The Basics of Syntactic Categories Syntax Course Readings Crucial Fact: Introduction Lexical Categories ▶ The rules for making sentences don’t refer to specific Phrase Structure Rules words (e.g. ‘dog’, ‘run’) Introducing Noun ▶ Rather, they refer to types or categories of words (e.g. Phrases ‘noun’, ‘verb’) Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Vocabulary: Introducing Prepositional Syntactic category (‘lexical category’, ‘part of speech’) = Phrases the word categories that the rules of syntax make reference to Summary ▶ Many of these will be familiar to you from language classes... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Syntactic Categories Syntax Noun : (N) ▶ Examples: Course Readings dog, cat, man, boy, table, death, happiness, snerd Introduction ▶ Main Characteristic: Lexical Categories Nouns can appear alone after “the”: Phrase Structure Rules (the dog, the cat, the death, the happiness, the snerd) Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Syntactic Categories Syntax Noun : (N) ▶ Examples: Course Readings dog, cat, man, boy, table, death, happiness, snerd Introduction ▶ Main Characteristic: Lexical Categories Nouns can appear alone after “the”: Phrase Structure Rules (the dog, the cat, the death, the happiness, the snerd) Introducing Noun Phrases Verb : (V) Some Further ▶ Examples: Details jump, laugh, run, carry, hit, love, snow, ponder Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ Main Characteristic: Introducing Verbs can appear alone after “will” Prepositional Phrases (will jump, will run, will love, will ponder) Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Syntactic Categories Syntax Noun : (N) ▶ Examples: Course Readings dog, cat, man, boy, table, death, happiness, snerd Introduction ▶ Main Characteristic: Lexical Categories Nouns can appear alone after “the”: Phrase Structure Rules (the dog, the cat, the death, the happiness, the snerd) Introducing Noun Phrases Verb : (V) Some Further ▶ Examples: Details jump, laugh, run, carry, hit, love, snow, ponder Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ Main Characteristic: Introducing Verbs can appear alone after “will” Prepositional Phrases (will jump, will run, will love, will ponder) Summary Adjective : (A) ▶ Examples: happy, tall, little, wonderful, former, ugly, doable ▶ Main Characteristic: Adjective can come between “the” and a N (the happy dog, the former mayor, the doable idea) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Definitions of Noun, Verb, Adjective? Syntax Question: Course Readings But wait, didn’t we learn back in grade school that: Introduction ▶ Noun = ‘a person, place or thing’? Lexical Categories ▶ Verb = ‘an action’? Phrase Structure Rules ▶ Adjective = ‘a quality’? Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Definitions of Noun, Verb, Adjective? Syntax Question: Course Readings But wait, didn’t we learn back in grade school that: Introduction ▶ Noun = ‘a person, place or thing’? Lexical Categories ▶ Verb = ‘an action’? Phrase Structure Rules ▶ Adjective = ‘a quality’? Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Answer: Details Those definitions aren’t totally correct: Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ Not all verbs describe actions (‘love’, ‘know’) Introducing Prepositional ▶ Not all adjectives describe qualities (‘former’) Phrases Summary ▶ Saying ‘nouns’ describe ‘things’ is empty: (anything can be a ‘thing’, including actions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Definitions of Noun, Verb, Adjective? Syntax Question: Course Readings But wait, didn’t we learn back in grade school that: Introduction ▶ Noun = ‘a person, place or thing’? Lexical Categories ▶ Verb = ‘an action’? Phrase Structure Rules ▶ Adjective = ‘a quality’? Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Answer: Details The correct definitions are in terms of where in a sentence they Introducing Verb Phrases can go: Introducing ▶ A ‘noun’ can (e.g.) come alone right after “the” Prepositional Phrases ▶ A ‘verb’ can (e.g.) come alone right after “will” Summary ▶ An ‘adjective’ can (e.g.) come between “the” and a noun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Some More Syntactic Categories Syntax Course Readings Introduction Here are some more syntactic categories, which may be Lexical Categories new to you.... Phrase Structure Rules Introducing Noun Determiner : (D) Phrases ▶ Examples: Some Further Details the, a, some, every, no, most Introducing Verb ▶ Main Characteristic: (don’t worry about this for now) Phrases Introducing Prepositional Preposition : (P) Phrases ▶ Examples: Summary to, for, of, in, with, over, under, without, inside ▶ Main Characteristic: (don’t worry about this for now) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Phrase Structure Rules Syntax What We Know So Far: Course Readings ▶ Languages have rules for forming sentences. Introduction ▶ The rules don’t refer to specific words, but to word categories . Lexical Categories ▶ The word categories (for now) are: N, V, A, D, P Phrase Structure Rules Introducing Noun Phrases Now, let’s start figuring out the actual rules! Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Phrase Structure Rules Syntax What We Know So Far: Course Readings ▶ Languages have rules for forming sentences. Introduction ▶ The rules don’t refer to specific words, but to word categories . Lexical Categories ▶ The word categories (for now) are: N, V, A, D, P Phrase Structure Rules Introducing Noun Phrases Now, let’s start figuring out the actual rules! Some Further Details Opening Observation: Introducing Verb Phrases You can form a sentence of English by combining a N and a V. Introducing ▶ Dogs run. Prepositional Phrases ▶ Boys dance. Summary ▶ Girls laugh. A Formal Notation: S → N V “A sentence can be formed from a noun followed by a verb” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The Basics of Phrase Structure Rules Syntax A Formal Notation: Course Readings S → N V Introduction “A sentence can be formed from a noun followed by a verb” Lexical Categories Phrase Structure ▶ Rules in this notation are phrase structure rules . Rules Introducing Noun ▶ They look like our earlier morphology rules... Phrases Some Further ▶ Except there is no ‘+’ after the arrow. Details ▶ Because these rules make phrases , not words Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The Basics of Phrase Structure Rules Syntax A Formal Notation: Course Readings S → N V Introduction “A sentence can be formed from a noun followed by a verb” Lexical Categories Phrase Structure ▶ Rules in this notation are phrase structure rules . Rules Introducing Noun ▶ They look like our earlier morphology rules... Phrases Some Further ▶ Except there is no ‘+’ after the arrow. Details ▶ Because these rules make phrases , not words Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ As in our morphology unit, we can use ‘tree structures’ to Introducing illustrate the way these rules make larger structures: Prepositional Phrases S S S Summary N V N V N V Dogs run Boys dance Girls laugh “The noun ‘dogs’ combines with the verb ‘run’ to make a sentence” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Noun Phrases Syntax Observation 1: Course Readings ▶ There are many more rules to English syntax besides ‘S → N V’ Introduction ▶ There are many sentences that can’t be formed from this rule. Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Sentence Rule Needed Introducing Noun Dogs chase cats Phrases Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Noun Phrases Syntax Observation 1: Course Readings ▶ There are many more rules to English syntax besides ‘S → N V’ Introduction ▶ There are many sentences that can’t be formed from this rule. Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Sentence Rule Needed Introducing Noun Dogs chase cats S → N V N Phrases Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Noun Phrases Syntax Observation 1: Course Readings ▶ There are many more rules to English syntax besides ‘S → N V’ Introduction ▶ There are many sentences that can’t be formed from this rule. Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Sentence Rule Needed Introducing Noun Dogs chase cats S → N V N Phrases Some dogs chased the cats Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Noun Phrases Syntax Observation 1: Course Readings ▶ There are many more rules to English syntax besides ‘S → N V’ Introduction ▶ There are many sentences that can’t be formed from this rule. Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Sentence Rule Needed Introducing Noun Dogs chase cats S → N V N Phrases Some dogs chased the cats S → D N V D N Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Noun Phrases Syntax Observation 1: Course Readings ▶ There are many more rules to English syntax besides ‘S → N V’ Introduction ▶ There are many sentences that can’t be formed from this rule. Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Sentence Rule Needed Introducing Noun Dogs chase cats S → N V N Phrases Some dogs chased the cats S → D N V D N Some Further Old dogs chased young cats Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Noun Phrases Syntax Observation 1: Course Readings ▶ There are many more rules to English syntax besides ‘S → N V’ Introduction ▶ There are many sentences that can’t be formed from this rule. Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Sentence Rule Needed Introducing Noun Dogs chase cats S → N V N Phrases Some dogs chased the cats S → D N V D N Some Further Old dogs chased young cats S → A N V A N Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Noun Phrases Syntax Observation 1: Course Readings ▶ There are many more rules to English syntax besides ‘S → N V’ Introduction ▶ There are many sentences that can’t be formed from this rule. Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Sentence Rule Needed Introducing Noun Dogs chase cats S → N V N Phrases Some dogs chased the cats S → D N V D N Some Further Old dogs chased young cats S → A N V A N Details Some old dogs chased the young cats Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Noun Phrases Syntax Observation 1: Course Readings ▶ There are many more rules to English syntax besides ‘S → N V’ Introduction ▶ There are many sentences that can’t be formed from this rule. Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Sentence Rule Needed Introducing Noun Dogs chase cats S → N V N Phrases Some dogs chased the cats S → D N V D N Some Further Old dogs chased young cats S → A N V A N Details Some old dogs chased the young cats S → D A N V D A N Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Noun Phrases Syntax Observation 1: Course Readings ▶ There are many more rules to English syntax besides ‘S → N V’ Introduction ▶ There are many sentences that can’t be formed from this rule. Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Sentence Rule Needed Introducing Noun Dogs chase cats S → N V N Phrases Some dogs chased the cats S → D N V D N Some Further Old dogs chased young cats S → A N V A N Details Some old dogs chased the young cats S → D A N V D A N Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Observation 2: Prepositional Phrases ▶ All these rules above are getting tedious... Summary ▶ They are also missing an obvious pattern: The Pattern: Wherever English allows N, it also allows (i) D N, (ii) A N, (iii) D A N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Noun Phrases Syntax Observation 1: Course Readings ▶ There are many more rules to English syntax besides ‘S → N V’ Introduction ▶ There are many sentences that can’t be formed from this rule. Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Sentence Rule Needed Introducing Noun Dogs chase cats S → N V N Phrases Some dogs chased the cats S → D N V D N Some Further Old dogs chased young cats S → A N V A N Details Some old dogs chased the young cats S → D A N V D A N Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Observation 2: Prepositional Phrases ▶ All these rules above are getting tedious... Summary ▶ They are also missing an obvious pattern: The Pattern: Wherever English allows N, it also allows (i) D N, (ii) A N, (iii) D A N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The Noun Phrase Syntax The Pattern: Course Readings Wherever English allows N, it also allows (i) D N, (ii) A N, Introduction (iii) D A N. Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The Noun Phrase Syntax The Pattern: Course Readings Wherever English allows N, it also allows (i) D N, (ii) A N, Introduction (iii) D A N. Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Capturing the Pattern: Introducing Noun Phrases ▶ English treats all these as ‘the same kind of thing’: Some Further N D N A N D A N Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The Noun Phrase Syntax The Pattern: Course Readings Wherever English allows N, it also allows (i) D N, (ii) A N, Introduction (iii) D A N. Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Capturing the Pattern: Introducing Noun Phrases ▶ English treats all these as ‘the same kind of thing’: Some Further N D N A N D A N Details ▶ Let’s call this kind of ‘thing’ a Noun Phrase (NP) Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The Noun Phrase Syntax The Pattern: Course Readings Wherever English allows N, it also allows (i) D N, (ii) A N, Introduction (iii) D A N. Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Capturing the Pattern: Introducing Noun Phrases ▶ English treats all these as ‘the same kind of thing’: Some Further N D N A N D A N Details ▶ Let’s call this kind of ‘thing’ a Noun Phrase (NP) Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ The following rules now capture ‘The Pattern’ Introducing Prepositional ▶ NP → N Phrases ▶ NP → D N Summary ▶ NP → A N ▶ NP → D A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The Noun Phrase Syntax The Pattern: Course Readings Wherever English allows N, it also allows (i) D N, (ii) A N, Introduction (iii) D A N. Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Capturing the Pattern: Introducing Noun Phrases ▶ English treats all these as ‘the same kind of thing’: Some Further N D N A N D A N Details ▶ Let’s call this kind of ‘thing’ a Noun Phrase (NP) Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ The following rules now capture ‘The Pattern’ Introducing Prepositional ▶ NP → N Phrases ▶ NP → D N Summary ▶ NP → A N ▶ NP → D A N ▶ We can now also simplify our rules for sentences to just these: ▶ S → NP V ▶ S → NP V NP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Noun Phrases in Tree Structures Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules Course Readings PS Rules for NPs PS Rules for Sentences Introduction Lexical Categories NP → N S → NP V Phrase Structure NP → D N S → NP V NP Rules NP → A N Introducing Noun Phrases NP → D A N Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Noun Phrases in Tree Structures Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules Course Readings PS Rules for NPs PS Rules for Sentences Introduction Lexical Categories NP → N S → NP V Phrase Structure NP → D N S → NP V NP Rules NP → A N Introducing Noun Phrases NP → D A N Some Further Details We can use tree structures to show how these rules apply to make Introducing Verb sentences: Phrases S Introducing Prepositional Phrases NP V Summary D N run some dogs “Some dogs run” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Noun Phrases in Tree Structures Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules Course Readings PS Rules for NPs PS Rules for Sentences Introduction Lexical Categories NP → N S → NP V Phrase Structure NP → D N S → NP V NP Rules NP → A N Introducing Noun Phrases NP → D A N Some Further Details We can use tree structures to show how these rules apply to make Introducing Verb sentences: Phrases S Introducing Prepositional Phrases NP V NP Summary D A N chase A N the young cats old dogs “The young cats chase old dogs” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Noun Phrases in Tree Structures Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules Course Readings PS Rules for NPs PS Rules for Sentences Introduction Lexical Categories NP → N S → NP V Phrase Structure NP → D N S → NP V NP Rules NP → A N Introducing Noun Phrases NP → D A N Some Further Details We can use tree structures to show how these rules apply to make Introducing Verb sentences: Phrases S Introducing Prepositional Phrases NP V NP Summary N chase D N Dogs most cats “Dogs chase most cats” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Condensing our Rules for NPs Syntax Course Readings Our Phrase Structure Rules Introduction PS Rules for NPs PS Rules for Sentences Lexical Categories Phrase Structure NP → N S → NP V Rules NP → D N S → NP V NP Introducing Noun Phrases NP → A N Some Further NP → D A N Details Parenthesis Notation Accessing the ‘Mental Now let’s try simplifying our PS rules for NPs a little. Lexicon’ Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Condensing our Rules for NPs Syntax Course Readings Our Phrase Structure Rules Introduction PS Rules for NPs PS Rules for Sentences Lexical Categories Phrase Structure NP → N S → NP V Rules NP → D N S → NP V NP Introducing Noun Phrases NP → A N Some Further NP → D