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Best General Reviews Marik PE, Rivera R. Hypertensive emergencies: an - PDF document

Hypertension in Emergency Medicine Michael Jay Bresler, M.D., FACEP Best General Reviews Marik PE, Rivera R. Hypertensive emergencies: an update. Current Opinion in Critical Care . 2011;17:569-580 Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. and the


  1. Hypertension in Emergency Medicine Michael Jay Bresler, M.D., FACEP Best General Reviews Marik PE, Rivera R. Hypertensive emergencies: an update. Current Opinion in Critical Care . 2011;17:569-580 Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. and the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The JNC 7 Report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560-2572. Erratum in: JAMA. 2003 Jul 9;290(2):197. Varon J. Treatment of acute severe hypertension: current and newer agents. Drugs . 2008;68(3):283-97. Review. Johnson w, Nguyen M-L, Patel R. Hypertension crisis in the emergency department. Cardiology Clinics . 2012;533-543. Patel HP, Mitsnefes M. Advances in the pathogenesis and management of hypertensive crisis. Curr Opin Pediatr . 2005;17(2):210-214. Elliott WJ. Clinical Features in the Management of Selected Hypertensive Emergencies Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2006;48(5):316-325. Vaughn CJ, Delanty N, Hypertensive emergencies, Lancet. 2000;356:411–417. ACEP Clinical Policy for Asymptomatic Hypertension in the Emergency Department Clinical Policy: Critical Issues in the Evaluation and Management of Adult Patients with Asymptomatic Hypertension in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;47:237-249. Lehrmann JF, Tanabe P, Baumann BM, et al. Knowledge translation of the American College of Emergency Physicians clinical policy on hypertension. Acad Emerg Med . 2007 Nov;14(11):1090-6. Epub 2007 Sep 26.

  2. Hypertension in Emergency Medicine Michael Jay Bresler, M.D. SUGGESTED LITERATURE Page 2 Epidemiology Lee M, Saver JL, Chang B, et al. Presence of baseline prehypertension and risk of incident stroke: a meta-analysis. Neurology . 2011;77(14):1330-1337. Baumann BM, Abate NL, Cowan RM, Boudreaux ED. Differing prevalence estimates of elevated blood pressure in ED patients using 4 methods of categorization. Am J Emerg Med . 2008 Jun;26(5):561-5. Tanabe P, Persell SD, Adams JG, et al. Increased blood pressure in the emergency department: pain, anxiety, or undiagnosed hypertension? Ann Emerg Med . 2008;51:221-229. Cline DM, Selvin V, Ferrario CM, et al. Emergency department versus clinic follow-up blood pressures. Acad Emerg Med 2006; 13:S188. Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA . 2002;287:1003-1010. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality. Lancet . 2002;360:1903-1913. Cushman WE, Ford CE Cutler JA, et al. Success and predictors of blood pressure control in diverse North American settings: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). J Clin Hypertens . 2002;4:393-404. Staessen JA, Gasowski J, Wang JG, et al. Risks of untreated and treated isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: Meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet . 2000;355:865-872. Wang Y, Wang QJ, The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among US adults according to the new Joint National Committee guidelines, Arch Intern Med . 2004;164:2126–2134. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, , et al. Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 1291–1297.

  3. Hypertension in Emergency Medicine Michael Jay Bresler, M.D. SUGGESTED LITERATURE Page 3 Pathophysiology (Also discussed in reviews above) Beevers G, Lip GY, O'Brien E. The pathophysiology of hypertension, BMJ . 2001;322:912–916. Bautista LE. Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and the risk of high blood pressure: epidemiologic and biological evidence. J Hum Hypertens . 2003 Apr;17(4):223-230. Ault MJ, Ellrodt AG. Pathophysiologic events leading to the end organ effects of acute hypertension, Am J Emerg Med. 1985;3:10–15. Strandgaard S, Paulson OP. Cerebral autoregulation, Stroke . 1984;709:413–416. Okada M, Matsumori A, Ono K, et al., Cyclic stretch upregulates production of interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human endothelial cells, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol . 1998;18:894–901. Verhaar MC, Beutler JJ, Gaillard CA, et al., Progressive vascular damage in hypertension is associated with increased levels of circulating P-selectin, J Hypertens. 1998;16:45–50. Specific Treatment Modalities Abstracts of the American Society of Hypertension 23rd Annual Scientific Meeting. May 14-17, 2008. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. J Clin Hypertens . 2008 May;10(5 Suppl A):A1-169. Moser M, Oparil S, Cushman W, Papademetriou V. The ALLHAT study revisited: do newer data from this trial and others indicate changes in treatment guidelines? J Clin Hypertens . 2007 May;9(5):372-80. Kowaluk EA, Seth P, Fung HL. Metabolic activation of sodium nitroprusside to nitric oxide in vascular smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992 Sep;262(3):916-22. Kowaluk EA, Fung HL. Vascular nitric oxide-generating activities for organic nitrites and organic nitrates are distinct. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Nov;259(2):519-25.

