Technical Assistance for Developed Analytical Basis for Formulating Strategies and Actions towards Low Carbon Development Overview of Transport Sector & Barriers and Opportunities Assoc . Prof. Dr. Hediye TÜYDEŞ YAMAN , Senior Transport Expert Doç. Dr. Hediye Tüydeş Yaman, Ulaştırma Uzmanı Res. Asst. Gülçin DALKIÇ , Junior Transport Expert Arş . Gör., Ulaştırma Uzmanı 15 Kasım 2018, Holiday Inn Hotel, Ankara
1. OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IN TURKEY Total Fuel Consumption and CO 2 Emissions by Sector Sources: EEA, Turkey Energy Report, 2016
1. OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IN TURKEY Modal shares and CO 2 emissions by transport systems Passenger and Freight Transportation Modal Shares (2010)
1. OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IN TURKEY Modal shares and CO 2 emissions by transport systems Changes of the CO 2 Emissions in the sub-sectors in the Transportation Sector (1990-2013)
1. OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IN TURKEY Turkey: Freight and Passenger Transportation Modal Shares Passenger Transportation Volumes Shares for 1990-2005 Freight Transportation Modal Ton-km for 1990-2008 Sources: Climate Change National Action Plan, 2011-2020
1. OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IN TURKEY Plans/ Documents Covered in Component I • Türkiye İklim Değişikliği • Enerji Verimliliği Strateji Dokümanı 2012 -2023 Stratejisi (2010-2023) • İklim Değişikliği Ulusal Eylem • Ulaşımda Enerji Verimliliğinin Planı (2011 -2023) Artırılmasına İlişkin Yönetmelik • Türkiye İklim Değişikliği 6. • Ulusal Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri Ulusal Bildirimi Strateji Belgesi (2014-2023) ve Eylem Planı (2014 -2016) • Türkiye’nin İklim Değişikliği Uyum Stratejisi ve Eylem Planı • Enerji Sektöründe Sera Gazı Azaltımı Çalışma Grubu • UDHB Stratejik Plan 2017- Raporu 2021
1. OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IN TURKEY Future Expectations and Targets Total GHG Emissions, 2010-2030 Toplam Sera Gazı Emisyonları, 2010 - 2030 Sources: EEA, Energy Policies, 2016; Republic of Turkey, 2015.
1. OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSPORT SECTOR IN TURKEY Future Expectations and Targets related to Carbon Emissions Railway Transport Sector Road Transport Sector • Reaching a total of 25000 km • Reaching a total of 37000 km rail length. divided roads including 8000 km • Renovation of 4400 km motorway length. railway track • Connecting Black Sea region with • Completion of liberalization process. South East and Mediterranean regions with high quality roads. Airway Sector Maritime Sector • Increasing the passenger • Harmonizing the Transport capacity of airports to 450 Coastal Structures Master million passengers/year. Plan and Integrated Coastal Zone Planning
2. BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES (B&O‘s) IN TRANSPORT SECTOR Legislative Barriers • Lack of specific targets especially quantitative measures in policy documents • Existence of controversial objectives • Lack of budget planning in documents Opportunities Availability of adopted EU policy documents
2. BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES (B&O‘s) IN TRANSPORT SECTOR Political Barriers • Insufficient alignment of numerous policy documents • Very vague definition of objectives, targets, and actions/ measures • Lack of measurable, reportable and verifiable indicators. • Lack of ex-ante evaluation of the eventual environmental effect of the identified policies, measures and actions. Opportunities Gradual harmonization with relevant EU legal base
2. BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES (B&O‘s) IN TRANSPORT SECTOR Institutional: Barriers • Coordination problems among institutions • Lack of efficient data collection and management systems about emissions from transport Opportunities Harmonization and improvement of data management procedures including data collection, processing, registration and storing.
2. BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES (B&O‘s) IN TRANSPORT SECTOR Human Capacity: Barriers • Low skills in the institutional bodies Opportunities Development of awareness raising actions and projects
2. BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES (B&O‘s) IN TRANSPORT SECTOR Economic: Barriers • The growing Turkish economy • Structure of Turkey’s economy • Airway intensive tourism sector Opportunities Alternative low carbon modes for freight transportation
2. BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES (B&O‘s) IN TRANSPORT SECTOR Financial: Barriers • Taxation policy • Liberalization of railway sector Opportunities Potential change in the heavy dependence on the imported energy resources
2. BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES (B&O‘s) IN TRANSPORT SECTOR Social: Barriers • Increase in population • Migration from rural areas to cities and fast urbanization: • Mentality behind private car preference • Public perception on airway transportation Opportunities Opportunity to shift from cars to public transport
2. BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES (B&O‘s) IN TRANSPORT SECTOR Technological: Barriers • Current inefficient road and rail infrastructure Opportunities Reorganizing railway sector and infrastructure Developing intermodal and combined transportation Deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS) Potential for developing vehicle and fuel technologies Big data applications
2. BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES (B&O‘s) IN TRANSPORT SECTOR Conclusions: • Technological innovations, building institutional capacity and raising awareness of the society most effective and efficient tools to start practical works for decarbonisation • In short to medium term actions will pave the path towards challenging changes . • Modal shift – from road and aviation to rail, maritime and intermodal – significant reduction in transport emissions • In urban areas – promotion and persistent development of public transport services on the account of individual modes
3. FUTURE POTENTIALS • Transport Priority Areas for a Low Carbon Development in Turkey Transport system Passenger (Pax) Freight (F) Int’l Int’l Urban Intercity Urban Intercity (?) (?) Highway (H) (?) Rail (R) (?) (?) Air(A) (?) (?) (?) Sea/Maritime(M)
3. FUTURE POTENTIALS • Considering share in emissions and data availability, potential action areas Transport system Passenger (Pax) Freight (F) Int’l Int’l Urban Intercity Urban Intercity (?) (?) Highway (H) (?) Rail (R) (?) (?) Air(A) (?) (?) (?) Sea/Maritime(M)
3. FUTURE POTENTIALS In passenger transportation (intercity) • Support for “shared ride” modes – rail (conventional or HSR) and intercity bus services, – Modernization/integration to increase their shares • HSR services , to increase emission reduction performance – if new HSR lines can create a network effect – Energy source for electricity can be from low-carbon solutions – Supplementary policies to increase demand (different pricing, combined transportation bus-rail-bus, etc.) • Maritime transport may not provide enough time savings (and have competitive power against other modes) !!
3. FUTURE POTENTIALS In freight transportation (intercity) Difficult to change truck dominancy, but possible actions: • Efficiency in truck loading can be increased by introducing load sharing initiatives, consolidation centres, etc. – logistic master plan • Minimization of the use of old trucks – introduction of financial incentives for new environmentally friendly trucks. • Encouraging intermodal transportation between road-rail, rail-maritime, etc.
4. COMPONENT 3- POTENTIAL ACTIONS IN TRANSPORT Selection Criteria Including in Cost Mitigation Suggested actions for Transport Sector National Climate Effectiveness Potential Change Action (EUR/tCO2) (MtCO2) Plan (NCCAP) ? ? Combine transport at intercity transportation Increasing share of the electric vehicles especially at public ? ? transport At intra city transportation, modal shift from private; to public ? ? transport for trip>2km and to biking or walking for trip <2 km ITS for intermodalism demand management Vehicle fuel efficiency (increasing rates of the Hybrid and LPG and -246* 13.3* electrical vehicles) Increasing the use of alternative fuels (bioethanol, biogasoline, ? ? biodiesel) Shifting freight transport from road to rail, maritime, domestic ? ? navigation * Abatement cost and potential values are taken from, “The Demand for GHG emissions Reductions: An investors’ MACC for Turkey , prepared for EBRD” report.
4. COMPONENT 3- POTENTIAL ACTIONS IN THE MODEL Selection Criteria Including in Cost Effectiveness Mitigation Potential Suggested actions for Transport Sector National Climate Change Action (EUR/tCO2) (MtCO2) Plan (NCCAP) Combined transport at intercity transportation ? ? Vehicle fuel efficiency (increasing rates of the Hybrid and LPG and -246* 13.3* electrical vehicles) Increasing the use of alternative fuels (bioethanol, biogasoline, ? ? biodiesel) Shifting freight transport from road to rail, maritime, domestic ? ? navigation ???? * Abatement cost and potential values are taken from, “The Demand for GHG emissions Reductions: An investors’ MACC for Turkey , prepared for EBRD” report.
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