A N Details Parenthesis Notation Accessing the ‘Mental Now let’s try simplifying our PS rules for NPs a little. Lexicon’ Introducing Verb Phrases What These Rules Say: Introducing ▶ An NP has to have a N in it. Prepositional Phrases ▶ An NP can (but need not) also contain a D and/or an A Summary ▶ If there is a D, it has to precede the N and any A ▶ If there is an A, it has to precede the N and follow any D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The Parentheses Notation Syntax Parentheses in PS Rules: Course Readings If a PS rule has something in parentheses, that means the Introduction thing is optional . Lexical Categories ▶ Illustration: Phrase Structure Rules NP → (D) (A) N Introducing Noun ‘NP can be made from optional D, optional A, and N’ Phrases Some Further Details Parenthesis Notation Accessing the ‘Mental Lexicon’ Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The Parentheses Notation Syntax Parentheses in PS Rules: Course Readings If a PS rule has something in parentheses, that means the Introduction thing is optional . Lexical Categories ▶ Illustration: Phrase Structure Rules NP → (D) (A) N Introducing Noun ‘NP can be made from optional D, optional A, and N’ Phrases Some Further Details Parenthesis Notation What This Rule Says: Accessing the ‘Mental Lexicon’ ▶ An NP has to have a N in it. Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ An NP can (but need not) also contain a D and/or an A Introducing ▶ If there is a D, it has to precede the N and any A Prepositional Phrases ▶ If there is an A, it has to precede the N and follow any D. Summary Conclusion: This one rule (with parentheses) can replace our four earlier rules for NPs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The Parentheses Notation Syntax Parentheses in PS Rules: Course Readings If a PS rule has something in parentheses, that means the Introduction thing is optional . Lexical Categories ▶ Illustration: Phrase Structure Rules NP → (D) (A) N Introducing Noun ‘NP can be made from optional D, optional A, and N’ Phrases Some Further Details Our New Phrase Structure Rules: Parenthesis Notation Accessing the ‘Mental Lexicon’ PS Rules for NPs PS Rules for Sentences Introducing Verb Phrases NP → (D) (A) N S → NP V Introducing S → NP V NP Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of PS Rules and Words Syntax Course Readings Introduction A Technical Problem for our PS Rules: Lexical Categories ▶ Our PS rules tell us how sentences can be made from Phrase Structure smaller phrases / lexical categories: Rules ▶ S → NP V Introducing Noun Phrases ▶ S → NP V NP Some Further ▶ NP → (D) (A) N Details Parenthesis Notation Accessing the ‘Mental Lexicon’ ▶ But, they don’t link lexical categories to specific words Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ Nothing in these rules says ‘dog’ is N, or ‘chase’ is V. Introducing Prepositional Phrases ▶ So, these rules alone don’t make full English sentences. Summary (Only the ‘skeleton’ of a sentence.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of PS Rules and the ‘Mental Lexicon’ Syntax Question: Course Readings What can we add so these ‘skeletons’ become full sentences? Introduction Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Details Parenthesis Notation Accessing the ‘Mental Lexicon’ Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of PS Rules and the ‘Mental Lexicon’ Syntax Question: Course Readings What can we add so these ‘skeletons’ become full sentences? Introduction Lexical Categories Answer: The Mental Lexicon! Phrase Structure Our ‘mental lexicon (dictionary)’ lists for every word: Rules ▶ How the word is pronounced (it’s phonemic representation) Introducing Noun Phrases ▶ What the word means Some Further Details ▶ The word’s syntactic category (whether it’s a N, V, A, etc.) Parenthesis Notation Accessing the ‘Mental Lexicon’ Introducing Verb A Picture of The Mental Lexicon: Phrases Introducing Dog Jump Prepositional Sound: /dAg/ Sound: /Ã2mp/ Phrases Part of Speech: Noun (N) Part of Speech: Verb (V) Summary Meaning: canis familiaris Meaning: to leap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of PS Rules and the ‘Mental Lexicon’ Syntax Question: Course Readings What can we add so these ‘skeletons’ become full sentences? Introduction Lexical Categories Answer: The Mental Lexicon! Phrase Structure Our ‘mental lexicon (dictionary)’ lists for every word: Rules ▶ How the word is pronounced (it’s phonemic representation) Introducing Noun Phrases ▶ What the word means Some Further Details ▶ The word’s syntactic category (whether it’s a N, V, A, etc.) Parenthesis Notation Accessing the ‘Mental Lexicon’ Introducing Verb Key Idea: Phrases Introducing ▶ Our mental lexicon can tell us which words can go where in a Prepositional Phrases ‘sentence skeleton’. Summary ▶ So, the full procedure for making a sentence consults the mental lexicon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The Procedure for Making Sentences Syntax Course Readings Introduction Lexical Categories Step One: Phrase Structure Use the phrase structure rules to make a syntactic tree Rules structure. Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further S → NP V Details NP → A N S Parenthesis Notation Accessing the ‘Mental Lexicon’ Introducing Verb NP V Phrases Introducing Prepositional A N Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The Procedure for Making Sentences Syntax S Course Readings Introduction NP V Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules A N Introducing Noun Phrases Step Two: Some Further Details Go to the mental lexicon; look for words that match the lexical Parenthesis Notation categories in the tree. Accessing the ‘Mental Lexicon’ Dog Jump Introducing Verb Phrases Sound: /dAg/ Sound: /Ã2mp/ Introducing Part of Speech: Noun (N) Part of Speech: Verb (V) Prepositional Meaning: canis familiaris Meaning: to leap Phrases Summary Old Sound: /owld/ Part of Speech: Adjective (A) Meaning: Advanced in age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of The Procedure for Making Sentences Syntax Course Readings Introduction Lexical Categories Step Three: Phrase Structure Insert the words with the matching lexical categories under the Rules lexical category labels in the tree Introducing Noun Phrases S Some Further Details Parenthesis Notation NP V Accessing the ‘Mental Lexicon’ Introducing Verb Phrases A N jump Introducing Prepositional Phrases old dogs Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Verb Phrases Syntax Course Readings ▶ We now have the following, simple rules for sentences: Introduction ▶ S → NP V Lexical Categories ▶ S → NP V NP Phrase Structure Rules ▶ These two rules don’t cover all sentences of English: Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Verb Phrases Syntax Course Readings ▶ We now have the following, simple rules for sentences: Introduction ▶ S → NP V Lexical Categories ▶ S → NP V NP Phrase Structure Rules ▶ These two rules don’t cover all sentences of English: Introducing Noun Phrases Sentence Rule Needed Some Further Details The dog ran down Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Verb Phrases Syntax Course Readings ▶ We now have the following, simple rules for sentences: Introduction ▶ S → NP V Lexical Categories ▶ S → NP V NP Phrase Structure Rules ▶ These two rules don’t cover all sentences of English: Introducing Noun Phrases Sentence Rule Needed Some Further Details The dog ran down S → NP V P Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Verb Phrases Syntax Course Readings ▶ We now have the following, simple rules for sentences: Introduction ▶ S → NP V Lexical Categories ▶ S → NP V NP Phrase Structure Rules ▶ These two rules don’t cover all sentences of English: Introducing Noun Phrases Sentence Rule Needed Some Further Details The dog ran down S → NP V P Introducing Verb The dog ran down the hill Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Verb Phrases Syntax Course Readings ▶ We now have the following, simple rules for sentences: Introduction ▶ S → NP V Lexical Categories ▶ S → NP V NP Phrase Structure Rules ▶ These two rules don’t cover all sentences of English: Introducing Noun Phrases Sentence Rule Needed Some Further Details The dog ran down S → NP V P Introducing Verb The dog ran down the hill S → NP V P NP Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Verb Phrases Syntax Course Readings ▶ We now have the following, simple rules for sentences: Introduction ▶ S → NP V Lexical Categories ▶ S → NP V NP Phrase Structure Rules ▶ These two rules don’t cover all sentences of English: Introducing Noun Phrases Sentence Rule Needed Some Further Details The dog ran down S → NP V P Introducing Verb The dog ran down the hill S → NP V P NP Phrases The dog chased the cat down Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Verb Phrases Syntax Course Readings ▶ We now have the following, simple rules for sentences: Introduction ▶ S → NP V Lexical Categories ▶ S → NP V NP Phrase Structure Rules ▶ These two rules don’t cover all sentences of English: Introducing Noun Phrases Sentence Rule Needed Some Further Details The dog ran down S → NP V P Introducing Verb The dog ran down the hill S → NP V P NP Phrases The dog chased the cat down S → NP V NP P Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Verb Phrases Syntax Course Readings ▶ We now have the following, simple rules for sentences: Introduction ▶ S → NP V Lexical Categories ▶ S → NP V NP Phrase Structure Rules ▶ These two rules don’t cover all sentences of English: Introducing Noun Phrases Sentence Rule Needed Some Further Details The dog ran down S → NP V P Introducing Verb The dog ran down the hill S → NP V P NP Phrases The dog chased the cat down S → NP V NP P Introducing Prepositional The dog chased the cat down the hill Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Verb Phrases Syntax Course Readings ▶ We now have the following, simple rules for sentences: Introduction ▶ S → NP V Lexical Categories ▶ S → NP V NP Phrase Structure Rules ▶ These two rules don’t cover all sentences of English: Introducing Noun Phrases Sentence Rule Needed Some Further Details The dog ran down S → NP V P Introducing Verb The dog ran down the hill S → NP V P NP Phrases The dog chased the cat down S → NP V NP P Introducing Prepositional The dog chased the cat down the hill S → NP V NP P NP Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Verb Phrases Syntax Course Readings ▶ We now have the following, simple rules for sentences: Introduction ▶ S → NP V Lexical Categories ▶ S → NP V NP Phrase Structure Rules ▶ These two rules don’t cover all sentences of English: Introducing Noun Phrases Sentence Rule Needed Some Further Details The dog ran down S → NP V P Introducing Verb The dog ran down the hill S → NP V P NP Phrases The dog chased the cat down S → NP V NP P Introducing Prepositional The dog chased the cat down the hill S → NP V NP P NP Phrases Summary Problem: ▶ Again, all these different rules are getting tedious. ▶ Again, these separate rules are missing an obvious pattern ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Verb Phrases Syntax Sentence Rule Needed Course Readings The dog ran S → NP V Introduction The dog ran down S → NP V P Lexical Categories The dog ran down the hill S → NP V P NP The dog chased the cat S → NP V NP Phrase Structure Rules The dog chased the cat down S → NP V NP P Introducing Noun The dog chased the cat down the hill S → NP V NP P NP Phrases Some Further Details The Pattern: Introducing Verb