  4. Hypertension in Emergency Medicine Michael Jay Bresler, M.D. SUGGESTED LITERATURE Page 4 Agvald P, Adding LC, Artlich A, et al. Mechanisms of nitric oxide generation from nitroglycerin and endogenous sources during hypoxia in vivo. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Jan;135(2):373-82. Morgenstern LB, Hemphill JC, 3 rd , Anderson C, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2010;41:2108-29. Adams HP, Jr., del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Circulation 2007;115:e478-534. Arima H, Anderson CS, Wang JG, et al. Lower treatment blood pressure is associated with greatest reduction in hematoma growth after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Hypertension 2010;56:852-8. Anderson CS, Huang Y, Arima H, et al. Effects of early intensive blood pressure lowering treatment on the growth of hematoma and perihematomal edema in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: the Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Haemorrhage Trial (INTERACT). Stroke 2010;41:307-12. Flanigan JS, Vitberg D. Hypertensive emergency and severe hypertension: what to treat, who to treat, and how to treat. Med Clin North Am. 2006 May;90(3):439- 51. Review. Davis BR, Piller LB, Cutler JA. Role of diuretics in the prevention of heart failure: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial. Circulation. 2006;113:2201-2210. Bender SR, Fong MW, Heitz S, Bisognano JD. Characteristics and management of patients presenting to the emergency department with hypertensive urgency. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2006 Jan;8(1):12-8. Fenves AZ, Ram CV. Drug treatment of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies. Semin Nephrol . 2005 Jul;25(4):272-80.

  5. Hypertension in Emergency Medicine Michael Jay Bresler, M.D. SUGGESTED LITERATURE Page 5 Varon J. Diagnosis and management of labile blood pressure during acute cerebrovascular accidents and other hypertensive crises. Am J Emerg Med . 2007 Oct;25(8):949-59. Review. Pollack CV, Varon J, Garrison NA, Ebrahimi R, Dunbar L, Peacock WF 4th. Clevidipine, an intravenous dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, is safe and effective for the treatment of patients with acute severe hypertension. Ann Emerg Med . 2009 Mar;53(3):329-38. Deeks ED, Keating GM, Keam SJ. Clevidipine: a review of its use in the management of acute hypertension. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2009;9(2):117-34. Aronson S, Dyke CM, Stierer KA, Levy JH, Cheung AT, Lumb PD, Kereiakes DJ, Newman MF. The ECLIPSE trials: comparative studies of clevidipine to nitroglycerin, sodium nitroprusside, and nicardipine for acute hypertension treatment in cardiac surgery patients. Anesth Analg . 2008 Oct;107(4):1110-21 Musini VM, Fortin PM, Bassett K, Wright JM. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of renin inhibitors for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2008 Oct 8;(4):CD007066 Düsing R, Sellers F. ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and direct renin inhibitors in combination: a review of their role after the ONTARGET trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009 Jul 28. [Epub ahead of print] Tumlin JA, Dunbar LM, Oparil S, et al., Fenoldopam, a dopamine agonist, for hypertensive emergency: A multicenter randomized trial. Fenoldopam Study Group, Acad. Emerg. Med . 2000;7:653–662. Shusterman NH, Elliott WH, White WB. Fenoldopam, but not nitroprusside, improves renal function in severely hypertensive patients with normal or impaired baseline renal function, Am. J. Med . 1993;95:161–168. Panacek EA, Bednarczyk EM, Dunbar LM, et al. Fenoldopam Study Group. Randomized, prospective trial of fenoldopam vs. sodium nitroprusside in the treatment of acute severe hypertension. Acad Emerg Med. 1995;2:959-965. White WB, Halley SE. Comparative renal effects of intravenous administration of fenoldopam myselate and sodium nitroprusside in patients with severe hypertension. Arch Intern Med . 1989;149:870-874. Elliott WJ, Weber RR, Nelson KS, et al. Renal and hemodynamic effects of intravenous fenoldopam versus nitroprusside in severe hypertension. Circulation . 1990;81:970-977.

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