¨ uller, Stefan. 2005. Zur Analyse scheinbarer V3-S¨

• atze. In

Franz-Josef d’Avis (ed.), Deutsche Syntax: Empirie und Theorie. Symposium G¨

• teborg 13–15 Mai

2004, G¨

• teborger Germanistische

Forschungen, No. 46, pages 173–194, Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. Richter, Frank and Sailer, Manfred.

• 1999. LF Conditions on Expressions
• f Ty2: An HPSG Analysis of

Negative Concord in Polish. In Robert D. Borsley and Adam Przepi´

• rkowski (eds.), Slavic in

Head-Driven Phrase Structure

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 34/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Conclusion

Gram- mar, pages 247 – 282, Stanford: CSLI. Rychl´ y, Pavel. 2008. A Lexicographer-Friendly Association

• Score. In RASLAN 2008, pages

6–9, Brno: Masarykova Univerzita. Sag, Ivan. 2012. Sign-based Construction Grammar: An informal Synopsis. In Hans Boas and Ivan Sag (eds.), Sign-based Construction Grammar, pages 69 – 202, Stanford: CSLI. Sailer, Manfred. 2003. Combinatorial Semantics and Idiomatic Expressions in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Dissertation (2000), Eberhard-Karls-Universit¨ at T¨ ubingen, Working Papers of the SFB 340, Vol. 161. Sinclair, John. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford university Press. Soehn, Jan-Philipp. 2004. License to Coll: How to Bind Bound Words and Readings to their Contexts. In Stefan M¨ uller (ed.), Proceedings of the 11th International Conference

• n Head-Driven Phrase Structure

Grammar, Center for Computational Linguistics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, pages 261 – 273, Stanford: CSLI. Spencer, Andrew. 2005. Generalized Paradigm Function Morphology – A synopsis. In Alexandra Galani and Beck Sinar (eds.), York Papers in Linguistics, volume 2 of Papers from the York-Essex Morphology

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 34/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Appendix Analysis of light-verb-phrases without FC

Meeting, 2003, pages 93 – 106, University of York, UK. Stubbs, M. 2001. Words and Phrases: Corpus Studies of Lexical

• Semantics. Language in Society,

Oxford: Blackwell Wiley. Stubbs, Michael. 1995. Collocations and Semantic Profiles: On the Cause of the Trouble with Quantitative Studies. Functions of Language 2(1), 23 – 55. Zinsmeister, Heike and Heid, Ulrich.

• 2003. Significant triples: Adjective

+ noun + verb combinations. In Proceedings of the 7th Conference

• n Computational Lexicography

and Text Research, COMPLEX 2003, pages 92 – 101, Budapest, Hungary.

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 35/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Appendix Analysis of light-verb-phrases without FC

Composition of Gas + geben as a light-verb-coll-cl

          phrase phon

• gas geben
• ss|loc
• cat
• head
• lid geben-idio
• subcat

np-nom 5

• cont
• rels
• increase-effort

agent

5

• 

        

N

           word phon

• Gas
• ss|loc

 cat   head

• lid Gas-idio
• subcat

spr

• 

   cont index non-referential coll|lid geben-idiomatic           

Gas-idiomatic V

            word phon

• geben
• ss|loc
• cat
• head
• lid geben-idiomatic
• subcat

np-nom 5

• cont
• rels
• increase-effort

agent

5

• coll|lid Gas-idiomatic

           

geben-idiomatic

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 35/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Appendix Analysis of light-verb-phrases without FC

Schema for light-verb-collocational-clusters

integrated-object-phrase →              ss|loc|cat head|lid 2 subcat

• 4
• non-hd-dtr

 ss|loc|cat head|lid 1 spr

• coll|lid 2

  hd-dtr  ss|loc|cat head|lid 2 subcat

• 4
• coll|lid 1

              

◮ dtrs collocationally select each other, viz. 1 and 2 ◮ This schema also licenses integrated objects, e.g Zeitung lesen

’read the paper’ (Jacobs, 1993, 1999) and (with some changes) PP-light verb phrases

◮ mthr inherits idiomatic semantics from hd-dtr in keeping

with the Semantics Principle

◮ mthr lexeme inherits lid value from hd-dtr, viz.2

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 36/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Appendix More on the LogDice association measure

Features of LogDice Measure Rychl´ y (2008)

◮ Theoretical maximum is 14, in case when all occurrences of X

co-occur with Y and all occurrences of Y co-occur with X. Usually the value is less then 10.

◮ Value 0 means there is less than 1 co-occurrence of XY per

16,000 X or 16,000 Y

◮ We can say that negative values means there is no statistical

significance of XY collocation.

◮ Comparing two scores, plus 1 point means twice as often

collocation, plus 7 points means roughly 100 times frequent collocation.

◮ The score does not depend on the total size of a corpus. The

score combine relative frequencies of XY in relation to X and Y

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 37/46

Between complex predicates and regular phrases: German collocational clusters Appendix More on the LogDice association measure

Association Measures for richtig Bischof ¨ ubernehmen ’really take over the bishop’

A lexical string which intuitively does not include the collocate triple yields low association measures, as expected

association using LogD frequency richtig as modifier of Bischof 0.11 6 Bischof as object of ¨ ubernehmen 0.21 7 richtig as modifier of ¨ ubernehmen 1.28 13

Philippa Cook 2014, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin 38/46