All the following combine with NP to make a sentence: Phrases Introducing ▶ V Prepositional Phrases ▶ V P Summary ▶ V P NP ▶ V NP ▶ V NP P ▶ V NP P NP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Introducing Verb Phrases Syntax Sentence Rule Needed Course Readings The dog ran S → NP V The dog ran down S → NP V P Introduction The dog ran down the hill S → NP V P NP Lexical Categories The dog chased the cat S → NP V NP Phrase Structure Rules The dog chased the cat down S → NP V NP P Introducing Noun The dog chased the cat down the hill S → NP V NP P NP Phrases Some Further Details Capturing the Pattern: Introducing Verb English treats all these as ‘the same type of thing’: Phrases Introducing ▶ V Prepositional Phrases ▶ V P Summary ▶ V P NP ▶ V NP ▶ V NP P ▶ V NP P NP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Introducing Verb Phrases Syntax Sentence Rule Needed The dog ran S → NP V Course Readings The dog ran down S → NP V P Introduction The dog ran down the hill S → NP V P NP Lexical Categories The dog chased the cat S → NP V NP Phrase Structure The dog chased the cat down S → NP V NP P Rules The dog chased the cat down the hill S → NP V NP P NP Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Capturing the Pattern: Details Let’s call this ‘kind of a thing’ a Verb Phrase (VP) Introducing Verb Phrases (cause there’s always a V in it). Introducing Prepositional ▶ V Phrases ▶ V P Summary ▶ V P NP ▶ V NP ▶ V NP P ▶ V NP P NP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Introducing Verb Phrases Syntax Sentence Rule Needed Course Readings The dog ran S → NP V The dog ran down S → NP V P Introduction The dog ran down the hill S → NP V P NP Lexical Categories The dog chased the cat S → NP V NP Phrase Structure Rules The dog chased the cat down S → NP V NP P Introducing Noun The dog chased the cat down the hill S → NP V NP P NP Phrases Some Further Details Capturing the Pattern: Introducing Verb We can now use PS rules to state that these are all VPs: Phrases Introducing ▶ V Prepositional Phrases ▶ V P Summary ▶ V P NP ▶ V NP ▶ V NP P ▶ V NP P NP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Introducing Verb Phrases Syntax Sentence Rule Needed Course Readings The dog ran S → NP V The dog ran down S → NP V P Introduction The dog ran down the hill S → NP V P NP Lexical Categories The dog chased the cat S → NP V NP Phrase Structure Rules The dog chased the cat down S → NP V NP P Introducing Noun The dog chased the cat down the hill S → NP V NP P NP Phrases Some Further Details Capturing the Pattern: Introducing Verb We can now use PS rules to state that these are all VPs: Phrases Introducing ▶ VP → V Prepositional Phrases ▶ VP → V P Summary ▶ VP → V P NP ▶ VP → V NP ▶ VP → V NP P ▶ VP → V NP P NP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Introducing Verb Phrases Syntax Sentence Rule Needed Course Readings The dog ran S → NP V The dog ran down S → NP V P Introduction The dog ran down the hill S → NP V P NP Lexical Categories The dog chased the cat S → NP V NP Phrase Structure Rules The dog chased the cat down S → NP V NP P Introducing Noun The dog chased the cat down the hill S → NP V NP P NP Phrases Some Further Details Capturing the Pattern: Introducing Verb Finally, we can reduce our PS rules for sentences to just one : Phrases Introducing ▶ VP → V Prepositional Phrases ▶ VP → V P Summary ▶ VP → V P NP ▶ VP → V NP ▶ VP → V NP P ▶ VP → V NP P NP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Introducing Verb Phrases Syntax Sentence Rule Needed The dog ran S → NP VP Course Readings The dog ran down S → NP VP Introduction The dog ran down the hill S → NP VP Lexical Categories The dog chased the cat S → NP VP Phrase Structure The dog chased the cat down S → NP VP Rules The dog chased the cat down the hill S → NP VP Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Capturing the Pattern: Details Finally, we can reduce our PS rules for sentences to just one : Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ VP → V Introducing Prepositional ▶ VP → V P Phrases Summary ▶ VP → V P NP ▶ VP → V NP ▶ VP → V NP P ▶ VP → V NP P NP ▶ S → NP VP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Simplifying the VP Rules Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N S → NP VP VP → V Lexical Categories VP → V P Phrase Structure Rules VP → V P NP Introducing Noun VP → V NP Phrases VP → V NP P Some Further VP → V NP P NP Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Simplifying the VP Rules Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N S → NP VP VP → V Lexical Categories VP → V P Phrase Structure Rules VP → V P NP Introducing Noun VP → V NP Phrases VP → V NP P Some Further VP → V NP P NP Details Observations: Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ Together, these rules for VP say the following: Introducing Prepositional ▶ A VP has to have a V in it. Phrases ▶ A VP can (but need not) have an NP in it Summary ▶ A VP can (but need not) have a P in it ▶ If a VP has a P in it, it can have another NP after the P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Simplifying the VP Rules Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N S → NP VP VP → V Lexical Categories VP → V P Phrase Structure Rules VP → V P NP Introducing Noun VP → V NP Phrases VP → V NP P Some Further VP → V NP P NP Details Observations: Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ Together, these rules for VP say the following: Introducing Prepositional ▶ A VP has to have a V in it. Phrases ▶ A VP can (but need not) have an NP in it Summary ▶ A VP can (but need not) have a P in it ▶ If a VP has a P in it, it can have another NP after the P ▶ Using parentheses, we can say all this in one rule: ▶ VP → V (NP) (P) (NP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Simplifying the VP Rules Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N S → NP VP VP → V (NP) (P) (NP) Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Details Observations: Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ Together, these rules for VP say the following: Introducing Prepositional ▶ A VP has to have a V in it. Phrases ▶ A VP can (but need not) have an NP in it Summary ▶ A VP can (but need not) have a P in it ▶ If a VP has a P in it, it can have another NP after the P ▶ Using parentheses, we can say all this in one rule: ▶ VP → V (NP) (P) (NP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Simplifying the VP Rules Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N S → NP VP VP → V (NP) (P) (NP) Lexical Categories ▶ These three rules work together with the mental lexicon to Phrase Structure Rules create rather complex sentences of English. Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Simplifying the VP Rules Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N S → NP VP VP → V (NP) (P) (NP) Lexical Categories ▶ These three rules work together with the mental lexicon to Phrase Structure Rules create rather complex sentences of English. Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further S Details Introducing Verb Phrases NP VP Introducing Prepositional Phrases N V P Summary Dave fell down “Dave fell down.” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Simplifying the VP Rules Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N S → NP VP VP → V (NP) (P) (NP) Lexical Categories ▶ These three rules work together with the mental lexicon to Phrase Structure Rules create rather complex sentences of English. Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further S Details Introducing Verb Phrases NP VP Introducing Prepositional Phrases A N V NP Summary Ugly cats like D N this food “Ugly cats like this food.” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Simplifying the VP Rules Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N S → NP VP VP → V (NP) (P) (NP) Lexical Categories ▶ These three rules work together with the mental lexicon to Phrase Structure Rules create rather complex sentences of English. Introducing Noun Phrases S Some Further Details Introducing Verb NP VP Phrases Introducing Prepositional D A N V NP P NP Phrases Summary the old man put A N into D A N broken cups a wooden box “The old man put broken cups into a wooden box.” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Prepositional Phrases Syntax Course Readings Introduction Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Fun Fact: Prepositions can also appear inside NPs! Rules Introducing Noun ▶ The boy in the yard jumped. Phrases Some Further ▶ The dog outside the fence barked. Details Introducing Verb ▶ The dog outside barked. Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Prepositional Phrases Syntax Course Readings Introduction Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Fun Fact: Prepositions can also appear inside NPs! Rules Introducing Noun ▶ The boy in the yard jumped. Phrases Some Further ▶ The dog outside the fence barked. Details Introducing Verb ▶ The dog outside barked. Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Neded Change to PS Rules: NP → (D) (A) N (P) (NP) Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Prepositional Phrases Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N (P) (NP) S → NP VP VP → V (NP) (P) (NP) Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Rules Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Prepositional Phrases Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N (P) (NP) S → NP VP VP → V (NP) (P) (NP) Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Apparent Pattern: Rules Wherever English allows P , it also allows P followed by NP Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Towards Prepositional Phrases Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N (P) (NP) S → NP VP VP → V (NP) (P) (NP) Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Apparent Pattern: Rules Wherever English allows P , it also allows P followed by NP Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Illustration: Details Introducing Verb ▶ The dog outside barked Phrases The dog outside the fence barked. Introducing Prepositional ▶ The dog climbed down Phrases The dog climbed down the tree . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Introducing Prepositional Phrases Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N (P) (NP) S → NP VP VP → V (NP) (P) (NP) Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Apparent Pattern: Rules Wherever English allows P , it also allows P followed by NP Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Capturing the Pattern: Details English treats ‘P’ and ‘P NP’ as the same ‘type’ of thing. Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Introducing Prepositional Phrases Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N (P) (NP) S → NP VP VP → V (NP) (P) (NP) Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Apparent Pattern: Rules Wherever English allows P , it also allows P followed by NP Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Capturing the Pattern: Details Let’s call this type of thing a ‘Propositional Phrase’ (PP) Introducing Verb Phrases (since there’s always a P in it). Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Introducing Prepositional Phrases Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N (P) (NP) S → NP VP VP → V (NP) (P) (NP) Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Apparent Pattern: Rules Wherever English allows P , it also allows P followed by NP Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Capturing the Pattern: Details These rules let us say PP is either P or P followed by NP: Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ PP → P Introducing Prepositional ▶ PP → P NP Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Introducing Prepositional Phrases Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N (P) (NP) S → NP VP VP → V (NP) (P) (NP) Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Apparent Pattern: Rules Wherever English allows P , it also allows P followed by NP Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Capturing the Pattern: Details Using parentheses, these rules can be condensed into one: Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ PP → P Introducing Prepositional ▶ PP → P NP Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Introducing Prepositional Phrases Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N (P) (NP) S → NP VP VP → V (NP) (P) (NP) Lexical Categories Phrase Structure Apparent Pattern: Rules Wherever English allows P , it also allows P followed by NP Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Capturing the Pattern: Details Using parentheses, these rules can be condensed into one: Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ PP → P (NP) Introducing (a PP must have P , and can optionally have NP after P) Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Introducing Prepositional Phrases Syntax Our Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings For NPs For Ss For VPs Introduction NP → (D) (A) N (PP) S → NP VP VP → V (NP) (PP) Lexical Categories Phrase Structure For PPs Rules PP → P (NP) Introducing Noun Phrases Apparent Pattern: Some Further Details Wherever English allows P , it also allows P followed by NP Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Capturing the Pattern: Prepositional Using parentheses, these rules can be condensed into one: Phrases Summary ▶ PP → P (NP) (a PP must have P , and can optionally have NP after P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Introducing Prepositional Phrases Syntax Our Four Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings S → NP VP Introduction NP → (D) (A) N (PP) Lexical Categories VP → V (NP) (PP) Phrase Structure PP → P (NP) Rules Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Introducing Prepositional Phrases Syntax Our Four Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings S → NP VP Introduction NP → (D) (A) N (PP) Lexical Categories VP → V (NP) (PP) Phrase Structure PP → P (NP) Rules Introducing Noun These 4 rules can create very complex sentences of English. Phrases S Some Further Details NP VP Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional D N PP V NP PP Phrases Summary the boys P NP kicked D N P NP in D N the ball down D N this class the hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Summary Syntax Course Readings Introduction ▶ Syntax = (the study of) the rules of sentence formation Lexical Categories ▶ These rules give a general recipe for making sentences. Phrase Structure Rules ▶ They don’t mention specific words (‘cat’, ‘jump’, ‘dog’) Introducing Noun ▶ Instead, they mention categories of words Phrases Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Summary Syntax Course Readings Introduction ▶ Syntax = (the study of) the rules of sentence formation Lexical Categories ▶ These rules give a general recipe for making sentences. Phrase Structure Rules ▶ They don’t mention specific words (‘cat’, ‘jump’, ‘dog’) Introducing Noun ▶ Instead, they mention categories of words Phrases Some Further Details ▶ Syntactic category = Introducing Verb the word-categories that the rules of syntax refer to. Phrases ▶ Noun (N) Introducing dog, cat, table, happiness... Prepositional ▶ Verb (V) jump, sleep, love, think... Phrases ▶ Adjective (A) tall, ugly, dead, uncool... Summary ▶ Determiner (D) the, a, this, many, most... ▶ Preposition (P) in, on, to, with, for... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Summary Syntax Course Readings Introduction ▶ Sentences are not just strings of words. Lexical Categories ▶ They have a complex internal structure: Phrase Structure Rules ▶ Sentences are made out of phrases : NPs and VPs. ▶ NPs are made out of Ds, As, Ns, and PPs Introducing Noun Phrases ▶ VPs are made out of Vs, NPs and PPs Some Further ▶ PPs are made out of Ps and NPs Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Summary Syntax Course Readings Introduction ▶ Sentences are not just strings of words. Lexical Categories ▶ They have a complex internal structure: Phrase Structure Rules ▶ Sentences are made out of phrases : NPs and VPs. ▶ NPs are made out of Ds, As, Ns, and PPs Introducing Noun Phrases ▶ VPs are made out of Vs, NPs and PPs Some Further ▶ PPs are made out of Ps and NPs Details Introducing Verb Phrases ▶ We can express these groupings with ‘Phrase Structure Introducing (PS) Rules’: Prepositional Phrases ▶ S → NP VP Summary ▶ NP → (D) (A) N (PP) ▶ VP → V (NP) (PP) ▶ PP → P (NP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Summary Syntax Our Four Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings S → NP VP Introduction NP → (D) (A) N (PP) Lexical Categories VP → V (NP) (PP) Phrase Structure PP → P (NP) Rules Introducing Noun Phrases Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Basics of Summary Syntax Our Four Phrase Structure Rules: Course Readings S → NP VP Introduction NP → (D) (A) N (PP) Lexical Categories VP → V (NP) (PP) Phrase Structure PP → P (NP) Rules Introducing Noun Our linguistic systems make sentences by using these PS Phrases rules and our ‘mental lexicon’: Some Further Details Introducing Verb Phrases Introducing Prepositional Phrases Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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